Energy revision
- 1. What are the sources of What is the energy and how relationship do these vary in between energy their global use and pattern? economic development? What are the social, How can energy use economic and be managed to ensure environmental issues sustainability? associated with the increasing demand for energy?
- 2. Global energy mix is made up of finite and renewable sources, The global pattern of energy which vary in their availability supply and consumption over time and space What are the sources of energy and how do these vary in their global pattern? The physical, economic and The availability of finite and political reasons for the variable renewable resources in different pattern of energy supply over parts of the world time and space
- 3. Non renewable (finite) energy are Renewable energy can be fossil fuels and nuclear fuel. They used over and over again. are finite which means that as they These resources are mainly are used the supply is reduced. forces of nature that are Eventually these resources could sustainable and that usually become completely exhausted e.g. cause little or no environmental coal, oil, gas pollution e.g. HEP, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal and wave
- 4. As you can see The USA, Canada, MEDC’s have the Greenland, Iceland and highest consumption Norway have the highest of energy consumption – over 300 million kilojoules Exam Tip If asked to describe Many countries in you must ‘say what Africa have the you see’ lowest Identify the trend consumption with less than 10 million Refer specifically to kilojoules, including the data Nigeria, Kenya and Tanzania LEDC’s particularly in Africa and South-East Asia have the lowest consumption
- 5. How do we explain the energy gap?
- 6. Wealth The use of energy improves quality of life and people invest in more energy using devices i.e. cars, dishwashers, power showers etc. Lack of funds means Every day life little investment in relies on energy national energy guzzling devices supply Countries are able to invest in energy consuming Lack of availability technology and industry Poverty deprives people form using modern energy using technology
- 7. Cold climates have high energy usages through heating
- 8. Another key factor affecting global consumption of energy is the availability of fuel. If there is an abundant supply of a fuel type it is likely to be widely used in that region e.g. oil in the Middle East Globally coal reserves are depleted, however there are still abundant reserves in Asia Pacific where it is a significant source e.g. China Natural gas is the man source of energy in Europe and Eurasia where there are still large gas fields in operation
- 9. Nuclear power is most important in Europe, Eurasia and North America, particularly in countries like France who do not have any significant reserves of fossil fuels. Nuclear is not available in the Middle East HEP is most important in South and Central America (Ecuador). It contributes less than 1% in the Middle East as there are no river systems to sustain it.
- 10. The demand for energy has Demand has grown had grown over time countries become more developed and more energy is needed for industrial and domestic purposes Fossil fuels dominate the global energy situation (over 80%) HEP and nuclear account for a much smaller proportion (around 6%) Nuclear HEP Renewables account for a smaller proportion and are not well documented
- 11. •Global primary energy demand is expected to increase by at least 50% between 2006 and 2030 •This is an annual increase of 1.6% •More than 70% of this increase will come form developing countries •30% will come form China alone
- 12. Increasing National Wealth Technological development •Average incomes increase •Nuclear energy has only been available since 1954 •Living standards improve •Oil and gas con be extracted from much deeper locations •Increasing use of energy •Renewable technology is steadily advancing •Increasing use of greater variety of energy sources Changes in demand •Change from coal to gas as Britain’s main energy Changes in price source •The relative prices of •Recent media attention to green energy different types of energy can influence demand Environmental factors and public opinion •Electricity in the UK has gradually moved from coal to Public opinion can influence decisions made by the gas over the past 20 years government i.e. Nuclear and HEP in Sweden •The recent rise in oil prices People are much better informed about the environmental impact now than they used to be
- 14. Deposits of fossil fuels are Many renewables depend only found in certain locations upon specific geographic locations Wind power Large power stations requires high require flat and stable average wind land speeds throughout the year HEP requires certain physical conditions Solar power requires sun for many days a year Tidal power requires a large tidal range
- 15. More accessible and lowest cost deposits are exploited first Onshore deposits are cheaper When energy costs rise then off shore deposits to companies increase spending on exploit, therefore they are exploration and development exploited first HEP close to existing infrastructure are cheaper to In LEDC’s Foreign Direct build than those in remote investment is usually needed to locations develop energy resources
- 16. Countries who wish to develop International Agreements e.g. nuclear energy require Kyoto protocol can influence a permission from the countries energy decisions International Atomic Energy Agency Legislation on power station emissions will favour low polluting sources e.g. low sulphur coal HEP on international rivers may require agreements from Governments may insist that other countries the countries energy companies produce acertain proportion of their energy from renewble sources
- 17. The energy use and mix As economies develop there is associated with a highly an increased demand for energy developed economy (UK and Sweden) What is the relationship between energy use and economic development? The energy mix associated with a Reasons for the differences country at the lower end of the energy spectrum of development i.e India and Mali)
- 18. There is a strong positive correlation between energy use and economic development. There are some anomalies. About 2 billion people around the world do not have access to household electricity – adding these people would only add 1% to greenhouse gas emissions
- 19. As an economy develops greater Expansion of manufacturing amounts of energy are required for industry many reasons Mechanisation of agriculture Demands of a growing service Increased freight sector and general business transport
- 20. Increasing car ownership Higher levels of domestic use Expansion of power networks to isolated villages
- 21. This case study can be used to demonstrate the relationship between energy use and economic development and energy mix s Bec ut of it Coal industry in nat ame a ing o h have decline ura l ga net im ly runn whic s in p R apid serves ing of 200 orter o re d 2/3 5 f own it a lea e past import e mad ucer in th will UK the ds prod 20 y 20 rgy nee e B ne ED C’s th its e ma ny M s under Many of th Like nment i the e coal go ver re duce and nuclea ure to ollution stations ha r power press nt of p y in service f ve been Over the last 15 a mou by energ or a long years there has ca used ion and ct time and w ill need been a modest produ mption u to be close d in the cons next decad decline in petrol e or so and a and new Over th developme nt will be significant there e last 15 ye ha a costly. decline in coal in the s been a r rs u se o ise f gas
- 23. Between ½ and ¾ of oil and gas in territorial waters has been used 90% of Britain’s gas – much of what is left is in small comes from the North remote locations Sea, around 10% from Europe's gas network and around 2% from Oil production The government is trying to Russia. Gas imports peaked at the end encourage development of will rise in the future of 1990’a and has the remaining North Sea now fallen to about reserves by: 30% (2 million barrels a day). •Giving oil fields left fallow Natural gas by large companies to production has also smaller companies fallen considerably. •The larger fields which These trends will have declined in production continue into the and are less profitable to future. large oil companies are taken over by smaller companies •New technologies are being developed
- 24. A new generation of nuclear power stations in the UK was looking unlikely until 2005 Due to energy The government has to decide whether to let the concerns such as nuclear industry gradually run down or build new falling production in plants. The Tories are in favour of nuclear power! the North Sea it is back on the agenda Nuclear plants Environmental take at least 10 organisations e.g. years to plan and Greenpeace are opposed 9 out of 12 of the UK’s build to nuclear power nuclear power plants are due to close in the next 10 years Without nuclear power it may be hard to meet the UK’s energy demands
- 25. At the beginning of the twentieth century coal mining was the countries biggest employer employing over 1 million people Coal has significantly declined as it is the dirtiest and most inflexible of the fossil fuels Very little UK coal is exported, and virtually all of the however imports are significant countries easily accessible coal has been mined. Coal may make a limited comeback as clean coal technologies have been developed which are cleaner and more efficient than previously
- 26. Most HEP HEP accounts for a very small proportion plants are of UK electricity production located in the Scottish There aren’t may Highlands opportunities to increase Some new plans will large scale HEP production go ahead e.g. as most commercially Glendoe in Inverness- viable and environmentally If all small- shire acceptable sites are already scale HEP was in use exploited it would meet around 3% of UK’s total electricity needs
- 27. The governments target is to get 10% of electricity from renewable sources Biomass from land fill and waste combustion accounted Wind is the only for 1.55% in 2003 significant renewable resource in the UK There have been some renewable developments •A small geothermal power plant in Southampton •Increase in solar panels •2 wave pwer devices in UK and Scotland
- 28. The government promotes Energy companies are obliged wind power at least partly generate 4.3% of the energy to help meet its requirements through renewables a commitment to reduce credit system operates where energy carbon dioxide emissions companies can buy credits from ‘green’ companies. Financial assistance to It takes 3 years renewable energy to plan and companies particularly build a wind wind farms is around farm £700 million a year – this is expected to rise to £1billion a year Wind power is considered expensive
- 29. Microgenerastors produce less than 50kw Small solar panels and wind turbines are becoming increasingly These devices could common account for 30-40% of energy production by 2050
- 31. Improving quality of life e.g. less time spent collecting fuel wood Empowerment of the poor e.g. Health improvements e.g. access to communications reduction in pollution form helps poor people be better indoor cooking and drugs informed and more educated can be kept under refrigeration Improving the Increased productivity and environment e.g. income e.g. increasing the reducing use of toxic length of the working day and biomass and mechanisation deforestation
- 32. The social and economic opportunities The exploitation of energy created by the exploitation of energy resources brings both resources, including employment, opportunities for people and the community development and economic environment sustainability What are the social, economic and environmental issues associated with increasing energy demand? The problems created by the exploitation of energy resources for people and the environment, including conflicts with indigenous populations, economic issues and environmental degradation
- 33. Build more power stations New sources of power may be and extending electricity needed if existing sources reach transmission corridors – may their upper limits – may be adversely effect the reliant on imports (UK) environment but will create jobs and lead to an improvement of the quality High levels of investment may be needed to install of life (China) a modern energy infrastructure. FDI may be required (Vietnam) As the energy infrastructure Some expands it may countries gain encourage the Initially skilled energy workers significant development of may be brought in form wealth from other industries abroad, however over time the exporting (Egypt – Aswan skills base in domestic surplus Dam) employment should improve energy and boost employment (Norway and (Chinese workers in African Middle East) mines)
- 34. Connection to electricity can bring considerable social benefit particularly in health and education e.g. the ability to refrigerate drugs and teach adult education in the evenings in schools A modern energy economy There are health concerns allows people to communicate amongst people living close to in a wide variety of ways but nuclear and coal power stations face-face contact is often and electricity pylons e.g. child reduced as a result leukaemia, cancer, respiratory programmes (Chernobyl)
- 35. Energy infrastructure Fossil fuel combustion is Flooding areas has a significant visual the main source of the 3 behind HEP impact – pylons, power major pollution problems dams has stations, wind turbines (climate change, acid significant rain and urban smog – environmental Shanghai) impact (Aswan Dam) particularly in forested areas Emissions from as this results in transportation the release of increase rapidly methane as an economy develops – China Increasing demand for Oil spills can occur from and India firewood leads to wells, pipelines and along deforestation and can tanker routes (Nigeria lead to desertification in and USA) semi-arid areas (Nigeria)
- 36. This case study demonstrates the social and economic opportunities created by the exploitation of energy
- 37. Less than a third of reserves The quantity of oil and gas was Discovered oil and gas in have been extracted so the large and the population small Norwegian waters in 1960’s benefits are set to continue so the benefits per person have been considerable Bought economic Bought some and social problems – mainly Oil and gas accounts 7th largest opportunities environmental for 1/3 of export producer of oil in earnings the world Oil and gas is Norway’s most important industry In the early days Norway was reliant on foreign expertise Vital to economy 80,000 jobs directly 25,000 jobs They developed Norway is indirectly hi-tech jobs in now this field and now considered a their knowledge world leader is in demand in in sub-sea other parts of the technology world The oil and gas industry has boosted innovation and technological development in other industrial sectors
- 38. HEP accounts Norway has a landscape Currently has for 99% of ideal for HEP 850 HEP plants electricity production. Most potential Norway is one of the The remainder sites have cleanest nations in terms comes from already been of energy use imports exploited Norway has a very high standard Cheap HEP has attracted heavy industries of living due to oil and gas ( aluminium, zinc, fertilizers, ammonia) which have boosted the economy and created jobs (cumulative causation) Incomes are very high One of the best welfare Community systems in the Environmental concerns development is a world top priority on Oil and gas Norway’s social This has helped sustain Cheap HEP is population in less sector work s to attracting more agenda high standards – accessible areas and more heavy however offshore industries Revenue from oil and gas has allowed a operations pose a high per capita spending on sports, youth maritime risk and transport and community facilities in urban areas and smaller more isolated communities
- 39. Looking at solar, wind and Renewable Energy Programme biomass opportunities Reduce hydropower Develop undersea transmission line loss cable technology Oil and gas resources will not last forever Money is invested abroad – not Surplus oil revenues have been valued at %150billion placed in a Government Petroleum fund.
- 41. Nigeria is the world’s 6th largest oil Nigeria exports to USA, Western Europe, exporter and has the potential to be a Asia and Pacific, Latin America and Africa wealth nation like Norway Oil production is dominated by 5 TNC’s – Oil was first exported in 1956 and Shell, Total, Agip, Exxon Mobil and Chevron Nigeria joined OPEC in the mid 1970’s Before oil, farm products such as palm oil 159 oilfields, 275 flow stations, 4500 and cocoa beans accounted for nearly all miles of pipelines. Many new fields are of Nigeria’s exports. Today oil make sup offshore 90% of export earnings and 80% of revenue Although it produces a lot of oil its own refineries are old, poorly run and frequently break down, so the country The most populous country in Africa imports most of its oil. (refined oil can be (130million) has gone from being self sol for more money than unrefined oil) sufficient in food to importing more than it produces The world bank sees Nigeria as a fragile state because of its failed governance, This is because the government and epidemic diseases and the risk of armed local communities have abandoned conflict agriculture in pursuit of oil wealth Quality of life in Nigeria is below all Corruption siphons off up to 70% of oil other oil producing nations (resource revenues curse). Most Nigerians live on less than $1 a day
- 42. The oil industry was nationalised in Where has the money gone = ‘cancer of 1971. In a joint venture agreement, corruption’ and ‘institutionalised looting of the Nigerian National Petroleum national wealth’ Corporation (government owned) owns 55-60% of TNC oil operations Each one of Nigeria’s 36 states receive a share of the oil money but trickle down to the poor is limited
- 43. Africa’s largest remaining wetland Gas found alongside Deforestation of has suffered an environmental the oil is considered to disaster mangroves for difficult to difficult to pipeline routes transport and sell so is burnt off in huge flares Acid rain from causing acid rain, gas flares Oil spills 50000 acres health concerns and lost 1986 - environmental damage 2003 Fish die The gas could be used by local villages for cooking, heating and lighting but it is considered too expensive to Construction has taken build the place without adequate infrastructure 6817official oil spills – environmental impact probably much higher studies Federal Environmental Environmental Impact protection Agency since Assessments were not 1988 – probably corrupt!! compulsory until 1992
- 44. Many local people feel most jobs go Locals have been to the country's ethnic majority forced to give up fishing groups who do not come from the because of reduced fish delta + a history of ethnic rivalry = stocks + it is difficult to conflict find alternative employment = Inadequate unemployment investment in schools, hospitals, housing and other infrastructure Local rebel groups attack the Health problems i.e. typhus oil industry in outrage or to try and gain payouts e.g. Movement for the Forced to relocate to make way for Emancipation of the Niger oil infrastructure – if they refuse to Delta. Rising tide of violence move there is often armed conflict has affected the country’s to force them to move financial stability and its ability to supply oil to the rest of the world
- 45. Managing energy supply is about balancing socio-economic and Types of renewable energy environmental needs. This requires detailed planning and management How can energy use be managed to ensure sustainability? Germany – meeting energy Iceland – geothermal power and demands in a sustainable way HEP
- 46. Improved management of energy supplies is vital because: Community energy is a •Fossil fuels are running out solution – energy •Emissions having a negative effect on the environment produced close to the source to prevent energy •The cost of building large energy installations is high being lost in transmission Energy management and conservation Carbon trading is an EU policy – heavy British Government industrial plants promote the use of have to buy permits visual display to emit greenhouse electricity metres so gases over the limit people can see how they are allowed. much they are using This could extend to other organisations e.g. supermarkets and banks
- 48. Solar Wind OTEC Tidal Biomass Geothermal
- 49. 5th largest consumer of energy in the world Developing renewable energy is important to Germany’s energy security Apart from coal Germany does as well as its ambitions to not possess and significant improve the quality of the fossil fuel reserves + large environment energy import bill Germany is one of the leading countries in the world in promoting renewable energy. Renewable energy is no an important industrial sector
- 50. Germany meets 5.7% of its electricity Germany meets 5% of its needs with wind power, with more than electricity needs with HEP. HEP 18,000 turbines employing 64000 is mainly located in the pre- people. Germany is now looking to Alpine region where physical and construct off shore wind farms to support precipitation characteristics are the onshore wind farms. most favourable The government has legislated to promote wind power (Renewable Energy Sources Act), this means that a minimum price has been guaranteed for the next Germany has a $5billion 20 years for electricity fed into the grid photovoltaic industry accounting for and power companies have to take this 52% of the world’s installed panels. electricity by law. The largest photovoltaic system is in Bavaria Solar park in Muehlausen Bio energy is being explored – Juhnde near Only a few regions in Germany Gottingenis Germany’s first model bio energy have potential for geothermal power village