![RESEARCH
summarises the searches. No language restrictions included outpatient physiotherapy sessions and func-
were applied. tional physiotherapy programmes, in which exercises
are based on functional activities. Trials were included
Selection if they investigated a physiotherapy intervention com-
We sought randomised controlled trials of patients pared with usual or standard care or compared two
undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty for osteoar- different types of relevant physiotherapy intervention.
thritis who received an intervention of physiotherapy Usual or standard care refers to the continuation of
exercise after discharge from hospital. We used broad home exercise programmes provided to patients dur-
definitions of “physiotherapy” and “exercise” to ing a stay in hospital. These programmes usually con-
include any exercises or exercise programme advised sist of isometric or simple strengthening exercises,
or provided by physiotherapists or physical therapists exercises to regain range of movement, and stretches.
during the rehabilitative period after discharge from Effectiveness outcomes were measures of functional
hospital after surgery in the outpatient, community, activities of daily living, walking, self reported mea-
or home setting. We excluded trials in which the inter- sures of quality of life, muscle strength, and range of
vention consisted of an electrical adjunct to physio- motion in the knee joint. As most trials use functional
therapy, such as the use of continuous passive measures rather than specific pain outcomes, we did
motion. Physiotherapy exercise interventions not include pain as an effectiveness outcome. Two
Table 1 | Search strategy for systematic review
Mar-Jul 2005 hits* 2005-April 2007 hits*
Sources, searches, and search terms (No of new relevant records) (No of new relevant records)
KA24 (AMED 1985-, CINAHL 1982-, Embase 1974-, Kings Fund 1979-, Medline
1966-):
1. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 587 (25) 180 (0)
(whole document) AND “rehabilitation” AND “trial$” (whole document)
2. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 118 (11) 1 (0)
(whole document) AND “rehabilitation” AND “trial$” (title)
3. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 2 (0) 4 (0)
(whole document) AND “physiotherapy” AND “trial$” (title)
4. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 39 (0) 14 (0)
(whole document) AND “physiotherapy” (title)
5. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 43 (8) 15 (0)
(whole document) AND “physical therapy” (title)
6. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 2 (0) 1 (0)
(whole document) AND “home programme” (title)
7. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 22 (2) 27 (0)
(whole document) AND “home programme” (whole document)
8. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 35 (0) 3 (0)
(whole document) AND “occupational therapy ” (whole document)
9. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “occupational therapist$” (title) 0 (0) 3 (0)
Cochrane library (Cochrane reviews, CCRCT, DARE):
1. Browsed by topic—musculoskeletal, search narrowed—osteoarthritis, 9 11
search narrowed—rehabilitation
2. General search term “joint replacement” 80 18
PEDro physiotherapy evidence database:
1. “joint replacement AND rehabilitation” 1 (0) 17 (0)
2. “joint replacement” 5 (0) 45 (0)
Department of Health national research register:
1. “joint replacement AND rehabilitation” 0 19 (1)
2. “joint replacement AND physiotherapy” 7 9 (0)
3. “joint replacement AND exercise” 2 (0) 6 (0)
4. “joint replacement AND physical therapy” 3 (0) 5 (0)
5. “joint arthroplasty AND physiotherapy” 0 0
6. “joint arthroplasty AND rehabilitation” 2 (1) 2 (0)
7. “joint replacement AND occupational therapy” 5 (0) 5 (0)
Physiotherapy key journal—hand search of contents pages None new None new
Physical Therapy key journal—hand search of contents pages None new None new
JBJS [Br]—hand search of all conference proceedings 2 new 1
Reference lists—hand searching of papers included in review 1 new None new
Totals 965 (50) 386 (2)
*Numbers after removal of duplicates commands when available.
page 2 of 9 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/effectivenessofptartrosystematicreviewandmetanalysis-111005114819-phpapp02/85/Effectiveness-of-pt-artro-systematic-review-and-metanalysis-2-320.jpg)
Effectiveness of pt artro systematic review and metanalysis
- 1. RESEARCH Effectiveness of physiotherapy exercise after knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta- analysis of randomised controlled trials Catherine J Minns Lowe, research fellow,1 Karen L Barker, director,2 Michael Dewey, special lecturer,3 Catherine M Sackley, professor of physiotherapy research1 1 Department of Primary Care and ABSTRACT 10% of people aged over 55 in the United Kingdom.2 General Practice, University of Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy Over 80% of patients experience limitations in per- Birmingham 2 exercise after elective primary total knee arthroplasty in forming activities of daily living, such as mobility out- Physiotherapy Research Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Hospital patients with osteoarthritis. side the home, household chores, and work duties.3 In NHS Trust, Oxford Design Systematic review. 2005, patients with osteoarthritis accounted for at least 3 School of Community Health Data sources Database searches: AMED, CINAHL, 55 495 primary knee joint arthroplasties in England Sciences, University of Embase, King’s Fund, Medline, Cochrane library and Wales.4 As the length of hospital stay after joint Nottingham (Cochrane reviews, Cochrane central register of controlled arthroplasty surgery has markedly and rapidly Correspondence to: C J Minns Lowe, Physiotherapy Research Unit, trials, DARE), PEDro, Department of Health national decreased,5 and given that patients who undergo knee Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre research register. Hand searches: Physiotherapy, Physical arthroplasty may still experience considerable func- NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 7LD Therapy, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Britain) tional impairment postoperatively,6 the effectiveness catherine.minnslowe@noc.anglox. nhs.uk Conference Proceedings. of physiotherapy after discharge is a valid question. Review methods Randomised controlled trials were The present uncertainty regarding effectiveness doi:10.1136/bmj.39311.460093.BE reviewed if they included a physiotherapy exercise makes it difficult for commissioning organisations, intervention compared with usual or standard healthcare practitioners, and patients to make deci- physiotherapy care, or compared two types of exercise sions regarding such physiotherapy. We systematically physiotherapy interventions meeting the review criteria, reviewed randomised controlled trials to determine after discharge from hospital after elective primary total the effectiveness of physiotherapy exercise after dis- knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. charge in terms of improving function, quality of life, Outcome measures Functional activities of daily living, walking, range of motion in the knee joint, and muscle walking, quality of life, muscle strength, and range of strength for patients with osteoarthritis after elective motion in the knee joint. Trial quality was extensively primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty. evaluated. Narrative synthesis plus meta-analyses with fixed effect models, weighted mean differences, METHODS standardised effect sizes, and tests for heterogeneity. Searching Results Six trials were identified, five of which were In March 2005 and in April 2007 we identified rando- suitable for inclusion in meta-analyses. There was a small mised controlled trials by simultaneously searching to moderate standardised effect size (0.33, 95% AMED (from 1985), CINAHL (from 1982), Embase confidence interval 0.07 to 0.58) in favour of functional (from 1974), Kings Fund database (from 1979), and exercise for function three to four months postoperatively. Medline (from 1966) via Knowledge Access 24/7 There were also small to moderate weighted mean (KA24). We also searched the Cochrane library, differences of 2.9 (0.61 to 5.2) for range of joint motion PEDro physiotherapy evidence database, and the and 1.66 (−1 to 4.3) for quality of life in favour of Department of Health national research register. In functional exercise three to four months postoperatively. July 2005 and April 2007 we handsearched Physiother- Benefits of treatment were no longer evident at one year. apy (1985- March 2007 inclusive) and Physical Therapy Conclusions Interventions including physiotherapy (1985-April 2007 inclusive) to double check for trials. functional exercises after discharge result in short term The conference proceedings in the Journal of Bone and benefit after elective primary total knee arthroplasty. Joint Surgery (Britain) (1985-2006 inclusive) were also Effect sizes are small to moderate, with no long term handsearched, as were the reference lists of included benefit. trials. As it is difficult to locate physiotherapy trials, we INTRODUCTION considered that using multiple general searches was Osteoarthritis is the commonest cause of disability in the optimum method. This review is part of a series older people,1 with painful knee osteoarthritis affecting that included both knee and hip search terms. Table 1 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com page 1 of 9
- 2. RESEARCH summarises the searches. No language restrictions included outpatient physiotherapy sessions and func- were applied. tional physiotherapy programmes, in which exercises are based on functional activities. Trials were included Selection if they investigated a physiotherapy intervention com- We sought randomised controlled trials of patients pared with usual or standard care or compared two undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty for osteoar- different types of relevant physiotherapy intervention. thritis who received an intervention of physiotherapy Usual or standard care refers to the continuation of exercise after discharge from hospital. We used broad home exercise programmes provided to patients dur- definitions of “physiotherapy” and “exercise” to ing a stay in hospital. These programmes usually con- include any exercises or exercise programme advised sist of isometric or simple strengthening exercises, or provided by physiotherapists or physical therapists exercises to regain range of movement, and stretches. during the rehabilitative period after discharge from Effectiveness outcomes were measures of functional hospital after surgery in the outpatient, community, activities of daily living, walking, self reported mea- or home setting. We excluded trials in which the inter- sures of quality of life, muscle strength, and range of vention consisted of an electrical adjunct to physio- motion in the knee joint. As most trials use functional therapy, such as the use of continuous passive measures rather than specific pain outcomes, we did motion. Physiotherapy exercise interventions not include pain as an effectiveness outcome. Two Table 1 | Search strategy for systematic review Mar-Jul 2005 hits* 2005-April 2007 hits* Sources, searches, and search terms (No of new relevant records) (No of new relevant records) KA24 (AMED 1985-, CINAHL 1982-, Embase 1974-, Kings Fund 1979-, Medline 1966-): 1. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 587 (25) 180 (0) (whole document) AND “rehabilitation” AND “trial$” (whole document) 2. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 118 (11) 1 (0) (whole document) AND “rehabilitation” AND “trial$” (title) 3. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 2 (0) 4 (0) (whole document) AND “physiotherapy” AND “trial$” (title) 4. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 39 (0) 14 (0) (whole document) AND “physiotherapy” (title) 5. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 43 (8) 15 (0) (whole document) AND “physical therapy” (title) 6. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 2 (0) 1 (0) (whole document) AND “home programme” (title) 7. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 22 (2) 27 (0) (whole document) AND “home programme” (whole document) 8. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “replacement” OR “arthroplast$” 35 (0) 3 (0) (whole document) AND “occupational therapy ” (whole document) 9. “hip” OR “knee” (whole document) AND “occupational therapist$” (title) 0 (0) 3 (0) Cochrane library (Cochrane reviews, CCRCT, DARE): 1. Browsed by topic—musculoskeletal, search narrowed—osteoarthritis, 9 11 search narrowed—rehabilitation 2. General search term “joint replacement” 80 18 PEDro physiotherapy evidence database: 1. “joint replacement AND rehabilitation” 1 (0) 17 (0) 2. “joint replacement” 5 (0) 45 (0) Department of Health national research register: 1. “joint replacement AND rehabilitation” 0 19 (1) 2. “joint replacement AND physiotherapy” 7 9 (0) 3. “joint replacement AND exercise” 2 (0) 6 (0) 4. “joint replacement AND physical therapy” 3 (0) 5 (0) 5. “joint arthroplasty AND physiotherapy” 0 0 6. “joint arthroplasty AND rehabilitation” 2 (1) 2 (0) 7. “joint replacement AND occupational therapy” 5 (0) 5 (0) Physiotherapy key journal—hand search of contents pages None new None new Physical Therapy key journal—hand search of contents pages None new None new JBJS [Br]—hand search of all conference proceedings 2 new 1 Reference lists—hand searching of papers included in review 1 new None new Totals 965 (50) 386 (2) *Numbers after removal of duplicates commands when available. page 2 of 9 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com
- 3. RESEARCH Table 2 | Quality component checklist and quality evaluation of six trials included in review Mockford and Codine et al, Frost et al, Kramer et al, Beverland Moffet et al, Rajan et al, Contained in study 2004w1 2002w2 2003w3 2004w4* 2004w5 2004w6 Rationale for study Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Partial Eligibility criteria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Recruitment method No Yes No Yes Yes Partial Settings and location of study No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Intervention Partial Yes Yes Yes Partial† No Objectives/hypotheses Partial Yes Yes Yes Partial Yes Defined outcome measures Yes Yes No Yes Yes Partial Quality enhancers (such as multiple No Yes Partial No No observations) Sample size determination No Partial‡ No Yes Yes Yes Randomisation § Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Randomisation sequence generation No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Allocation concealment No Yes No Yes Yes No Randomisation implementation methods No No No Yes Yes No Blinding of participants Inappropriate Inappropriate Inappropriate Inappropriate Inappropriate No Blinding of those administering Inappropriate Inappropriate Partial Inappropriate Inappropriate No intervention Blinding of outcome/assessments Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Statistical methods ¶ Yes Partial Yes Yes Yes Flow of participants through each stage No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Recruitment and follow-up dates No Partial No * Yes Yes Baseline demographics Partial Yes Yes Partial Yes Partial Numbers analysed (and ITT) No Yes Unclear Yes ** Yes Summary of results No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Estimated effect sizes No Yes No * No No Precision No No No * Yes Yes Results for each outcome Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ancillary analyses No Yes Unclear * Yes No Adverse events No Yes Partial * Yes Partial Interpretation Partial Yes Partial * Partial Partial Generalisability Partial Yes Partial * Yes No Results placed into context Partial Yes Partial * Yes No Quality (good enough to include in meta- No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes analyses) *Published abstract and information from authors only, therefore reporting is incomplete. †Intervention described but little description of home exercise programme described to both groups. ‡Feasibility trial that provided sample size calculations as part of results section. §First participant was drawn randomly then alternatively assigned (this process was witnessed). ¶Additional information from author stated that sample size was determined by statistician who calculated n=30 in each arm to be sufficient. **Intention to treat analysis intended and performed but per protocol analysis presented because loss to follow-up in control group favoured intervention group. reviewers (CML and CS) assessed and agreed on study CONSORT standards.7 Two reviewers (CML and KB) eligibility. independently extracted the data. KB was masked to the key details of each paper and the extent to which Validity assessment, data abstraction, and quality masking was successful was assessed. The masking assessment rates were 80% for authors, 20% for journals, 80% for We developed and piloted a data extraction form using author affiliations, and 80% for funding sources, all of quality indicators from the CONSORT statement7 and which except journal of publication were considered the CASP guidelines8 (table 2). Similar analysis of indi- successful. The level of agreement between reviewers vidual quality components has previously been used in was 69.09% (κ 0.524, intraclass correlation coefficient reviews of physiotherapy9 and is advocated to avoid (2,1) 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 0.63). known problems associated with existing composite We resolved initial disagreements regarding study scores.10 Items could be marked as yes, no, unclear, quality by discussion until consensus was reached. or partial. Items were marked as yes only if they fully Major disagreement was rare; usually disagreement and explicitly met the detailed criteria laid out in the was the more minor “yes” to “partial/unclear” or BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com page 3 of 9
- 4. RESEARCH Quantitative data synthesis Citations identified by all searches (n=1351) We carried out meta-analyses for knee function, walk- Rejected on title, abstract, and keywords (n=1299) ing, range of joint motion, and quality of life with R2.3.1 and the rmeta package.11 Our outcome was Citations only relevant to hip review removed (n=25) the score at the chosen time point rather than the change in score as this maximised the number of com- Potentially relevant abstracts of randomised controlled trials parable studies. The time points used were three to four identified, peer reviewed, and screened for retrieval (n=27) months after surgery and 12 months after surgery. If Abstracts excluded (n=19) the same measure was reported we used weighted mean differences, otherwise we used standardised Full text papers read and screened (n=8) effect sizes (small (0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8)12). We used fixed effect models and 95% confi- Excluded (n=2): Preoperative intervention (n=1) dence intervals throughout and performed tests of het- Comparing exercise and continuous passive motion erogeneity (χ2) at a 5% significance level, though we machines (n=1) accept these have low power because few studies Evaluated in detail (n=6) were available for meta-analyses. We also calculated I 2 to give a measurement of the degree of heterogene- ity between the trials in the meta-analysis. Random Suitable for inclusion Excluded from effects models were not considered as there was no in meta-analysis (n=5) meta-analysis (n=1) compelling evidence of heterogeneity and estimating the variation between studies is difficult with such low numbers. The differences were calculated so that posi- Fig 1 | Trial flow diagram to summarise the stages of tive differences indicate that the effect favoured treat- systematic review ment and negative differences that the effect favoured control or usual care. We considered it inappropriate “no” to “partial/unclear” and 100% agreement was to assess publication bias because of the small number obtained. A third reviewer (CS) was available in the of trials. event of consensus not being reached, but this was not required. Where key study details were absent or RESULTS unclear we contacted authors for further information. We identified and screened 27 potentially relevant stu- dies. Of these, six studiesw1-w6 were included in the sys- We considered studies to be of good quality if they tematic review and fivew2-w6 in the meta-analysis (fig 1). were good enough to include in meta-analyses. Table 2 Table 3 gives details of excluded studies.w7-w27 Table 4 presents quality assessment findings for each study. provides the results of the analysis of heterogeneity. We excluded one studyw1 from the meta-analysis because participants were allocated by alternation. Study characteristics All trial outcomes were measured by assessors masked Table 5 summarises the characteristics of the included to allocation. As table 2 shows, most studies clearly studies and provides information regarding the partici- reported the flow of participants through the trial, jus- pants, interventions, main outcomes, and conclusions tified the sample size, and included intention to treat reached by authors. analyses. Several quality indicators were not fully dis- cussed in all papers, such as allocation concealment Summary of the interventions and comparisons and details regarding the implementation of randomi- With the exception of one trial,w6 in-depth details of the sation methods. intervention and comparison groups were available from the papers and authors (table 6). Table 3 | Studies excluded from the review The trial interventions were similar to each other in that they provided additional physiotherapy exercises Reason for exclusion Study or treatment after discharge after total knee arthro- Not a randomised clinical trial Tum-Sugden 1976,w7 Ulreich et al 1997,w8 Benedetti et al plasty, often involving programmes of functional 2003,w9 Ritter et al 1989,w10 Waters 1974w11 Inpatient intervention Kolarz et al 1999,w12 Beaupré et al 2001,w13 Hewitt and Shakespeare 2001,w14 Karst et al 1995,w15 Kim and Moon Table 4 | Heterogeneity χ2 and I 2 test* results for range of 1995,w16 Kumar et al 1996, w17 Montgomery and Eliasson outcomes 1996,w18 Hughes et al 1993,w19 Lang 1998,w20 Munin et al 1998w21 Three to four months Osteopathic manipulation intervention Licciardone et al 2004w22 Outcome after surgery 12 months after surgery Neuromuscular stimulation intervention Stevens 2002w23 Function χ2=0.78, df=2, P=0.68 χ2=2.35, df=3, P=0.50 Preoperative intervention Gursen and Ahrens 2003 w24 Walking χ =0.54, df=1, P=0.46 2 χ2=0.41, df=1, P=0.52 Comparison of exercise and continuous Worland et al 1998 w25 Joint range of χ =1.46, df=2, P=0.48 2 χ2=2.28, df=3, P=0.52 passive motion motion Study halted early with no results Stanley 2004w26 Quality of life χ2=0.41, df=1, P=0.52 χ2=0.91, df=2, P=0.63 27 Duplicate trial report Mockford et al 2006 *I =0% in all tests. 2 page 4 of 9 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com
- 5. RESEARCH Table 5 | Study characteristics of trials evaluated in systematic review Operation and No of Intervention (time of Paper patients intervention) Main outcome measures Results Codine et al, 2004w1 Unilateral TKA, n=60 Submaximal training of hamstring Range of motion; isometric Significant difference muscle using eccentric isokinetic muscle force; Knee Society between two groups for strengthening v control of usual clinical rating scale extension only; favouring care (days 10-30 after surgery) intervention Frost et al, 2002w2 Unilateral TKA for Functional exercise group v Leg extensor power; walking Feasibility study. No osteoarthritis, n=47 traditional exercise group (after speed; pain during walking significant differences discharge) (measured using 1 item from between groups; trends in Oxford knee score); knee flexion favour of functional group Kramer et al, 2003w3 Primary unilateral TKA, Home based exercise group v Knee society clinical rating scale No significant differences n=160 individual clinical based treatment scores; WOMAC; SF-36; walk between groups (generally beginning within 1 week) test; knee flexion. Mockford and Beverland TKA, n=150 Outpatient physiotherapy v control Range of motion Significant difference in 2004w4 of usual care (3 weeks after range of motion favouring discharge) intervention Moffet et al, 2004w5 Primary unilateral TKA Functional rehabilitation sessions Functional ability: distance Significant difference in for osteoarthritis, v usual care (2 months after walked in 6 minutes; SF-36; walking distance for n=77 surgery) WOMAC functional group. At 2 and 4 month follow-up (but not 12) functional group had less pain, stiffness, and difficulty performing activities of daily living Rajan et al, 2004w6 Primary TKA for Outpatient physiotherapy v no Range of motion in degrees No significant differences monoarticular outpatient physiotherapy alone between groups arthrosis, n=120 (after discharge) TKA=total knee arthroplasty; WOMAC=Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index. weight bearing exercise. The study by Rajan et al pro- knee pain, quadriceps strength, and function (scores 3- vided few details regarding the intervention.w6 Though 30, high scores are favourable). most interventions included functional weight bearing Within the individual trials, three found no signifi- exercises, Codine et al investigated the effect of cant differences between groups.w1-w3 Frost et al found eccentric isokinetic muscle strengthening with a significant differences within groups for the treatment CYBEX dynamometer.w1 Interventions usually arm, indicating a benefit of treatment.w2 Mockford and started within two weeks of discharge. Outpatient pro- Beverland presented no results in their published grammes generally lasted up to 12 weeks, while home abstract but supplied summary statistics for their exercise programmes were recommended for up to a outcomes,w4 allowing us to include their study in the year or indefinitely in one case.w3 meta-analysis. Moffet et al found significant differences The comparison groups were mainly control groups between the two groups, in favour of the intervention, in which no additional outpatient physiotherapy was at four and six months after arthroplasty but not at organised. Patients were expected to continue with 12 months.w5 the traditional home exercise programme—namely, Figure 2 shows the three studies with data on func- isometric strengthening and range of movement exer- tioning at three to four months and 12 months after cises plus gait training or re-education provided to all patients during their stay in hospital. Effect size (95% CI) Three months Quantitative data synthesis Frost 0.00 (-0.78 to 0.78) Measures of function (five trials) Mockford 0.37 (0.03 to 0.70) Five of the studies contained a measure of function.w1-w5 Moffet 0.37 (-0.10 to 0.83) The measures used included the 12 item Oxford knee Overall 0.33 (0.07 to 0.58) score,w4 which measures functional ability, including pain, (scores 12-60, low score indicates high function) Twelve months (Frost et al used one item of this scorew2); the American Frost -0.11 (-0.90 to 0.67) Knee Society clinical rating score,w1 w3-w4 which mea- Kramer -0.18 (-0.53 to 0.18) sures pain, movement, stability, and functional activity Mockford -0.12 (-0.46 to 0.21) (scores 0-100, high score indicates favourable); the 24 Moffet 0.26 (-0.22 to 0.75) item Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Overall -0.07 (-0.28 to 0.14) osteoarthritis index (WOMAC),w3 w5 which has domains for pain, stiffness, and function (scored as a -0.5 0 0.5 percentage by Moffet el alw5 and out of 0-170 for func- tion by Kramer et alw3 (low scores are favourable)); and Fig 2 | Forest plot of standardised effect sizes with confidence the Bartlett patellar score,w4 which measures anterior intervals for function and results of test for heterogeneity BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com page 5 of 9
- 6. RESEARCH surgery. Where studies included more than one mea- Walking (three trials) sure of function we decided to use the Oxford knee and Three knee arthroplasty trials used some form of out- the WOMAC scores as these encompassed all compo- come measure for walking.w2 w3 w5 The measures nent trials. No trial included both these scores. At three reported included walking speed over a 10 metre dis- to four months the standardised effect size was 0.33 tance, measured in m/sec,w2 and a six minute timed (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.58), which is consid- walking test, measured in metres.w3 w5 The study by ered small to moderate.12 At 12 months, with one addi- Moffet et alw5 reported on time walking over a 50 tional study, the effect size was close to zero at −0.07 metre walkway. and the confidence interval (−0.28 to 0.14) included The results from these trials were mixed. One trial zero. found no significant differences between groups,w3 Table 6 | Summary of trial interventions and comparisons included in the knee replacement trials (n=6) Early programme provided to all trial participants Intervention details Comparison group details Codine et al, 2004w1 Knee mobilisation (continuous passive motion and manual), Submaximal hamstrings muscle eccentric isokinetic Nil else added isometric muscle strengthening for all knee and leg muscle strengthening (passive resist mode). Torque produced > half of groups, “proprioceptive enhancement,” walking exercises torque measured during testing. CYBEX dynamometer training speed of 10 degrees/s. Range of motion during flexion was conducted in active assist mode. Programme from day 10-30 post total knee arthroscopy, CYBEX 5 mins/day, 5 days/week for 3 weeks Frost et al, 2004w2 Gait re-education, mobilising, and strengthening exercises Warm up: sitting knee flexions 10 repetitions. Chair rise: Long sitting: static quadriceps (5 s (including active knee flexion, straight leg raises, inner range baseline number set and increased every alternate day up to hold); straight leg raise (5 s hold), quadriceps, isometric quadriceps) 2 mins, then repeat up to 3 times/day;. Walk: 1 min normal inner range quadriceps (5 s hold). pace, increase 30 s/day until up to 10 mins, repeat 2-3/day. Supine: knee flexion heel slides. Leg lifts on to step/thick book: Baseline set. Increase by Standing: knee flexion (5 s hold). 1 per day until 2 min duration. Then repeat 2-3/day Sitting: long arc quads (3 s hold) Kramer et al, 2003w3 Performed 3 times/day until 12 week check-up, then ≥ once a Outpatient physiotherapy weeks 2-12 after surgery: up to two Physiotherapist phoned patient ≥1 day. Stage I—supine: knee flexion and extension. Long sitting: sessions/week, each session about 1 hour. Exercises could be during weeks 2-5 and 7-12 after autoassisted knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion in knee added/modified, therapeutic modalities (ice, heat, surgery for queries, advice. Patients extension with calf stretch. Supine: isometric knee extension, ultrasound), joint mobilisations, or other measures as able to phone with queries inner range quadriceps. Supported sitting: hamstrings stretch. appropriate. Patients requested to complete common home Sitting: active knee extension. 10 repetitions. Stretch/holds for exercise only twice on clinic session days 5 s. Stage II—prone lying: quadriceps stretch. Standing: quadriceps stretch, soleus stretch, Achilles stretch, knee flexion (progress to ankle weights). Supine: straight leg raise. Sitting: resisted knee extension, resisted knee flexion, sit-stand-sit. 10 repetitions, stretch/holds for 5 s. Optional exercises: exercise bike; standing wall sits 5-10 repetitions; standing slow short squats 10 repetitions. Mockford and Supine: active ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion 9 outpatient physiotherapy sessions in 6 weeks (2 sessions in No outpatient physiotherapy Beverland, 2004w4 (10 repetitions), isometric quadriceps and hamstrings weeks 1, 2, and 3, and 1 session in weeks 4-6). Week 1—heel (3 repetitions), straight leg raise (repetitions vary), slides, isometric quadriceps and hamstrings, straight leg raise, physiotherapist assisted knee flexion (5 repetitions), heels active knee extension over bar/roll and hamstrings pulley—all slides (3 lots of 10 repetitions, 2 mins rest between each set), as in early programme. Proprioceptive neuromuscular active knee extensions over roll/bar (3 sets of 10 repetitions, facilitation, physiological mobilisations for flexion and as able, 2 mins rest between each set). High sitting: extension (3 sets of 10 repetitions with 2 mins rest between proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Hamstrings pulley sets). Weeks 2-3—standing: weight shifts (10 repetitions), with 2 kg weight (3 lots of 10 repetitions, 2 mins rest between quarter squats (10 repetitions). Prone lying: autoassisted each set). Gait re-education with crutches/sticks as quadriceps stretch (10 repetitions). Sit-stand-sit (10 appropriate. Stairs practice repetitions). Gait re-education. Weeks 4-6—proprioceptive work in parallel bars. Gait re-education. Standing: stepping over cones, wobble board, step-ups (10 repetitions). Exercise bike for 5 mins Moffet et al, 2004w5 “Simple exercises” to regain lower limb strength (quadriceps, 12 sessions of outpatient physiotherapy in 6-8 weeks, Usual care. 26% patients had home hamstrings, hip abductors, and hip extensors) and to increase 60-90 mins each at clinic visit starting 2 months after surgery. visit. No attempt made to limit care. knee range of motion. Advice about knee positioning, ice Plus individual home exercise programme. Warm up Information about usual care application, and gait retraining (5-10 mins): lower limb flexion/extension, alternate ankle obtained by questionnaire and by dorsiflexion-plantarflexion, hamstrings stretch. Specific phone interviews with patients and strength exercises (15 mins): isometric knee extension in physiotherapist 0° and 60° flexion at visits 1-2; isometric hamstrings 60° flexion at visits 3-6: concentric eccentric hip abductors against gravity at visits 1-4. Functional task oriented exercises (15-20 mins): get up-sit down at visits 1-6; knee extensor strengthening in standing with Theraband at visits 1-6; controlled bilateral knee flexion-extension in standing at visits 1-8; unilateral knee flexion to 90° in standing at visits 7-10; climbing on platform/stairs at visits 3-12; walk backwards on slope and/or laterally while crossing lower limbs at visits 3-12: walk in place, with large amplitude hip and knee flexion and upper limb movements at visits 9-12. Endurance exercises (5-20 mins): walk at visits 3-12, exercise bike at visits 4-12. Cool down (10 mins), slow walk, strength, ice Rajan et al, 2004w6 All patients given home exercise programme to follow on Outpatient physiotherapy, 4-6 sessions No organised physiotherapist discharge page 6 of 9 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com
- 7. RESEARCH Effect s ize (95% CI) movement in favour of the intervention group but Three months not in the passive range.w4 In the pilot study by Frost et Frost 0.03 (-0.76 to 0.81) alw2 there was a trend for less loss of range in the func- Moffet 0.36 (-0.11 to 0.82) tional group than in the traditional exercise group but Overall 0.27 (-0.13 to 0.67) the study was small and the difference was not signifi- cant. Two other studies also found no significant Twelve months differences.w3 w6 Frost 0.31 (-0.47 to 1.10) All the studies on range of movement in the knee Kramer -0.23 (-0.60 to 0.14) joint used the same measure (degrees); therefore Moffet 0.34 (-0.13 to 0.80) figure 4 shows the weighted mean differences and con- Overall 0.03 (-0.24 to 0.31) fidence intervals. The three month summary shows an -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 increase of 2.9° (0.61° to 5.2°), which is considered small to moderate. At 12 months the effect was smaller, Fig 3 | Forest plot of standardised effect sizes with confidence about 1°, and the confidence interval (−1.10° to 3.00°) intervals for walking included zero. another found differences approaching significance,w5 Quality of life (three trials) and the third trial found significant differences within Three trials included measures of quality of life.w3-w5 intervention groups.w2 Figure 3 shows that the inter- The SF-36 health survey provides an eight scale profile vention had no overall influence on walking at either of functional health and wellbeing scores with low three or 12 months. scores indicating poor health. Kramer et alw3 used the SF-36, and Moffet et al used a French translation of the Range of joint motion (five trials) same score.w5 Moffet et al also provided the physical Five of the total knee arthroplasty trials used the range component and mental component scores of the SF- of motion in the knee joint as an outcome 12,w5 as did Mockford and Beverland.w4 measure.w1-w4 w6 Although all measurements were pro- One trial found no significant differences between vided in degrees, the method of achieving results var- the groups.w3 One other trial has not yet presented sta- ied. Codine et al used a goniometer integrated into a tistical analyses for this measure.w4 The final trial found dynamometer to measure knee flexion and small significant differences in favour of the inter- extension,w1 while Mockford and Beverland used a vention group for the role-physical dimension of the goniometer to measure active and passive flexion and SF-36 and the physical and mental component scores extension.w4 Frost et alw2 and Kramer et alw3 both mea- at six month follow-up but not at 12 month follow-up.w5 sured active flexion only, and Rajan et al measured Figure 5 presents the studies with data on quality of range of motion in the knee as a single value.w6 life. At three to four months the studies used the same measure, the SF-12, and so we have presented Once again, the results were mixed. Codine et al weighted mean difference results. At 12 months after found a significant difference in knee extension surgery, however, not all studies used the same mea- between the two groups at 10 days,w1 though, despite sure and therefore we used standardised effect sizes. randomisation, extension was different in the two groups at baseline. Another study concluded that At three to four months after surgery the weighted there was a significant difference in active knee mean difference was 1.7 (−1.0 to 4.3), indicating a small effect in favour of the intervention. At 12 months the Weighted mean difference (95% CI) Effect size or Three months weighted mean Frost -2.00 (-10.68 to 6.70) difference (95% CI) Three months Mockford 3.70 (-0.05 to 7.40) Mockford 2.30 (-1.05 to 5.60) Rajan 3.00 (-0.10 to 6.10) Moffet 0.50 (-4.00 to 5.00) Overall 2.90 (0.61 to 5.20) Overall 1.70 (-1.00 to 4.30) Twelve months Twelve months Frost 0.00 (-9.81 to 9.80) Kramer -0.08 (-0.49 to 0.34) Kramer -2.00 (-6.58 to 2.60) Mockford 0.00 (-0.33 to 0.33) Mockford 1.30 (-2.79 to 5.40) Moffet 0.22 (-0.27 to 0.70) Rajan 2.00 (-0.82 to 4.80) Overall 0.03 (-0.20 to 0.25) Overall 0.96 (-1.10 to 3.00) -2 0 2 4 -10 -5 0 5 Fig 5 | Forest plot of weighted mean difference (three to four Fig 4 | Forest plot of weighted mean differences with months) and standardised effect size (12 months) with confidence intervals for range of motion (in degrees) confidence intervals for quality of life BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com page 7 of 9
- 8. RESEARCH effect was close to zero with a standardised effect size of trial quality. For these reasons we used a component 0.03 (−0.20 to 0.25). approach, although we accept this is controversial. The χ2 tests did not indicate major problems with Muscle strength heterogeneity in any of the eight analyses, but these None of the trials included in the review directly mea- were limited by low power. The I 2 results also indi- sured muscle strength. cated no observed heterogeneity.16 The number of available studies, and their size, does limit this review DISCUSSION and prevents its findings from being conclusive. It is This systematic review provides support for the use of perhaps surprising that so few published trials exist physiotherapy exercise interventions with exercises for such a common practice. This may be partially attri- based on functional activities after discharge, rather butable to the general lack of research on rehabilitation than traditional home exercise and advice pro- in orthopaedic surgery patients after discharge, rather grammes, to obtain short term benefit after elective than knee arthroplasty patients as such, as we also primary knee arthroplasty. There was a small to mod- found few existing trials investigating exercise and erate standardised effect size in favour of functional rehabilitation after elective hip arthroplasty. exercise for function three to four months postopera- tively. Small to moderate weighted mean differences, Clinical implications in favour of functional exercise interventions, were Presently, given the reduction in length of hospital seen for range of joint motion and quality of life three stay, compressed inpatient rehabilitation, and the lim- to four months postoperatively. Any benefits seen after itations of the available evidence, it seems reasonable treatment did not persist to one year follow-up. to refer patients for a short course of physiotherapy after discharge to provide short term benefit. While Strengths and weaknesses of review procedures range of motion may be limited as an outcome measure Physiotherapy literature remains a difficult area to of physiotherapy, the small to moderate standardised search, with numerous bibliographic databases and effect size obtained for function, which favours the unindexed journals.13 While we made every attempt intervention, is considered clinically important. This to identify studies in any language, other studies reflects actual improvements in one or more important might exist. We believe, however, that this review aspects of function reported by patients after they remains the most comprehensive to date. received the treatment intervention. The type of Trial quality was good overall. Of the five ade- physiotherapy provided also needs consideration. In quately randomised studies included in the meta-ana- the short term physiotherapy exercise interventions lyses, most were sufficiently powered with adequate with exercises based on functional activities may be strategies to conceal allocation and outcome measure- more effective after total knee arthroplasty than tradi- ments obtained by assessors blinded to treatment tional exercise programmes, which concentrate on iso- allocation.7 Yet, like most physiotherapy trials,14 stu- metric muscle exercises and exercises to increase range dies were relatively small, with 554 participants in the of motion in the joint. five trials included in the meta-analyses and 614 parti- cipants included overall in the review. Future directions The most commonly used outcomes were function, Although there were few studies and they were not predominantly subjective measures of functional abil- large, they are still likely to have detected most worth- ity, and range of joint motion as an objective measure. while effects. These tentative findings suggest that While range of joint motion is important, its usefulness further research would be worthwhile to reduce the as an outcome measure of physiotherapy interventions current level of uncertainty.17 is limited as other factors, such as prosthetic design, There seemed to be no benefits related to treatment preoperative knee motion, and surgical technique, at one year, though the evidence is not conclusive. The also influence postoperative range of joint motion.15 content of the intervention could be better designed None of the trials directly measured muscle strength, and further tested. Interventions to date have largely although one included leg extensor power,w2 instead consisted of exercise programmes and gait rehabilita- studies used objective measures like walking. tion, mainly targeting impairment and helping patients There were no apparent problems with our data to recover from the effects of surgery rather than spe- extraction processes. Although many quality check- cifically targeting limitations in activity or restrictions lists and scales exist, there is no accepted ideal score; in participation. From the wider field of rehabilitation component approaches are often preferred as the wide as a whole, however, such task training seems highly variety of scores and weighting systems available mean relevant. A recent systematic review, which assessed that the same trial may score as both high quality and physiotherapy on functional outcome after stroke, low quality depending on which score is used.10 Addi- found that effective studies contained focused exercise tionally, many scoring systems downgrade the quality programmes within which the relevant functional tasks rating of a trial if it is not double blinded. For many were directly trained.18 Research is currently under- physiotherapy trials, such as those in this review, way to determine whether a brief feasible physio- patients and therapists inevitably know the treatment therapy intervention of this type, supplied after allocation and this is not an indication of low or high discharge, affects patient’s functional ability one year page 8 of 9 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com
- 9. RESEARCH 2 Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:91-7. Osteoarthritis is the commonest cause of disability in older people, and total knee joint 3 Fautrel B, Hilliquin P, Rozenberg S, Allaert FA, Coste P, Leclerc A, et al. arthroplasty is a common orthopaedic procedure Impact of osteoarthritis: results of a nationwide survey of 10,000 patients consulting for OA. Joint Bone Spine 2005;72:235-40. Uncertainty exists regarding whether physiotherapy after discharge should be routinely 4 National Joint Registry for England and Wales. 3rd Annual clinical provided to patients after elective primary knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis report 2005:8-9. www.njrcentre.org.uk/documents/reports/annual/ 3rd/NJR_AR2_LR.pdf. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS 5 National Audit Office. Hip replacements: an update. London: Stationery Office, 2003 (HC 956). Functional physiotherapy exercise soon after discharge results in short term benefit after 6 Noble PC, Gordon MJ, Weiss JM, Reddix RN, Conditt MA, Mathis KB. elective primary knee arthroplasty Does total knee replacement restore normal knee function? Clin Orthops Rel Res 2005;413:157-65. No benefit was seen at one year 7 Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, Egger M, Davidoff F, Elbourne D, et al. The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:663-94. after knee arthroplasty. An investigation into the 8 Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. 10 questions to help you make health economics is also included. sense of randomised clinical trials. www.phru.nhs.uk/Doc_Links/rct %20appraisal%20tool.pdf. 9 Shamley DR, Barker K, Simonite V, Beardshaw A. Delayed versus We thank Robert Bourne, David Beverland, P Codine, Helen Frost, Patricia immediate exercises following surgery for breast cancer: a Humphreys, John Kramer, and Brian Mockford for providing additional data for systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;90:263-71. the review. Mike Clarke and students on the “Systematic Reviews” Module, 10 Jüni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Assessing the quality of controlled May 2005, University of Oxford Department for Continuing Education, clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323:42-6. commented on the design of the review during its planning. 11 R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2006. Contributors: CJML designed the review, undertook the review searches, 12 Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. New screened trials for eligibility, assessed the quality of the trials, assisted with data York: Academic Press, 1969:23. analysis, and drafted the paper. She is guarantor. KLB supervised the review, 13 Knipschild P. Systematic reviews: some examples. BMJ assessed the quality of trials, and reviewed the draft paper. MD designed and 1994;309:719-21. undertook the meta-analyses for the review and reviewed the draft paper. CMS 14 Main E. Advantages and limitations of systematic reviews in physical supervised the review, screened trials for eligibility, and cowrote the paper. therapy. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 2003;14:24-7. Funding: CJML is funded by a nursing and allied health professional researcher 15 Sultan PG, Schule S, Li G, Rubash HE. Optimizing flexion after total knee arthroplasty: advances in prosthetic design. Clin Orthop Relat development award from the Department of Health and NHS research and Res 2003;416:167-73. development. CMS is funded by a primary care career scientist award from the 16 Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring Department of Health and NHS research and development. inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60. Competing interests: None declared. 17 Naylor JM, Harmer A, Fransen M, Crosbie J, Innes L. Status of Ethical approval: Oxford local research ethics committee (AQREC No physiotherapy rehabilitation following knee replacement in A03.018). Australia. Physiother Res Int 2006;11:35-47. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; peer reviewed. 18 Van Peppen RPS, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hendriks HJM, Van der Wees PhJ, Dekker J. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what’s the evidence? Clin Rehabil 1 Martin J. Meltzer H, Elliot D. OPCS surveys of disability in Great 2004;18:833-62. Britain. 1. The prevalence of disability among adults. London: HMSO, 1988. Accepted: 8 August 2007 BMJ | ONLINE FIRST | bmj.com page 9 of 9