EMR ch26
- 1. Emergency Medical ResponderEmergency Medical Responder First on SceneFirst on Scene CHAPTER TENTH EDITION Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Introduction to EMS Operations and Hazardous Response 26
- 2. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Topics Safety The Call Motor-Vehicle Collisions Building Access Hazards
- 3. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron SAFETY
- 4. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Safety • Personal safety is the first consideration at any emergency scene. Follow standard operating procedures (SOPs). Limit actions to your training level. Use proper equipment. Use required number of trained persons for any task.
- 5. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Safety • Risk vs. benefit analysis Does the risk have a measurable benefit? • Prior to approaching patient, be certain it is safe to do so. Identify hazards and recognize your ability to control them.
- 6. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Safety • Use appropriate protective gear you are certified to use. High-visibility safety vest Eye protection Gloves Turnout gear Hazmat suit
- 7. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.1 Ensure the safety of you and your crew before entering the scene. (© Edward T. Dickinson, MD)
- 8. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron THE CALL
- 9. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Six Phases of Emergency Call Preparation Dispatch En route to scene Arrival at scene Transferring patients After emergency
- 10. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 1: Preparation Medical supplies Nonmedical supplies Equipment Personnel
- 11. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.3 You must check all of your equipment at the start of each shift.
- 12. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 2: Dispatch Be familiar with dispatch and communications system, and procedures. Note information dispatcher gives you about call. Dispatch centers staffed with personnel specially trained to dispatch appropriate units
- 13. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 3: En Route to the Scene Operate emergency vehicle with "due regard" for safety of everyone on road. Emergency lights must be on for all emergency responses. Sirens used when traffic is issue. Have the essential information on call.
- 14. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 4: Arrival at the Scene Be alert and approach cautiously. Look for hazards. Position response unit where you have access to it but where it will not interfere with access to scene. Keep eye on traffic. continued on next slide
- 15. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 4: Arrival at the Scene Notify dispatcher of your arrival. Provide additional information once you arrive on scene. Size-up scene to ensure it is safe. Put on PPE. continued on next slide
- 16. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 4: Arrival at the Scene Look for MOI in trauma scenes or determine if medical emergency. Stabilize vehicles. Determine if multiple-casualty incident and number of patients. Evaluate patients quickly to determine if high or low priority.
- 17. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 5: Transferring Patients EMRs help lift, carry, and load patients and assist in preparing for transport. Provide transporting personnel with accurate account of patient's status.
- 18. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron The Call • Phase 6: After the Emergency Prepare for next call. Clean and disinfect equipment, restock supplies, refuel emergency vehicle. Complete paperwork and file reports. Participate in debriefing. Notify dispatcher that you are back in service.
- 19. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron MOTOR-VEHICLE COLLISIONS
- 20. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Make scene safe, ensuring no one else is hurt. • Request additional resources. • Gain access to patients. • Free trapped patients. • Evaluate patients. • Provide emergency care.
- 21. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Move patients who are in danger from fire, explosion, other hazards. • Determine which patients may be moved so care can be provided for more critically injured patients. • First step is to secure area around scene so you can work safely.
- 22. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Position vehicle approximately 50 feet before scene. • Turn on vehicle's emergency flashers. • Park in safe location. • Look for fuel spills and fire.
- 23. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Set out emergency warning devices. Cones Flashing lights Flares
- 24. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.2 There are many ways you can make the scene safer once you arrive.
- 25. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • If power line down, request power be turned off. • You may need fire services and rescue squad at scene. • As you approach, observe scene for clues.
- 26. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • If scene is safe, stabilize vehicle. • EMR's first priority is personal safety. • Primary duty is to provide patient care.
- 27. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Upright Vehicle Evaluate vehicle stability. Look for traffic and electrical hazards, spilled fuel, fire. Vehicles in park with ignition turned off • Hills or slight inclines • Slippery surfaces • Tilted or stacked vehicles
- 28. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Vehicle Access Never try to enter or work around vehicle until you are certain it is stable. Simple access does not require equipment. Complex access requires tools and special equipment.
- 29. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.1.1 Various tools can be used to help unlock vehicle doors in older vehicles (check model years): • Wire hook • Straight wire • Slim Jim (or similar device) • Screwdriver • Flat pry bar An oil dipstick or a keyhole saw may be used to help force up a locking button. continued on next slide
- 30. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.1.2 For framed windows, pry the frame away from the vehicle body with a wood wedge and insert a wire hook. continued on next slide
- 31. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.1.3 For flat-top locks, use a hooked wire. Snag the locking button and pull upward. continued on next slide
- 32. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.1.4 For rocker or push-button locks on the door panel or on the armrest, use a straight wire to press the lock open.
- 33. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • To gain access through vehicle windows, use spring-loaded center punch on rear or side windows. Make certain vehicle is stable. Confirm all doors and windows are locked and secure. Protect yourself by wearing gloves and eye protection.
- 34. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Window Access Select window away from patient. After breaking window, reach in and try to open door. Turn off ignition, place in park and set parking brake. Wait for fire or rescue personnel if the door remains jammed.
- 35. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.4 If you can, cover the patient with a blanket prior to breaking any glass. This will prevent the patient from being hit with broken glass.
- 36. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.2.1 To break a window, first place duct tape across the window to help keep the glass intact after breaking. continued on next slide
- 37. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.2.2 Use a spring-loaded center punch in one of the corners to break the glass. continued on next slide
- 38. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron 26.2.3 Once the glass is broken, remove it from the frame.
- 39. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Do not try to right overturned vehicle. Vehicle on its side • Stabilize with tires, blocks, lumber, wheel chocks, cribbing, rocks. • Use strong rope or line to tie vehicle to secure objects. • Attempt to gain access to occupants of vehicle. • If you open door, tie it securely open.
- 40. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.5 Stabilize the vehicle before attempting to gain access to the patients. This may require specialized training. Do only what you have been trained to do.
- 41. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Patients Pinned Beneath Vehicles Call for rescue squad immediately. Do not attempt to enter space to remove victim until entire vehicle is stable.
- 42. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Patients Trapped in Wreckage Remove wreckage from on top of and around patient. Carefully move a seat forward or backward. continued on next slide
- 43. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Motor-Vehicle Collisions • Patients Trapped in Wreckage Carefully lift out a back seat. Remove patient's shoe to free foot, or cut away clothing caught on wreckage. Cut seat belts. Follow guidelines for working with deployed and undeployed airbags.
- 44. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron BUILDING ACCESS
- 45. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Building Access • Unless trained in fire and rescue operations, you are not expected to know how to enter and make your way around empty or abandoned buildings. Request additional resources. Open and enter through open doors or windows first. Look or ask for a key. Break glass to unlock doors or windows.
- 46. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron HAZARDS
- 47. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Fire Firefighting requires special training, protective clothing, right equipment, and usually more than one firefighter. Never approach vehicle in flames. Never attempt to enter building that is on fire or has smoke showing. Never enter a smoky room or building or go through an area of dense smoke. continued on next slide
- 48. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Fire Never attempt to enter closed building or room giving off grayish-yellow smoke. Do not work by yourself. Feel top of a door before opening. Never use elevator. If in smoke, stay close to floor and crawl to safety.
- 49. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Natural Gas Move patients away from area. Keep bystanders away from scene. Alert dispatch. Request gas in area be shut off or diverted. Evacuate building.
- 50. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Electrical Wires and Aboveground Transformers Do not attempt a rescue. Position your vehicle at least a pole away from downed wires. Never assume power lines are dead.
- 51. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.6 When arriving on scene, position your vehicle at least one utility pole away from the damaged pole.
- 52. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Electrical Wires and Aboveground Transformers Request power be turned off. Tell victims in car to stay in vehicle and avoid touching any metal parts. Reassure victims that they will be helped as soon as the scene is safe.
- 53. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Hazardous Materials Do not attempt rescue or perform patient care. No responders should enter hazardous materials area unless trained to do so. Protect yourself/others around scene. continued on next slide
- 54. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Hazardous Materials Your responsibilities • Recognition and identification • Notification and information sharing • Isolation • Protection
- 55. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.7 A typical DOT hazardous materials placard.
- 56. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Hazardous Materials Hot zone (danger) • Keep all people out of contaminated area. Warm (control) zone • Decontamination procedures. Cold zone (safe) • Used for patient assessment, treatment, transport.
- 57. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.8 Examples of the safety zones at a hazardous materials incident.
- 58. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Hazardous Materials Decontamination All contaminated victims must remain in hot zone until hazmat team decontaminates them.
- 59. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.9 The decontamination of a fellow rescuer.
- 60. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Hazards • Hazardous Materials Stay clear of collisions involving radioactive materials. First duty is to protect yourself from exposure. Request appropriate resources. Look for radiation hazard labels.
- 61. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Figure 26.11 Examples of typical radiation hazard placards.
- 62. Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Emergency Medical Responder: First on Scene, 10/e Christopher J. Le Baudour | J. David Bergeron Please visit www.bradybooks.com and follow the Resource Central links to access content for this text.
Editor's Notes
- #5: Teaching Tip: Use multimedia graphics to illustrate safety hazards related to incidents. Discuss measures the EMR can take to ensure safety of him/herself, partner, and patient.
- #6: Critical Thinking: Considering a potential hazardous site in your area; how would you preplan a response to help protect responders?
- #10: Critical Thinking: Why might preparation be essential to how well the remaining phases of the call unfold?
- #11: Critical Thinking: In addition to daily preparation of medical supplies, nonmedical supplies, equipment, and personnel; what other aspect of preparation is important? Answer: Initial and continuing education and training.
- #13: Discussion Question: Is Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD) used in your area?
- #14: Discussion Question: What does operating with "due regard" mean? Teaching Tip: Review emergency response guidelines for your area.
- #15: Discussion Questions: Why is it a good idea to position your vehicle 50 feet before the scene with lights activated? Why might it be a good idea to position your vehicle upwind and uphill of an accident scene?
- #16: Talking Point: Federally mandated reflective vests must be worn on scene.
- #17: Critical Thinking: Why is it important to quickly determine if you're dealing with a multiple-casualty incident?
- #18: Discussion Question: How might the EMR provide transporting personnel (EMS) with an accurate account of a patient's status for a patient who was conscious upon arrival but lost consciousness upon extrication from the vehicle at the time EMS arrived?
- #21: Teaching Tip: Invite an extrication technician to discuss the process and tools of extrication.
- #22: Teaching Tip: Use multimedia graphics to review images of MVCs and discuss scene safety, stabilization, and extrication.
- #23: Critical Thinking: What might the EMR want to do if s/he is initially parked 50 feet from the scene but a fire or other hazard suddenly occurs?
- #24: Critical Thinking: What might the EMR want to do if s/he is initially parked 50 feet from the scene but a fire or other hazard suddenly occurs?
- #28: Discussion Topic: Discuss how a vehicle might be stabilized through different stabilization techniques.
- #29: Teaching Tip: Compare and contrast simple access and complex access.
- #34: Class Activity: Arrange for a visit to a local junk-yard and direct students to practice using a spring-loaded center punch on windows, ensuring appropriate PPE is in use.
- #40: Discussion Question: Why might you want to make sure a door on an overturned vehicle is secured in the open position?
- #42: Critical Thinking: Why is it important to notify dispatch and/or responding EMS units about patients who are pinned beneath vehicles or trapped in wreckage? Answer: These situations indicate significant mechanism of injury. Depending on your jurisdiction, arrangement for air ambulance may need to be considered.
- #43: Critical Thinking: Why is it important to notify dispatch and/or responding EMS units about patients who are pinned beneath vehicles or trapped in wreckage? Answer: These situations indicate significant mechanism of injury. Depending on your jurisdiction, arrangement for air ambulance may need to be considered.
- #44: Class Activity: Arrange for an extrication demonstration, detailing each step of the process.
- #46: Discussion Question: Why is it important to use the least destructive method to gain access, if at all possible?
- #48: Critical Thinking: Firefighter EMRs may respond alone to a scene and find a neighboring jurisdiction beginning the fire attack. Why might it be a good idea to wait for your own department to arrive before entering the building?
- #49: Discussion Question: What is the concern with grayish-yellow smoke?
- #50: Critical Thinking: Why should you never turn on/off a light switch or appliance when the odor of natural gas is present?
- #53: Discussion Topic: Electrical wires may be energized even when they look safe. What actions can the EMR take to help minimize anxiety and maintain the safety of the victims?
- #55: Discussion Topic: Discuss the importance of information sharing and communication. Depending on the hazard, evacuation procedures may need to be implemented. Discuss how the media can be of assistance in these cases.
- #57: Discussion Topic: Discuss the importance of keeping the cold zone safe and avoiding spread of contamination.
- #59: Critical Thinking: What are some challenges to keeping victims in a hot zone? How might the EMR ensure that victims don't leave a scene and expand the contamination area? Talking point and Critical Thinking: Decontamination is the chemical or physical process used to remove and prevent spread of contaminants from emergency scene to prevent harm to living beings and/or environment. What are some methods of decontamination? What are some potential hazards if the patient is not properly decontaminated?
- #61: Discussion Topic: Discuss the difference between radiation exposure and radiation contamination.