EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Lecture 4 IDE AND MICROCONTROLLERS.pptx

EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
E M B E D D E D S Y S T E M S D E V E L O P M E N T T O O L S

OVERVIEW
Embedded Systems Development Tools
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
Compiler, assembler, linker, and loader
DebuggingTools in an Embedded System
DebuggingTechniques
DebuggingTools

EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT
TOOLS
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS
(IDEs)

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS (IDES)
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) are comprehensive
software applications designed to streamline and enhance the
software development process.
They serve as a central hub where developers can write, edit, debug,
test, and manage their code, making the development process more
efficient and productive.

CODE
EDITING
IDEs offer powerful code editors
with features such as syntax
highlighting, code completion,
and code templates.
These features help developers
write code more accurately and
quickly.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Debugging is a critical part of the
development process.
IDEs provide debugging tools
that allow developers to set
breakpoints, inspect variables,
step through code, and identify
and fix issues in their programs.

BUILD AND
COMPILATION
IDEs often integrate build and
compilation tools specific to the
programming language or framework
being used.
This allows developers to build,
compile, and run their code within the
IDE, ensuring that it works correctly.

VERSION
CONTROL
Many IDEs come with integrated
version control systems, such as
Git, which help developers track
changes to their code, collaborate
with team members, and manage
different code versions and
branches.

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
IDEs provide project
management features to help
organize code files,
dependencies, and resources.
They typically offer tools for
creating, opening and managing
projects or solutions.

CODE
NAVIGATION
IDEs make it easy to navigate large
codebases with features like code
folding, search and replace, code
bookmarks, and a file and class
hierarchy view.
This aids developers in quickly
locating and working with specific
parts of the code.

CODE ANALYSIS
AND REFACTORING
IDEs often include code analysis
tools highlighting potential errors
or code quality issues.
They also offer automated code
refactoring capabilities to help
improve code maintainability
and readability.

INTEGRATIO
N WITH
EXTERNAL
TOOLS:
IDEs can be extended through plugins and integrations with external
tools, libraries, and frameworks.
This allows developers to customize their development environment to
suit their specific needs and project requirements.

INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT (IDE)
In summary, Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs) are essential tools for
software developers, offering a
comprehensive set of features to streamline
the development process, increase
productivity, and improve code quality.
Choosing the right IDE depends on the
programming language and development
stack you work with, as well as your
personal preferences and project
requirements.

COMPILER,
ASSEMBLER,
LINKER,
AND LOADER
Compilers, assemblers, linkers, and loaders are
essential tools in the field of computer
programming and software development.
They play different roles in the process of
translating high-level programming code into
executable programs that a computer can run.

LANGUAGE
SUPPORT
IDEs are available for various programming
languages, making them suitable for a wide range
of development tasks.
Popular IDEs include Visual Studio for C#, Java,
and Python, IntelliJ IDEA for Java, and VS Code
for web development.

CROSS-
PLATFORM
COMPATIBILITY
Many modern IDEs are cross-platform, meaning
they can be used on Windows, macOS, and Linux,
making them accessible to developers on different
operating systems.

COMPILER
A compiler is a program that translates high-
level programming languages like C, C++,
Java, and others into machine code or low-
level code that a computer's processor can
understand.
It performs several tasks, including lexical
analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis,
optimization, and code generation.
The output of a compiler is usually a binary
executable file or an intermediate code that
can be further processed or interpreted by
other tools.

ASSEMBLER
An assembler is a program that
translates assembly language code into
machine code.
Assembly language is a low-level
programming language that is specific
to a particular computer architecture or
processor. It consists of mnemonic
codes and symbols that represent
individual machine-level instructions.

LINKER A linker is a tool that combines multiple object
files (output of compilers and assemblers) into a
single executable program.
It resolves references between different parts of
the program, ensuring that functions and
variables defined in one source file can be used
in other source files.

LOADER
A loader is a program or part of the operating system that loads
executable programs into memory for execution.
When you run an executable program, the loader is responsible for
allocating memory, reading the program from disk, and preparing it
for execution.

In summary, compilers and assemblers translate higher-level code
into machine code, linkers combine multiple object files into an
executable program, and loaders prepare and load the executable
program into memory for execution.
These tools are essential components of the software development
and execution process, enabling programmers to create and run
software on computers.

DEBUGGING TOOLS
IN AN EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
Debugging is the process of
identifying and fixing errors or
bugs in computer programs.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Print Statements:
One of the simplest debugging
techniques is to use print
statements to display the
values of variables and the
flow of the program at various
points.
This can help you track the
program's execution.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Logging:
Instead of using print
statements, you can use
logging libraries like logging
in Python or log4j in Java to
log information at different
levels (e.g., debug, info, error)
and filter the output as needed.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Interactive Debugging:
Most programming languages
provide debugging tools that allow
you to set breakpoints, step through
code, inspect variables, and change
values during runtime.
Common tools include the Python
Debugger (pdb), Visual Studio
Debugger, or the built-in debugger
in integrated development
environments (IDEs) like Visual
Studio Code or PyCharm.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Code Review:
Another pair of eyes can be
extremely helpful in spotting
issues. Peer code reviews can
uncover problems you might
have missed.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Rubber Duck Debugging:
Explaining your code and
problem to someone else (even
an inanimate object like a
rubber duck) can help you
clarify your thoughts and often
leads to the discovery of the
issue.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Unit Testing: Writing unit
tests for your code can help
you catch bugs early and
ensure that changes to your
code don't introduce new
issues.

DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
Code Profiling: Profiling tools
like cProfile in Python or
VisualVM for Java can help
you identify performance
bottlenecks in your code.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Integrated Development
Environments (IDEs):
IDEs come with built-in
debugging tools that provide a
graphical interface for setting
breakpoints, stepping through
code, and inspecting variables.
Examples include Visual Studio,
Visual Studio Code, PyCharm,
and Eclipse.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Version Control Systems:
Tools like Git provide ways to
track changes in your code,
making it easier to identify
when and where a bug was
introduced.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Linters:
Linters like ESLint for
JavaScript or Pylint for Python
can catch coding style and
potential error issues early in
the development process.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Static Analysis Tools:
Tools like SonarQube and
Coverity can analyse your
codebase for potential
issues without running the
program.=

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Memory Debugging Tools:
Tools like Valgrind (for C/C+
+) and gdb (GNU Debugger)
can help you identify memory-
related issues such as memory
leaks and invalid memory
accesses.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Performance Profiling Tools:
Tools like perf for Linux or
Instruments for macOS can
help you analyse the
performance of your code and
find bottlenecks.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Error Tracking Services:
Services like Sentry and
Rollbar can help you monitor
and track errors in production
code, providing valuable
insights into issues that occur
in the wild

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Interactive Debugging for
Web Browsers:
Web developer tools in
browsers like Chrome and
Firefox allow you to inspect,
profile, and debug
JavaScript code running in
web applications.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Network Debugging Tools:
Tools like Wireshark can help
you analyse network traffic for
issues in networked
applications.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Code Coverage Tools:
Tools like JaCoCo for Java or
coverage.py for Python can
measure code coverage,
helping you identify areas of
your code that need more
testing.

DEBUGGING
TOOLS
Remember that effective
debugging often requires a
combination of techniques and
tools.
The choice of technique or tool
depends on the programming
language, the nature of the
problem, and your familiarity
with the tools available for
your development
environment.

EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING

OUTLINE
Embedded C Programming
Basics of C programming for embedded systems
Memory management and optimization
Interrupt handling and real-time programming

EMBEDDED C
PROGRAMMING
Programming for embedded
systems requires a good
understanding of the hardware, a
low-level programming language,
and often specialized tools.
C is one of the most commonly
used languages for embedded
systems due to its efficiency and
control over hardware resources.
Here are some basics of C
programming for embedded
systems:

HARDWARE
UNDERSTANDING
Begin by thoroughly
understanding the target
hardware, including the
microcontroller or
microprocessor, its
architecture, memory
layout, input/output pins,
and any peripherals (e.g.,
timers, UART, SPI) it
supports.

DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT
Set up a development
environment with a C
compiler, linker, and
debugging tools suitable for
your target hardware.
Common choices include
GCC, Keil, IAR Embedded
Workbench, and MPLAB X
for different microcontroller
families.

MEMORY
LAYOUT
Understand the memory
layout of the embedded
system.
This includes knowledge of
flash memory (program
memory), RAM, and any
other memory types
available.

TOOLCHAIN
CONFIGURATION
Configure your toolchain to
generate code suitable for
your target architecture and
memory layout.
This includes specifying
memory addresses for code
and data sections.

PROGRAMMING
IN C
Write your C code to
interface with the hardware.
This involves configuring
registers and using
hardware-specific libraries
or APIs provided by the
manufacturer.

I/O
OPERATIONS
Use low-level I/O
operations to interact with
hardware peripherals. This
often includes setting
registers and using bitwise
operations to control input
and output pins, timers, and
communication interfaces.

INTERRUPT
HANDLING
–Embedded systems
frequently rely on interrupt-
based programming.
–Learn how to handle
interrupts effectively,
including writing interrupt
service routines (ISRs) and
configuring interrupt
priorities.

MEMORY
MANAGEMENT
Be mindful of memory
constraints and optimize
your code for size and
speed.
Embedded systems often
have limited resources,
so efficient memory
management is crucial.

TIMING AND
SYNCHRONIZATION
Understand how to work
with timers and counters to
manage timing and
synchronization in your
embedded system.
This is essential for tasks
like generating PWM
signals or measuring time
intervals accurately.

DEBUGGING
Learn to use debugging
tools provided by your
development environment,
such as hardware debuggers
or simulator/emulator tools.
Debugging can be
challenging in embedded
systems, so mastering these
tools is important.

POWER
MANAGEMENT:
Depending on the
application, power
management can be crucial
in embedded systems.
Learn how to put the system
into low-power modes
when idle and wake it up as
needed.

TESTING AND
VALIDATION
Rigorously test your code
on the target hardware to
ensure it works correctly.
Use unit tests, integration
tests, and real-world
testing to validate your
system's behavior.

DOCUMENTATION
Maintain detailed
documentation of your
code, including hardware
configurations, memory
layouts, and any critical
decisions made during
development.
This will be invaluable for
future maintenance or
troubleshooting.

SAFETY AND
SECURITY
Depending on the
application, consider safety
and security aspects, such
as handling error conditions
gracefully and protecting
against security threats.

OPTIMIZATION
Optimize your code for
both performance and
resource usage.
Profile your code to identify
bottlenecks and make
improvements.

VERSION
CONTROL
Use version control systems
(e.g., Git) to keep track of
changes in your codebase,
collaborate with a team, and
ensure code integrity.

SUMMARY
Programming for embedded
systems can be challenging but
rewarding.
It requires a deep understanding of
both hardware and software and
often involves working with
limited resources.
However, with practice and
experience, you can become
proficient in C programming for
embedded systems.

MEMORY
MANAGEMENT
AND
OPTIMIZATION
Memory management and
optimization are essential aspects
of computer systems and software
development.
Efficient memory management
helps ensure that a computer
system operates smoothly,
minimizes resource usage, and
prevents issues like memory leaks
and crashes.

MEMORY
HIERARCHY
Computer systems typically
have multiple levels of memory,
from registers and cache to
RAM and secondary storage
(e.g., hard drives or SSDs).
Understanding this hierarchy
and how data is moved between
these levels can help optimize
memory usage.

MEMORY
ALLOCATION
When a program runs, it needs
memory to store variables, data
structures, and program
instructions. .
Memory allocation is the
process of assigning memory
space to these program
elements.

MEMORY
ALLOCATION
There are two main allocation strategies:
Stack Allocation:
Used for local variables and function call
management. It's typically faster but has
a limited size.
Heap Allocation:
Used for dynamic data structures like
arrays and objects. It's more flexible but
requires explicit allocation and
deallocation (e.g., malloc/free in C or
new/delete in C++).

MEMORY
LEAKS
A memory leak occurs when a
program allocates memory but
fails to release it when no
longer needed.
time, this can lead to a gradual
depletion of available memory,
causing performance
degradation or even crashes.
Tools like Valgrind (for C/C+
+) can help detect memory
leaks.

GARBAGE
COLLECTION
In languages like Java, C+, and
Python, memory management
is handled by a garbage
collector
.
It automatically reclaims
memory that is no longer
accessible, making it easier to
avoid memory leaks
.
However, understanding how
garbage collection works is
important for optimizing
memory usage
.

MEMORY
PROFILING
Profiling tools can help
identify memory usage patterns
in your application.
These tools can show you
which parts of your code are
allocating the most memory
and help you identify areas for
optimization.

DATA
STRUCTURES
Choosing the right data
structures is crucial for
memory optimization.
For example, using a linked list
instead of an array for a
specific task can save memory.
Similarly, using a hashmap
instead of a list when searching
for elements can improve
performance.

MEMORY
COMPRESSION
Some systems and databases
use memory compression
techniques to reduce memory
usage.
These techniques can be
especially helpful when
dealing with large datasets.

MEMORY
POOLS
In situations where you need to
frequently allocate and
deallocate small chunks of
memory, using memory pools
can be more efficient than
traditional heap allocation.
Memory pools preallocate a
fixed-size block of memory
and reuse it for similar objects.

CACHING
Caching frequently accessed
data can reduce the need for
repeated memory allocations
and improve performance.
It can be implemented using
various caching algorithms
such as LRU (Least Recently
Used) or LFU (Least
Frequently Used).

OPTIMIZING
ALGORITHMS
Some algorithms can be
memory-intensive. In such
cases, optimizing the algorithm
itself may be the most effective
way to reduce memory usage.

64-BIT VS. 32-
BIT
Consider whether your
application needs the
additional memory address
space provided by 64-bit
architectures.
If not, sticking with a 32-bit
architecture can save memory.

MEMORY
FRAGMENTATION
Fragmentation can lead to
inefficient memory usage.
Techniques like memory
compaction can be used to
reduce fragmentation and
improve memory utilization.

SUMMARY
Optimizing memory usage often
involves trade-offs between speed,
complexity, and memory footprint.
The specific strategies you should
employ depend on the programming
language, platform, and requirements
of your application.
Regular profiling and testing are
essential to identify and address
memory-related issues effectively.

INTERRUPT
HANDLING AND
REAL-TIME
PROGRAMMING
Interrupt handling is a crucial
aspect of real-time programming,
as it allows a computer system to
respond quickly to external events
and perform tasks with precise
timing requirements.
Real-time programming is used in
applications where timing and
predictability are critical, such as
embedded systems, robotics,
industrial automation, and more.

WHAT IS AN
INTERRUPT?
An interrupt is a signal or event
that halts the normal execution of
a program and transfers control to
a specific subroutine (interrupt
service routine or ISR) to handle
the event. Interrupts can be
triggered by various sources,
including hardware devices (e.g.,
a button press, timer expiration,
or sensor input) or software
events (e.g., system calls).

INTERRUPT
PRIORITIES
In real-time systems, different
interrupts may have different
priorities.
High-priority interrupts are
handled before lower-priority
ones to ensure that critical
tasks are executed without
delay.
Prioritization is essential for
meeting timing constraints.

CONTEXT
SWITCHING
When an interrupt occurs, the
processor needs to save the
current context (state of the
executing program) and restore
it afterward.
Context switching introduces
some overhead, so minimizing
the time spent in an ISR is
crucial for real-time
performance.

LATENCY AND
DETERMINISM
In real-time systems,
minimizing interrupt latency
(the time between the interrupt
request and the start of ISR
execution) is critical.
Deterministic interrupt
handling ensures that the
system responds predictably to
interrupts, meeting stringent
timing requirements.

CRITICAL
SECTIONS
To avoid data corruption and
race conditions when multiple
tasks or ISRs access shared
resources, real-time systems
often use synchronization
mechanisms like semaphores
or mutexes within critical
sections.

HARDWARE
SUPPORT
Some processors and
microcontrollers offer
hardware features to facilitate
real-time interrupt handling,
such as nested interrupt
support, interrupt
prioritization, and interrupt
masking.

INTERRUPT
HANDLING
TECHNIQUES
Real-time systems employ
various techniques to handle
interrupts efficiently, such as
interrupt chaining (where
multiple ISRs are chained
together), interrupt coalescing
(combining multiple interrupts
into one), and deferred
interrupt processing (handling
some interrupt processing in a
deferred manner to minimize
latency).

TESTING AND
VERIFICATION
Real-time systems must
undergo rigorous testing and
verification to ensure that they
meet their timing requirements.
This includes analyzing worst-
case execution times (WCET)
for ISRs and tasks.

REAL-TIME
OPERATING
SYSTEMS
(RTOS)
Many real-time applications
use RTOS to manage task
scheduling, interrupt handling,
and resource allocation in a
predictable and deterministic
manner.
RTOSes provide abstractions
and APIs for real-time
development.

SAFETY-
CRITICAL
APPLICATIONS
In safety-critical systems like
automotive, aerospace, and
medical devices, real-time
programming and interrupt
handling are essential to ensure
the system's safety and
reliability.

In conclusion, interrupt handling is a fundamental aspect of
real-time programming, enabling systems to respond to
external events with precision and predictability.
Real-time programming requires careful consideration of
interrupt priorities, latency, and deterministic behaviour to
meet stringent timing requirements.
Proper design, testing, and use of real-time operating
systems can help in developing robust real-time
applications.

THANK
YOU
S E E YO U N E X T W E E K

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Lecture 4 IDE AND MICROCONTROLLERS.pptx

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