Ekg module 4b-1
- 1. ECG Rhythm Interpretation Module IV b Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias
- 2. Course Objectives • To recognize the normal rhythm of the heart - “Normal Sinus Rhythm.” • To recognize the 13 most common rhythm disturbances. • To recognize an acute myocardial infarction on a 12-lead ECG.
- 3. Learning Modules • ECG Basics • How to Analyze a Rhythm • Normal Sinus Rhythm • Heart Arrhythmias • Diagnosing a Myocardial Infarction • Advanced 12-Lead Interpretation
- 4. Arrhythmias • Sinus Rhythms • Premature Beats • Supraventricular Arrhythmias • Ventricular Arrhythmias • AV Junctional Blocks
- 5. Supraventricular Arrhythmias • Atrial Fibrillation • Atrial Flutter • Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
- 6. Rhythm #5 • Rate? 100 bpm • Regularity? irregularly irregular • P waves? none • PR interval? none • QRS duration? 0.06 s Interpretation? Atrial Fibrillation
- 7. Atrial Fibrillation • Deviation from NSR – No organized atrial depolarization, so no normal P waves (impulses are not originating from the sinus node). – Atrial activity is chaotic (resulting in an irregularly irregular rate). – Common, affects 2-4%, up to 5-10% if > 80 years old
- 8. Atrial Fibrillation • Etiology: Recent theories suggest that it is due to multiple re-entrant wavelets conducted between the R & L atria. Either way, impulses are formed in a totally unpredictable fashion. The AV node allows some of the impulses to pass through at variable intervals (so rhythm is irregularly irregular).
- 9. Rhythm #6 • Rate? 70 bpm • Regularity? regular • P waves? flutter waves • PR interval? none • QRS duration? 0.06 s Interpretation? Atrial Flutter
- 10. Atrial Flutter • Deviation from NSR – No P waves. Instead flutter waves (note “sawtooth” pattern) are formed at a rate of 250 - 350 bpm. – Only some impulses conduct through the AV node (usually every other impulse).
- 11. Atrial Flutter • Etiology: Reentrant pathway in the right atrium with every 2nd, 3rd or 4th impulse generating a QRS (others are blocked in the AV node as the node repolarizes).
- 12. Rhythm #7 • Rate? 74 148 bpm • Regularity? Regular regular • P waves? Normal none • PR interval? 0.16 s none • QRS duration? 0.08 s Interpretation? Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
- 13. PSVT • Deviation from NSR – The heart rate suddenly speeds up, often triggered by a PAC (not seen here) and the P waves are lost.
- 14. PSVT • Etiology: There are several types of PSVT but all originate above the ventricles (therefore the QRS is narrow). • Most common: abnormal conduction in the AV node (reentrant circuit looping in the AV node).
- 15. Ventricular Arrhythmias • Ventricular Tachycardia • Ventricular Fibrillation
- 16. Rhythm #8 • Rate? 160 bpm • Regularity? regular • P waves? none • PR interval? none • QRS duration? wide (> 0.12 sec) Interpretation? Ventricular Tachycardia
- 17. Ventricular Tachycardia • Deviation from NSR – Impulse is originating in the ventricles (no P waves, wide QRS).
- 18. Ventricular Tachycardia • Etiology: There is a re-entrant pathway looping in a ventricle (most common cause). • Ventricular tachycardia can sometimes generate enough cardiac output to produce a pulse; at other times no pulse can be felt.
- 19. Rhythm #9 • Rate? none • Regularity? irregularly irreg. • P waves? none • PR interval? none • QRS duration? wide, if recognizable Interpretation? Ventricular Fibrillation
- 20. Ventricular Fibrillation • Deviation from NSR – Completely abnormal.
- 21. Ventricular Fibrillation • Etiology: The ventricular cells are excitable and depolarizing randomly. • Rapid drop in cardiac output and death occurs if not quickly reversed