Electronics Basics
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This document provides an overview of basic electronic components including resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and more. Key concepts explained include voltage, current, resistance, and types of power supplies. It also covers the functionalities and applications of components such as microcontrollers, switches, LEDs, and relays.
Electronics Basics
- 1. Electronics Basic general purpose electronic components Leopoldo Armesto Senior Lecturer Universitat Politècnica de València 1
- 2. Outline Electronics Basics Resistors, Capacitors and Coils Semiconductors: Diodes, Transistors, Thyristors and Triacs Push buttons and switches Potentiometers LEDs and RGB LEDs Relays 2
- 3. Electronic Basics Definitions: Voltageis the electrical force that would drive an electric current between two points. Currentis the rate of flow of electric charge. Resistanceis a material'stendency to resist the flow of charge (current) Source : https://www.hpacmag.com 3
- 4. Electronic BasicsResistivecomponents: Resistors, potentiometers,LDR, etc… Capacitivecomponents: Capacitors, touch, etc… Inductivecomponents: Coils, relays, motors, etc… Semiconductors: Diodes,LEDs, transistors, triacs, ICs, etc… 4
- 5. Electronics Basics A microcontroller(uC): A programmabledevice. The brain of our “smartdevice”. Breadboard: A board with all necessaryelementsfor making an experimentalmodel of an electrical circuit. Shields:A board, ready to use, that contains all necessaryelementsto use a specificelectronic component. 5
- 6. Electronics Basics AC/DCPowerSupply: Alternating current (AC): Magnitude and direction varies periodically (sinusoidal wave). Easy to transport energy without significantlooses. Direct current (DC): Magnitude and direction is constant. Easier to ‘work with’. Powergeneratingsources: Photovoltaic (solar panels), chemical (batteries),electrical (home power), fuel, geothermal, nuclear, wind, etc… 6
- 7. Resistors, Capacitors & Coils Resistors: Used in almost every circuit to limit the current flow or to adapt a voltage. Ohm’s law R=V/I. Measured in Ohms. Capacitors: Used to store electrical charge so that they provide required current peaks. Also used as filters. In DC a capacitor behaves as an open-circuit. Coils: Used to generatean electromotiveforce due to a change of the flow of current. Also used as filters. In DC a coil behaves as a wire. 7
- 8. Diodes Made from the union of N-type and P-type semiconductors. Current flows on one direction, but not in the opposite direction (from anode to cathode) Zener’s are special types of diodes used to stabilize a voltage. 8
- 9. Transistors Useful for amplificationand switching applications. Amplifier: A tiny current on one lead produces a bigger current at the other leads. Switch: A small current through on one lead makes the current flow on the two other leads. Types: BJT have three layers of doped semiconductormaterial: NPN or PNP. They have pins: Base (B), Collector (C) and Emitter (E). MOSFET: A voltage applied to the gate can generate a current flow betweenthe other leads, the source and the drain. 9
- 10. Thyristors & Triacs They can be used to control loads such as lamps, motors, heaters. A thyristor is like a controlled diode. The current only flows in one direction but only if a voltage is applied to the gate. To switch off, the current between the anode and the cathode must be eliminated. Triacs is like a thyristor but can conduct current in both directions, they are used in AC power control. 10
- 11. Push buttons & switches A switch is used in machines and processesto interact with them and they can open or close a circuit. A pushbuttonusually consists of a plunger with a spring that the user needs to push to open or close the switch. Poles and throws: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT. Normally open vs. normally closed 11 https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/switch -basics/all
- 12. Potentiometers Is a manually adjustablevarying resistor. Rotary and linear potentiometers. They have 3 pins: Two of them are connected to the resistive element, while the third is connected to a wipe. Used as voltage divider. 12
- 13. LEDs Light-emitting diodes.They usually require a resistorto limit the current. Differentcolors, sizes and shapes. We used them in machines or processesto indicate their state. Polarity matters. 13 https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/light-emitting-diodes-leds/all
- 14. RGB LEDs 3 LEDs in 1: Red, Green and Blue Light is additive so we can combine them to generate multiple colors. They have four pins: one for each color and a common pin. 14
- 15. Relays A switch that can be electrically activated or deactivated by changes in the current input. A change in the current of a relay’s input generatesa magnetic field with a coil that attracts a mechanical switch. Mechanical relays are able to handle high current switches (from 2A to 15A), but they degrade over time. Poles and throws: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT 15
- 16. Electronics Leopoldo Armesto Senior Lecturer Universitat Politècnica de València 16 Basic general purpose electronic components