![1. CPU - Central Processing Unit or CPU is the brain of the
Microcontroller. It consists of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and a
Control Unit (CU). A CPU reads, decodes and executes instructions
to perform Arithmetic, Logic and Data Transfer operations.
2. Memory - Any Computational System requires two types of
memory: Program Memory and Data Memory.
• Program Memory, as the name suggests, contains the program
i.e. the instructions to be executed by the CPU. It is Read Only
Memory or ROM
• Data Memory on the other hand, is required to store temporary
data while executing the instructions. It is Random Access
Memory or RAM [ also called Read Write Memory (R/W M)]
• https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/articles/types-of-memo
ry-in-computer/
Major components of
Microcontrolller](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/embeddedsystemslo12-250203140255-9c073a80/85/Embedded-Systems-and-Arduino-Architecture-11-320.jpg)
![• In-Circuit Serial Programmer[ICSP] - These pins are
used to code and boot an Arduino from an external source.
These pins allow inter workings of two or more Arduino
boards and also allow you to upload your firmware.
• I/O Ports - The Arduino Uno has both digital and analogue
inputs, there are 14 digital input pins, and 6 analogue pins.
• https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-uno-pinout/ -
Arduino Pinout Specifications
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_overview.h
tm
- Arduino Tutorial](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/embeddedsystemslo12-250203140255-9c073a80/85/Embedded-Systems-and-Arduino-Architecture-19-320.jpg)
Embedded Systems and Arduino Architecture
- 1. Unit 46 Embedded Systems Unit Tutor – Athira Sobha
- 5. What is an Embedded System? • An embedded system is a device or product which contains one or more tiny computers hidden inside it. • This hidden computer is usually a microcontroller which is used to control the device and give it added intelligence. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3v0J0Em02FM • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyWmxrYM5yk
- 7. What is a Microcontroller?
- 8. What is a Microcontroller? • A Microcontroller is a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Integrated Circuit (IC) that contains electronic computing unit and logic unit (combinedly known as CPU), Memory (Program Memory and Data Memory), I/O Ports (Input / Output Ports) and few other components integrated on a single chip. • If a device or an application involves measuring, storing, calculating, controlling or displaying information, then device contains a Microcontroller in it.
- 10. Components of Microcontroller • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Program Memory (ROM – Read Only Memory) • Data Memory (RAM – Random Access Memory) • Timers and Counters • I/O Ports (I/O – Input/Output) • Serial Communication Interface • Clock Circuit (Oscillator Circuit) • Interrupt Mechanism • Class Activity – Multiple choice Questions
- 11. 1. CPU - Central Processing Unit or CPU is the brain of the Microcontroller. It consists of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and a Control Unit (CU). A CPU reads, decodes and executes instructions to perform Arithmetic, Logic and Data Transfer operations. 2. Memory - Any Computational System requires two types of memory: Program Memory and Data Memory. • Program Memory, as the name suggests, contains the program i.e. the instructions to be executed by the CPU. It is Read Only Memory or ROM • Data Memory on the other hand, is required to store temporary data while executing the instructions. It is Random Access Memory or RAM [ also called Read Write Memory (R/W M)] • https://www.shiksha.com/online-courses/articles/types-of-memo ry-in-computer/ Major components of Microcontrolller
- 12. 3. I/O Ports • The interface for the Microcontroller to the external world is provided by the I/O Ports or Input/Output Ports. • Inputs device like Switches, Keypads, etc. provide information from the user to the CPU in the form of Binary Data. • The CPU, upon receiving the data from the input devices, executes appropriate instructions and gives response through Output Devices like LEDs, Displays, Printers, etc.
- 13. Other components in Microcontroller 1. Bus - A System bus is a group of connecting wire that connect the CPU with other peripherals like Memory, I/O Ports and other supporting components. 2. Timers/Counters - They provide the operations of Time Delays and counting external events. 3. Serial Port - Serial communication (also called RS232 communication) enables a microcontroller to be connected to another microcontroller or to a PC using a serial cable. Some microcontrollers have built-in hardware called USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous receiver-transmitter) to implement a serial communication interface.
- 14. 4. Interrupts – are signals that tell the microcontroller to stop what it is doing and execute a specific function, called an interrupt service routine (ISR). An interrupt temporarily stops or terminates a service or a current process. • Interrupts can be triggered by various sources, such as buttons, sensors, serial communication, or other peripherals. 5. ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)- The ADC Circuit forms the interface between the external Analog Input devices and the CPU of the Microcontroller. 6. DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) - DAC forms the bridge between the CPU of the Microcontroller and the external analog devices
- 15. L01 Explore the principle features of a microcontroller and explain the purpose of its constituent parts. Assignment question - Part 1: • You have been given Arduino Uno and has been asked to critically evaluate microcontroller architectures and subsystems, exploring characteristics such as electrical, timing and size for which Arduino Uno used to do all its performance. In doing so, you must explain the function of the main microcontroller elements referring by examining its input/output hardware interfaces and the software architecture required.
- 16. Assessment criteria for Part 1(Need theoretical explanations only) P1 – Examine the hardware interfaces and software architecture of a selected microcontroller • Explain in detail about hardware components of Arduino board with proper diagrams • Also explain about the Arduino codes called sketches, compiling and uploading of code to ardunio board. Include basic functions of blocks in a code. • Class Activity – Label the given Arduino Uno worksheet
- 18. Arduino Functionality – Hardware Components • ATMega328P - This is the CPU of the Arduino. This microcontroller is responsible for holding all of your compiled code and executing the commands you specify. • Reset button - Reset the CPU chip to restart the execution of your program. • DC Barrel Jack(External Power supply) - The barrel jack is another method of powering the Arduino Uno microcontroller, both 9V and 12V adapters can connect to the jack. • USB Plug – The type B USB port on the Arduino is used for providing communication with a computer. This enables to loading of firmware onto the board.
- 19. • In-Circuit Serial Programmer[ICSP] - These pins are used to code and boot an Arduino from an external source. These pins allow inter workings of two or more Arduino boards and also allow you to upload your firmware. • I/O Ports - The Arduino Uno has both digital and analogue inputs, there are 14 digital input pins, and 6 analogue pins. • https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-uno-pinout/ - Arduino Pinout Specifications • https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_overview.h tm - Arduino Tutorial
- 20. Arduino Software • Arduino Uno requires uploaded code (called Sketches) which it executes. • This is done through Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – an application downloaded on a parent device to write code. • Code is written in C++. • Every Arduino script includes two main functions: • Setup(): Involves declaring variables, pins as input or output, data rate for the serial terminal etc • Loop(): Ensures the script will run as the board is powered.
- 21. P2 – Explain the function of main microcontroller elements • Explain about microcontroller structure and describe its components with proper diagrams M1 – Evaluate microcontroller architectures and subsystems exploring characteristics such as electrical, timing and size. D1 – Critically evaluate microcontroller architectures and subsystems exploring characteristics such as electrical, timing and size. • Explain about different types of memory architectures – Harvard Vs Von Neumann • Also explain about different types of Instruction sets – CISC Vs RISC