Emerging Trends class 11 notes better...

UNIT-5
Introduction to
Emerging Trends
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Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr. Vinod Verma
PGT(CS) KV OEF Kanpur

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence AI is the ability of a machine or
computer system to copy human intelligence process, learn
experiences and adapt to new information, perform human-
like activities. Using these technologies, computers can be
trained to accomplish specific tasks by processing large
amounts of data and recognizing patterns in the data.
Or we can say that Artificial intelligence (AI) refers
to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.
Created By: Sachin Bhardwaj, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 Tezpur,Mr. Vinod Verma PGT(CS) KV OEF Kanpur

Examples of Artificial Intelligence-
➢ spam filters
➢ voice to text features
➢ smart personal assistants, such as Siri and Google Now
➢ automated responders and online customer support

Machine Learning
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI)
that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and
improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of
computer programs that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.
The process of learning begins with
observations or data, such as examples, direct experience, or
instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make
better decisions in the future based on the examples that we
provide. The primary aim is to allow the computers learn
automatically without human intervention or assistance and
adjust actions accordingly.

Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical
model based on sample data, known as "training data", in
order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly
programmed to do so.

Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Processing is the technology used to aid
computers to understand the human’s natural language. It’s
not an easy task teaching machines to understand how we
communicate.
Now you can say, “Alexa, play this song,” and a device
start playing that music. The complete interaction was made
possible by NLP, along with other AI elements such as machine
learning and deep learning. NLP makes it possible for
computers to read text, hear speech, interpret it, measure
sentiment and determine which parts are important.

Natural Language Processing is the driving force behind
the following common applications:
❑ Language translation applications such as Google Translate
❑ Word Processors such as Microsoft Word and Grammatically
that employ NLP to check grammatical accuracy of texts.
❑ Interactive Voice Response (IVR) applications used in call
centers to respond to certain users’ requests.
❑ Personal assistant applications such as OK Google, Siri and
Alexa.

IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCE (AR, VR)
An immersive experience is the perception of being in one
place when you are actually in another. It is essentially the
suspension of reality, even if just for a few moments. People
always want the most immersive experience possible,
especially when it comes to entertainment.
Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements
to a live view often by using the camera on a smartphone.
Examples of augmented reality experiences include Snapchat
lenses and the game Pokémon Go.

In other words, if you see the real world supplemented with
digital objects, that’s AR. Imagine you want to buy a piece of
furniture – a chair, for example. Augmented reality technology
can help you check how different chairs will look in your room
and pick the one that fits best.

Virtual reality (VR) implies a complete immersion experience
that shuts out the physical world. Property agents can use
virtual reality for this purpose. Unlike photos, VR is
immersive, so potential buyers can take three-dimensional
walkthroughs and better understand what each property has
to offer before visiting in person.
Application of Immersive experience:-
• Retail and e-commerce
• Art
• Entertainment and
• Videogames and
• Interactive storytelling
• Military
• Education

Robotics
Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and
research area for information engineering, computer
engineering, computer science, mechanical
engineering, electronic engineering and others. Robotics
involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The
goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help
and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone
safe.
Robotics develops machines that can substitute
for humans and replicate human actions. Robots can be used in
many situations and for lots of purposes, but today many are
used in dangerous environments (including inspection of
radioactive materials, bomb detection and deactivation),
manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive
(e.g. in space, underwater, in high temperature).

Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble
humans in appearance.

Big Data and its characteristics
The term Big Data refers to a huge volume of data that cannot
be stored processed by any traditional data storage or
processing units. Big Data is generated at a very large scale and
it is being used by many multinational companies
to process and analyze in order to uncover insights and
improve the business of many organizations.

Big Data characteristics

1. Volume: It refers to the unimaginable amounts of
information generated every second from social media, cell
phones, cars, credit cards, M2M sensors, images, video, and
whatnot. We are currently using distributed systems, to store
data in several locations and brought together by a software
Framework like Hadoop.
Facebook alone can generate about billion messages, 4.5
billion times that the “like” button is recorded, and over 350
million new posts are uploaded each day. Such a huge amount
of data can only be handled by Big Data Technologies.

2. Variety: Variety of Big Data refers to structured,
unstructured, and semi structured data that is gathered from
multiple sources. While in the past, data could only be
collected from spreadsheets and databases, today data comes
in an array of forms such as emails, PDFs, photos, videos,
audios, SM posts, and so much more.
3. Value: Value is the major issue that we need to
concentrate on. It is not just the amount of data that we store
or process. It is actually the amount of valuable, reliable and
trustworthy data that needs to be stored, processed, and
analyzed to find insights.

4. Velocity: Velocity plays a major role compared to the
others, there is no point in investing so much to end up
waiting for the data. So, the major aspect of Big Data is to
provide data on demand and at a faster pace.
Example: 72 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every
minute this is the velocity. Extremely high velocity of data is
another major big data characteristics

5. Veracity or Variability: It refers to the inconsistency
which can be shown by the data many times, thus hampering the
process to handle and manage the data effectively.
You can see that few values are missing in the below table
Data available can sometimes get messy and maybe difficult to
trust. With wide variety in big data types generated, quality
and accuracy are difficult to control.
Example: A Twitter post has hashtags and abbreviations.
Department Year Minimum sales Maximum sales
1 2010 ? 1500
2 2011 10000 ?

Internet of Things (IoT)
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
IoT makes once "dumb" devices "smarter" by
giving them the ability to send data over the internet, allowing
the device to communicate with people and other IoT-enabled
things.

The connected "smart home" is a good example of IoT in action.
Internet-enabled thermostats, doorbells, smoke detectors and security
alarms create a connected hub where data is shared between physical
devices and users can remotely control the "things" in that hub (i.e.,
adjusting temperature settings, unlocking doors, etc.) via a mobile
app or website.

SENSORS
Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to
detect and respond to electrical or optical signals.
A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example:
temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a
signal which can be measured electrically.

SMART CITIES
A Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of
electronic Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to collect data and
then use insights gained from that data to manage assets,
resources and services efficiently. It includes data collected
from citizens, devices, and assets that is processed and
analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation
systems, power plants, utilities, water supply networks, waste
management, crime detection, information systems, schools,
libraries, hospitals, and other community services.

The Smart city concept integrates information and
communication technology (ICT), and various physical devices
connected to the IoT network to optimize the efficiency of city
operations and services and connect to citizens. Smart city
technology allows city officials to interact directly with both
community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is
happening in the city and how the city is evolving.

CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over
the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing.. Companies that provide
cloud services enable users to store files and applications on
remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet. This
means the user is not required to be in a specific place to gain
access to it, allowing the user to work remotely.
Cloud computing is the delivery of different
services through the Internet. These resources include tools and
applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and
software.
Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or
local storage device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to
save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device
has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software.

TYPES OF CLOUD
e.g. Gmail e.g. Amazon Web Service

Types of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is not a single piece of technology like a
microchip or a cellphone. Rather, it's a system primarily
comprised of three services: software-as-a-service (SaaS),
infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), and platform-as-a-service
(PaaS).

1. Software-as-a-service (SaaS): involves the licensure of a
software application to customers. Licenses are typically
provided through a pay-as-you-go model or on-demand. SaaS
utilizes the internet to deliver applications, which are managed
by a third-party vendor, to its users. A majority of SaaS
applications run directly through your web browser, which
means they do not require any downloads or installations on
the client side. This type of system can be found in Microsoft
Office's 365, Google Apps, Dropbox, Cisco WebEx.

2. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS): involves a method for
delivering everything from operating systems to servers and
storage through IP-based connectivity as part of an on-demand
service. Clients can avoid the need to purchase software or
servers, and instead procure these resources in an outsourced, on-
demand service- from a cloud provider. Popular examples of the
IaaS system include IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web
Services (AWS) etc.

3. Platform-as-a-service (PaaS): It is considered as the most
complex of the three layers of cloud-based computing. PaaS
shares some similarities with SaaS, the primary difference
being that instead of delivering software online, it is actually a
platform for creating software that is delivered via the Internet.
PaaS can streamline workflows when multiple
developers are working on the same development project. If
other vendors must be included, PaaS can provide great speed
and flexibility to the entire process. PaaS is particularly
beneficial if you need to create customized applications. This
cloud service also can greatly reduce costs and it can simplify
some challenges that come up if you are rapidly developing or
deploying an app.This model includes platforms like Force.com
and Heroku, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos, OpenShift.

GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing is a group of computers physically connected
(over a network or with Internet) to perform a dedicated tasks
together, such as analyzing e-commerce data and solve a
complex problem. Grids are a form of "super virtual computer"
that solve a particular application.
It leviate multiple computers, often geographically distributed
but connected by networks, to work together to accomplish
joint tasks. It is typically run on a “data grid” a set of
computers that directly interact with each other to coordinate
jobs.

BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY
A simple analogy for understanding block chain technology is a
Google Doc. When we create a document and share it with a
group of people, the document is distributed instead of copied
or transferred. This creates a decentralized distribution chain
that gives everyone access to the document at the same time.
No one is locked out awaiting changes from another party,
while all modifications to the doc are being recorded in real-
time, making changes completely transparent.

Block chain technology is most simply
defined as a decentralized, distributed ledger
that records the provenance(origination) of a
digital asset. . Block chain is most simply
defined as a decentralized, distributed
ledger technology that records the
provenance of a digital asset.

Copyright and ownership laws on music, videos, blogs,
and other online content are a must in today’s day and
age. These laws can be made secure through block chain
technology. Digital content downloads would be a good
option as it ensures that the artist or the creator of the
content also gets their fair share. Block chain would also
provide real-time and authentic royalty distribution data
to content creators and musicians.

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