Efficient Energy Harvesting and Transmission using Wireless Sensor Networks
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This document summarizes a research paper on efficient energy harvesting and transmission using wireless sensor networks. It discusses using a Peltier sensor to convert wasted heat energy from vehicles into electricity. A boost converter is used to increase the voltage, which is then wirelessly transmitted via RF signals to a receiver and stored in an external battery. The energy contribution is added to the user's account and can be used to purchase fuel. An Internet of Things system monitors and stores the sensor data. The research aims to effectively utilize wasted heat energy from vehicles to generate electricity and provide incentives for energy generation.
Efficient Energy Harvesting and Transmission using Wireless Sensor Networks
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 352 Efficient Energy Harvesting and Transmission using Wireless Sensor Networks A.Rehana Fathima1,S.Sivaranjani2,J.Prem Sagar3,K.Suriya Kumar4 1234UG Students, Department Of Electronics and Instrumetation,Valliammai Engineering College,Tamil Nadu,India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract- “Smartenergygenerationanddistributionsystem is implemented here”.Here the energy generator is “Peltier”. The Peltier sensor converts the thermal energy into electrical energy. The voltage is generated from the heat produced by the engine of the vehicle and the generated voltage isstored in the external battery. The stored energy is transferred to the local substation. The cost of energy complemented by the individual is added to the user account. The user can use the money for filling up the fuel in petrol bunks. Utilisation of waste heat energy is done here. Wasted heat energy from vehicles is used effectively to produce electricity. Reverse peltier effect is used for the production of electricity from wasted heat energy. Wireless power transmission of voltageis done here. Power contributed by individual is giventothem as fuel. 1 .INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have played an important role in many monitoring and surveillance applications including environmental sensing,targettracking,structural health monitoring. As conventional sensors are powered by batteries, the limited battery capacity obstructs the large- scale deployment of WSN. Although there are many energy- aware approaches developed in the past decade to reduce sensor energy consumptionsorbalanceenergyexpenditures among sensors, the lifetime of WSNs remains a main performance bottleneck in their real deployments, since wireless data transmission consumes substantial sensor energy. To mitigate the limited energy problem in sensor networks, researchers proposed many different efficient approaches. One method is to enable sensors to harvest ambient energy from their surroundings such as solar energy, vibration energy, and wind energy. However, the temporally and spatially varying natureof renewableenergy resources makes the prediction of sensor energy harvesting rates very difficult. For instance, it is shown that the energy generating rates in sunny,cloudyandshadowydayscanvary up to three orders of magnitude in a solarharvestingsystem. Moreover, the harvesting energy sources are intermittent and not always available. Such unpredictability and intermittency pose enormous challenges in the efficient usage of harvested energy for various monitoring or surveillance tasks. 2. ABBREVIATION: WSN -Wireless Sensor Network WPT -Wireless Power Transfer PIC -Programmable Interface Controller 3.GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig-3:General block diagram The circuit consists of three main sections 1.Transmitter Section 2.Receiver Section 3.IOT Section 3.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION “Peltier sensor” placed near the engine area is connectedtoa “Boost Converter”. The boost converter isusedtoamplifythe voltage generated by the peltier. The generated voltage is stored in the battery placed inside the car near the engine. The DC voltage generated is converted into an RF signal and sent to the transmitter antenna.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 353 Fig -3.1: Transmission ciruit The transmission circuit consists of two non-polarity capacitors, a transistor and a protection resistance. When output from the boost converter reaches the transmission circuit the capacitor C5 charges and hence the base of the transistor is biased. A current flows via the emitter through the C7 capacitor. Here positive half of the voltage is generated. Now the chargingis reversedandthecapacitorC6 is charged which generates the negative half of the voltage. This operation converts the dc voltage to the RFsignal which is transmitted via an antenna. 3.2 RECEIVER SECTION The transmitter antenna sends the RF signaltotheexternally placed receiver antenna by the principal ofmutualinduction. A rectifier is used to produce thedcvoltagesincethereceived signal will have some oscillations. The voltage received is stored in an external battery and it is sent to the EB. Fig -3.2: Receiver ciruit 3.3 IOT SECTION Internet of Things is like a brain. It can both store the real world data and can also be used to monitor the real world parameters, make meaningful interpretation and even make decision based on the sensed data. It is responsible for data processing, manipulation and decision making. Fig -3.3: Data transfer through IOT Here the generated voltage range is updated to the servervia “Bluetooth module” and the server maintains the details of the data and convert the energy value proportionately to the money for cost free fuel fill up. 4. PELTIER Peltier sensor is based on the peltier effect. According to the peltier effect the two sides of the peltier sensor can be made hot or cold by changing the direction of the input current. Here no cold is created but the heat energy is pumped from one side to the other. The reverse principle is used for the generation of voltage. Fig -4: Peltier sensor The peltier sensor is made up of many p–type and n-type semiconductors which does the pumping of heat from one side to the another side of the peltier sensor. One side of the peltier sensor acts as the cold junction which absorbs the heat and the other side acts as the hot junction which dissipates the heat. Fig-4.1:Peltier operation
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 354 5. BOOST CONVERTER Boost Converter is used to boost the output voltage than the voltage given by the peltier as its input. By high switching of the MOSFET switch wecanchargetheinductoranddischarge it continuously. A PWM signal is given by the microcontroller in order to switch the MOSFET. The desired time period for the PWM signal and the duty cycle is given by the microcontroller. Fig-5: Boost converter A high period high frequency pulse wave is applied to the gate of the transistor switch suchthatthetransistorconducts and the inductor charges. When the transistor is off the capacitor chargesand the output is obtainedsimlutaneously. Again when the transistor is on, the capacitor dischargesand supplies the output. This occurs repeatedly and the output is boosted. Table-1:PWM frequencies PWM Frequency 1.29 KHz 4.88 KHz 19.5 3KHz 78.1 2KHz 156.3 KHz 208.3 KHz Timer Pre scaler (1, 4, 16) 16 4 1 1 1 1 PR2 Value 0xFF h 0xFF h 0xFF h 0x3F h 0x1F h 0x17 h Maximum Resolution (bits) 10 10 10 8 7 5.5 6. VOLTAGE SENSING CIRCUIT The voltage sensing circuit is nothing but a voltage dividing network which consists of varying resistances connected serially. The voltage generated by the boost converter is given to this circuit in order to split the voltage given to the pic microcontroller. This is done in order to prevent the microcontroller from damage by high voltage. Fig -6: Voltage sensing circuit 7.USART Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitterisusedforthe Bluetooth communication in the transfer of the digital data. The voltage generated is given via the voltage sensing circuit to the ADC channel of the pic microcontroller. The ADC channel converts the analog signal into the digital data and it is send to the Bluetooth module through USART communication. Fig-7.1:USART Transmitter Section The bluetooth module placed near the engine is paired with an android mobile by turning on the bluetooth communication. The voltage generated is transferred digitally to the moblie continuously. The received information is thrown to the EB via the android application. The resulting cost for the voltagegeneratedisreceivedin the mobile which is used for fuel fill up.
- 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 355 Fig-7.2:USART Receiver section 8. PIC MICROCONTROLLER (1688F7A) Pic microcontroller has many special characteristics compared with other microcontrollers. It has 256 bytes of EEPROM data, it is self-programming, it has flash memory so that it can be programmed many number of times. It has two 8-bit timers and one 16-bit timer, a 10-bit ADC channel. It has inbuilt USART and PWM generator. Fig-8:Pic Microcontroller interfacing The ADC channel of the microcontroller converts the voltage generated by the peltier into the digital voltage. This digital information is given to the Bluetooth module via USART by the microcontroller. A PWM signal generated by the microcontroller is used to switch the mosfet of the boost converter. Microcontroller controls the timeperiodandduty cycle of the PWM signal. 9.LCD LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. LCDs are economical, easily programmable and have no limitation of displayingspecial& custom charactersand animations. Here the inputvoltagei.e. the output voltage of the sensor, the boosted voltage by the boost converter and the current is displayed. Fig-9:LCD 8.CONCLUSIONS In this paper we introduce the concept of wireless transmission of voltage generated by the peltier sensor by mutual induction. Here the heat energy is not produced purposely but the utilization of that wasted energy is done effectively. We finally evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithms through simulationsandexperimental results which showed that the proposed concept is very promising. REFERENCES • I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankara subramaniam, andE. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: A survey,” Comput. Netw., vol. 38, pp. 393–422,Mar. 2002. • G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. D. Francesco, and A. Passarella, “Energy conservation in wirelesssensor networks: A survey,” Ad Hoc Netw.,vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 537–568, May 2009. • J. Chang and L.Tassiulas,“Maximumlifetimerouting in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 609–619,Aug. 2004. • D. R. Cox, “Prediction by exponentially weighted moving average and related methods,”J. R. Stat. Soc., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 414–422, 1961. • Green Orbs: A Long-Term Kilo-Scale Wireless Sensor Network System in the Forest http://www.greenorbs.org.