ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION FOR WEB-BASED SECURITY USING KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS

International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) Vol. 12, No.4, July 2020
DOI: 10.5121/ijnsa.2020.12401 1
ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION FOR WEB-BASED
SECURITY USING KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS
Siti Rahayu Selamat1
, Teh Teck Guan2
and Robiah Yusof1
1
Center for Advanced Computing Technology (C-ACT), Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat
dan Komunikasi, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
2
Infineon Technologies Melaka, Batu Berendam, Melaka, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Current password authentication system was proven not secure enough to protect the information from
intruders. However, various research has been done and the results show the value of FRR still low and the
value of FAR still high. Thus, one of the methods suggests, is enhancing the current system using keystroke
dynamics. Keystroke dynamics is a type of biometric authentication that does not require any special
hardware, easy to use as the same routine as normal password authentication. Therefore, this research
proposed an authentication system using keystroke dynamics to prevent the system from intruders. A
system is developed that consist of two parts which are enrolment and verification. Then, a prototype is
developed for testing process that consists of 3 main modules, namely Enrolment, Client/Server Connection
and, Verification and Retraining. Based on the testing, the system proved that the keystroke dynamic
authentication system was able to implement in client/server environment and shows the value of EER is
low that indicates it provide a better system authentication. In future, the system can be improved by
enhancing the security, performance, and user interface.
KEYWORDS
Authentication, Web-based, Biometric, Keystroke Dynamics.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, more and more sensitive data have been stored and processed by computer systems.
Thus, there is a need to increase the security of the system to secure the important data. Normal
authentication systems at present are not full proof. Common methods to break the current
authentication system, including brute force attack, password dictionary and etc. Most of the
current systems only have one-layer protection, in which is the password for those online systems
[1]. Thus, if the password has been stolen it means the system is at risk to be breached. In
addition, the most common way to enforce authentication is by password, personal identification
number (PIN) or another predetermined passcode [2] [3] [4]. Before a user want to perform any
intended activity online, he/she is required to enter his/her username and credentials.
Unfortunately, it also has many flaws which make it vulnerable to hacking [5] [6] although a
normal username/password access control effective to a certain extent.
However, a good password hard to hack must have certain rules. Example: include at least eight
characters, some of which capital letters and special characters. Regrettably, hard-to-hack
passwords are also hard-to-remember. Subsequently, many users choose passwords that relate to
their private lives. As a result, this will open to an opportunity of a hacker to penetrate into their
system. This situation becomes worse as the tendencies of users to write their password is very
high as one of the methods for remembering their password. This action causes their password

2
can be intercepted by intruders. The use of the same password for different purposes on the
websites is also leading to the probability of the right password guessed by an attacker is high.
Thus, a hacker revealing users’ passwords from a non-secure website will gain access to many of
the websites that the user has access to. Hacker is hacking into some of the user’s bank websites,
may incur money lost to the user. Due to these drawbacks, password-based user authentication
methods provide only partial protection against hackers or intruders.
In order to counter these types of problems, they need to be complemented by additional
authentication. One of the methods that been suggested is implementing a biometric
authentication such as physiological and behavioral biometrics [7]. Biometric Authentication is a
type of authentication method that uses the human characteristics to identify the user. It is hard to
forge human characteristics compare to forge password or ID card, therefore it will enhance the
system security with to identify the user biometrically. Thus, this paper proposes Keystroke
Dynamic authentication as it is one of the most common and low cost behavioral biometrics in
the market now.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a review of related work in the field.
Section 3 describes the methodology followed in conducting this research. Section 4 presents the
proposed system and the reporting results are presented and discussed in Section 5. Followed by
conclusion in Section 6.
2. RELATED WORKS
2.1. Biometric taxonomy
There are two distinct meanings for biometric. Bio means living creature and Metric meaning the
standard of measure an object quantitatively. Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a
person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics. Thus, biometrics can be
defined as the science and technology of measuring and statistically analyzing biological data.
Physiological characteristics are based on measurements of data derived from direct measurement
of a part of the human body. Fingerprints, hand geometry, and retina, iris, and facial images are
leading physiological biometrics [2]. Behavioral characteristics are based on an action taken by a
person [8]. Behavioral biometrics are based on measurements of data derived from an action, and
indirectly measure characteristics of the human body [9]. Signatures, voice recordings (which
also has a physiological component), and keystroke rhythms are leading behavioral biometric
technologies [10]. Thus, biometric characteristics can be divided into two different categories,
physiological and behavioral as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Taxonomy of biometric

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Based on Figure 1, physiological are related to the actual body shape of the user, for example
fingerprint, iris recognition, face recognition and hand recognition [11]. Behavioral are related to
the behavioral of the user for example handwriting recognition, keystroke dynamic and voice
recognition.
Biometrics are becoming the foundation of highly secure security identification solutions. It is
becoming apparent as the number of security breaches and fraud increases. Currently, biometrics
can be found in most at many places including Government Sector, Law and Enforcement,
Commercial Sector, Banking Sector, and etc.
Biometrics can operate online or offline depending on the needs of the application. For an online
system, it requires recognizing the user and respond immediately. It must use a fully automated
system with a live scanner. On the other hand, the offline system doesn’t require immediate
recognition and it can use a semi-automated system with an offline scanner.
2.2. Keystroke dynamics
Keystroke Dynamics is a type of biometrics authentication. It existed more than 100 years ago
where the world uses telegraph to communicate in long-distance, with telegram operators have
developed their typing rhythm which can identify. During World War II where military messages
were transmitted through Morse code, military intelligence uses this method to distinguish ally
from enemy. However, the field of keystroke dynamics is still an emerging field, where most of
the challenges need to be overcome for it to become an effective biometric [10].
Keystroke Dynamics doesn’t require additional hardware to be installed, thus is ready to be used
in every computer system [11] [12]. The system will record the typing rhythm when the user key
in their username and password [13]. To have a clear comparison with other users, it is strongly
suggested to include a standard phrase field whenever the user login through the system. The
additional field will increase the security of the system.
The measurement of keystroke timing can be categorized as two, the Dwell Time and the Flight
Time [14]. Dwell Time measures the time between key down and next key up. Flight time
measure the timing between the key down of a key and the successive key down or the key up of
a key and the successive key up. The timing measurement is important as it is the feature that use
for comparison.
Similar to other Biometrics Authentication methods, the Keystroke Dynamics authentication
system consists of an enrolment part and also a verification part [1]. The enrolment part will
register and record the typing rhythm of the new users [1]. The verification part will verify the
user by comparing the user’s login data with reference data stored in the system’s database and
updating the existing keystroke template in the database with successful login data to increase the
accuracy of the system.
2.3. Keystroke dynamics analysis
Web-based Keystroke dynamics authentication system is designed for secure online systems such
as online banking, e-commerce portal, social media and, etc. The system is easy to use and
suitable for all different types of the online system. Zephyr chart from the International Biometric
Group described the biometric characteristics that can be compared based on several factors
namely ease-of-use, cost, accuracy, and intrusiveness as shown in Figure 2.

4
Figure 2. Biometric Zephyr analysis [http://biometrics.pbworks.com]
In Figure 2, the relative capabilities of each characteristic are represented using symbols. All
symbols on the edge represent a perfect biometric system and the symbols that closely to the
“center” of the Zephyr chart is considered as a poor biometric system [15]. Thus, based on this
chart, four main aspects namely, intrusiveness, accuracy, cost and, effort is focus in the proposed
system.
3. METHODOLOGY
In this research, there are six main processes involved as shown in in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Proposed Method

5
3.1. Data collection and analysis
In this research, the data are collected in a real environment. 10 sets of data are collected that
involved with 5 selected users. The users are randomly selected.
3.2. Development of Prototype
To verify the performance of the authentication using keystroke dynamics, a prototype of a web-
based system is developed. The proposed system is utilized the Microsoft.NET framework,
keyboard, and Microsoft IIS. It consists of 3 main modules, namely Enrolment, Client/Server
Connection and, Verification, and Retraining.
3.3. Obtaining Keystroke Timing
In this research, several numbers of APIs related to time resolution are analyzed and imported to
identify the method of obtaining the keystroke timing. Based on the analysis, several APIs from
the combination of the .NET framework and Windows API are selected to obtain high-resolution
timing. They are Now(), Time() and Timer(), GetTickCount(), TimeGetTime() and
QueryPerformanceCounter() as summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of Windows Timer API
Function Units Resolution
Now( ), Time( ), Timer( ) Seconds 1 second
GetTickCount( ) Milliseconds Approx. 10ms
TimeGetTime( ) Milliseconds Approx. 10ms
QueryPerformance-Counter( ) QueryPerformance-Frequency < 1ms
Table 1 shows, API Now(), Time(), Timer(), GetTickCount() and TimeGetTime() have a minimum
resolution up to 10 milliseconds, and QueryPerformanceCounter() has minimum resolution
below 10 milliseconds. QueryPerformanceCounter() will able to update between each successive
API call which is useful in high-resolution timing compared to other Windows APIs in which the
update depends on the background tasks executed by the system.
3.4. Feature Extraction
There are many types of information that can be gathered in a single typing session, including the
hold time of the keystroke, release time between keystroke, and also the pressure of the
keystroke. The data that collected not only able to construct a digraph, but also suitable for a
trigraph, and beyond. The data gathered can be termed as unigraph as it measures the time
difference of pressing and release of a single key.
In this research, the collected data will be stored in text file format that allow future
enhancement of the system by using MATLAB. Each user will have 3 different text files to store
different data, which are: 1) <username> .UNS –User’s Username Typing Data, 2) <username>
.UPS – User’s Password Typing Data, and 3) <username> .SNS –User’s Standard Phrase Typing
Data. All files will be stored in the same format that will use comma (“,”) as delimiter for each
data. The format for the text file is shown as Eq. (1).
<key>, <time for key down>, <key>, <time for key up> Eq. (1)

6
The timing of each keystroke’s key up and key down will be calculated using formula as shown
in Eq. (2).
Where;
Tickcount - Processer’s clock counter since the last time the computer was
started
Frequency - Processer’s frequency (Based on Processer’s speed
The Round function and multiply by 10000 were applied in order calculate the
time different between a range of 1 to 10000.
3.5. Pattern Matching
In this part, the login data are compared with the reference data. For each keystroke, the average
and standard deviation for each keystroke are also compared. In this research, the pattern
matching is used Down Up (DU) method as shown in Eq. (3).
After gathering all the information, the system will calculate the average, standard deviation,
number of samples, and also the sum of the square root of the total hold time and save it in the
reference variable files. These values were calculated to speed up the process of identifying the
user as the user reference template will grow. The average, standard deviation, and sum of the
square root of total hold time value for each keystroke will be counted using Eq. (4), Eq. (5) and
Eq. (6) respectively.

7
When the user login to the system, the system will then compare the login data with the reference
data by using the Gaussian function as shown in Eq. (7).
If the is less than or equal to the threshold value that set in the system, the system will
recognize the user is authenticated and proceed to allow the user to access the system, else it will
reject the user request.
3.6. New Reference Variables Creation
In creating the new reference variable, an algorithm known as a retraining algorithm is used.
Therefore, the new variables can be calculated by going through line by line in the user reference
template. However, as the template is growing each time the user successfully login, the
performance of the system will slow down as there is more data that need to be processed. Thus,
new formulas to improve the processing time on calculating the new reference variables were
derived by utilizing the current reference variables as presented in Eq. (8) to Eq. (11).

8
By using Eq. (8) to Eq. (11), the new reference variable can be calculated in a faster way that
indirectly improved the performance of the system.
4. PROPOSED WEB-BASED KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS
Keystroke dynamics is one of the biometric techniques and it is more secure than a normal
password authentication system. Implementation of keystroke dynamics will not affect the
current workflow of the password authentication system. The front-end operation will be just the
same as the normal password authentication system, with the difference is the backend process
where the system will analyze the typing rhythm of the users when he/she entering the username
and password. Apart from that, the implementation cost is lower than other biometric
authentication methods as it doesn’t have to purchase additional hardware except for keyboard,
the cost is mainly focusing on software implementation. Time consumption for training users to
use the system is minimal as the system is easy to use.
In this paper, a web-based system is developed that consists of two parts which are enrolment and
verification. Thus, it will utilize several technologies including ASP.Net and VB.Net. The system
consists of three main modules that are, a) Enrolment, b) Verification and retraining, and c)
Client/Server Connection.
The functions in the Enrolment module are registering new users and performing data collection
of user typing patterns. In this part, the user typing time is recorded and a reference template is
created. Then, the verification part will take place in which the match of the similarity between
the login and the reference template will be verified based on the threshold set to grant the user
accessing the system. While, in the Verification and retraining module, the user is verified and
the user’s reference template is updated. In this part, the match of the similarity between the login
and the reference template will be verified based on the threshold set to grant the user accessing
the system. Finally, in the Client/Server Connection module, a communication medium between
the client and server is created.
4.1. System Architecture
The architecture of the proposed system that include the main components which are client and
Keystroke Dynamic Server is depicted in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Architecture of Web-based Keystroke Dynamic System

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Figure 4 depicts the system architecture for Keystroke Dynamic for the Online system. It is a
Client-Server connection. A user or client needs to type his/her username and password to access
the system. During this process on the client-side, the system will capture the pattern of the
user’s typing. Then, this pattern will be sent to the Keystroke Dynamic Server to be verified
using the matching algorithm and verify. Once the result is matched (positive), the user is
granted to enter the system. The overall processes involved in the proposed system are
represented using a flow chart as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Flow of Web-based Keystroke Dynamic Process
Figure 5 shows the process flow of the keystroke dynamic prototype system. Mainly there are
involve in two main parts. First, a user needs to register into the keystroke dynamic system if
he/she is a new user. For new user, he/she need to key in his/her name, email, contact number,
username, and password. Once he/she is successfully registered as a new user, he/she require to
key-in his/her username, password, and standard phrase for 10 times to capture his/her keystroke
dynamic typing data and reference template which to be stored in the server’s database.
Second, a normal user which has registered can log in to the Keystroke Dynamic system which
the username and password. The keystroke info will be captured and send from the client to the
server. The verification process will be done on the server-side to verify the user keystroke
dynamic info is matching with the username and password reference template. If his/her result is
matched, then able to login to the web-based system. After that, the system will do the retraining
process to recalculate the user reference template Otherwise, the result is negative which below
the score limit, he/she will prompt that does not allow to proceed with the next step.
4.2. User Registration
In this prototype, a user is required to register into the system as shown in Figure 6.

10
Figure 6. User Registration Interface
As shown in Figure 6, the user is required to enter their particulars including name, email, phone
number, username, and also password. Email and phone numbers were collected as the system
administrator able to contact the user. The window consists second part which is Login Details
where requests the user to enter their preferred username and password as it will become the
reference for the data collection and also check the availability of the username.
4.3. Keystroke Data Collection
During the registration, the data of keystroke are collected as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 shows
the keystroke data collection interface. In this interface, the user is given the reference text to be
key-in that indicate by red-color text. The progress during the registration process is also shown
in the interface using a progress bar to help the user in completing the process.
Figure 7. Keystroke Data Collection Interface
4.4. Login Process
After the registration is completed, the proposed application will collect the user typing rhythm
and compile into a user template text file and upload it to the server. After successfully upload
the files the application will then inform the user has been successfully registered. Then, the user
is forwarded to the login page as shown in Figure 8.

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Figure 8. Login page
Figure 8 shows the login page. It looks the same as normal password authentication login page.
The difference is the application not only will record down what the user has typed, but also will
record down its typing activities which include what key has pressed, time when key pressed and
time when key release. All this information is necessary in plot user’s keystroke pattern.
After the user click on the “Ok” button after entering the username and password, the application
will then compile the data gather during the user enter the details in a text file and upload it to the
server. The server will analyze the file and calculate the average and standard deviation of the
data and compare it with the reference data. If the difference between both less the acceptable
range, then the system will approve the user login request.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the prototype developed, the user typing time is recorded and a reference template is
created. In this testing, only ten users are selected in the simulation and actual system
environment by setting a similar situation for both environments. Then, the match of the
similarity between the login and the reference template will be verified based on the threshold set
to grant the user accessing the system. Therefore, the result is discussed based on the user
enrolment, and the identification of threshold, False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Reject
Rate (FRR).
5.1. User Enrolment
A template of a username and the username statistical values for a user is created as shown in
Figure 9 and Figure10 respectively.

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Figure 9. Enrolment - User data template
Figure 9 shows the template of the username for user “testuser”. Each keystroke consists of one
line where it records the keystroke, key pressed time of the keystroke, keystroke, and key release
time of the keystroke.
Figure 10. Enrolment - User Reference Template
Figure 10 shows the template of the username statistical values for user “testuser”. Each
keystroke consists of one line where it records the keystroke, total sample, average time, square
root of total hold time, and standard deviation. For password, the similar templates are also
created which are template of the password for user “testuser” and the template of the password
statistical values for user “testuser”.
5.2. Threshold Identification
In order to get the threshold, several tests were conducted as a research to test the most suitable
threshold value for this system by inputting the reference template which collected from the
system into the MATLAB to perform the simulation. The testing will test all possible threshold

13
values and will compute its False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Reject Rate (FRR). The
result of the threshold identification is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Result of the Threshold Identification
The result shows that the most efficient threshold is 0.56 with the most minimum equal rate
which is 7.176%. The test is also done on the actual system by setting a similar situation as the
simulation test. 10 sets of scores from 5 different users (testuser01- testuser10) are collected and
the results show that the Username average score is 0.554 and the Password average score is
0.579. The details results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Actual Keystroke Dynamic (KD) Online System Result
UserScore
Username
Score
Password
Score
Username
Score
Password
Score
Username
Score
Password
Score
Username
Score
Password
Score
Username
Score
Password
Score
testuser01 0.563 0.617 0.586 0.527 0.534 0.509 0.598 0.523 0.514 0.546
testuser02 0.468 0.651 0.553 0.618 0.575 0.566 0.526 0.561 0.557 0.512
testuser03 0.549 0.538 0.571 0.713 0.586 0.631 0.508 0.632 0.534 0.562
testuser04 0.526 0.539 0.613 0.509 0.502 0.511 0.503 0.524 0.563 0.517
testuser05 0.584 0.63 0.542 0.617 0.546 0.537 0.569 0.597 0.503 0.587
testuser06 0.585 0.632 0.537 0.516 0.557 0.516 0.517 0.673 0.53 0.564
testuser07 0.547 0.551 0.512 0.549 0.537 0.506 0.539 0.638 0.403 0.536
testuser08 0.687 0.623 0.567 0.632 0.568 0.537 0.534 0.542 0.536 0.528
testuser09 0.424 0.503 0.623 0.568 0.52 0.431 0.537 0.581 0.527 0.519
testuser10 0.403 0.691 0.573 0.731 0.569 0.653 0.502 0.504 0.512 0.546
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 5Trial 4
Table 2 shows that 10 sets of data collection of 10 users who have registered with the score when
they are trying to access web-based system via the proposed Keystroke Dynamic system for
verification. The score is captured and the graph is plotted as depicted in Figure 12.

14
Figure 12. Graph of 10 users score of 5 trial access
Based on Figure 12, it shows that the actual testing result average score of the actual 5 users is
around 0.5, which is slightly different from the simulation test result. However, it is significant
due to several factors that possibly cause different results including the types of keyboard and the
environment of data testing that influence user compatibility. However, the result shows that the
keystroke dynamics authentication system is able to implement under a client/server
environment.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Keystroke dynamics have a strong behavioral basis which should be explored to the
understanding of motor behavior during typing. Using these concepts, models could be built to
better understand the processes involved in typing. An understanding of how different people or
groups of people type may provide insight into patterns in biometric features such as age, gender,
and environment. This might help in the development of better classifiers which could improve
the accuracies of existing systems. Based on the result obtained, the performance of the
authentication is robust and enhanced. Hence, it will improve the password authentication system
in terms of security and performance-wise. In the future, some improvements can be done on the
user template and the matching algorithm by encrypting the template and implementing more
complex algorithms including fuzzy logic and Hidden Markov Models. Apart from that it also
can include all timing calculation methods.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you to the Research Group of Information Security Forensics and Computer Networking,
Center for Advanced Computing Technology (C-ACT), Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan
Komunikasi (FTMK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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AUTHORS
Siti Rahayu Selamat is currently a lecturer at the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka, Malaysia. She received her Ph.D. Digital Forensics. Her research interests
include network forensic, cyber terrorism, cyber violence extremism, intrusion
detection, network security, and penetration testing. She is also a member of
Information Security, Forensics and Networking (INSFORNET) research group, and
actively doing research on malware, criminal behavior, and cyber violence extremism
profiling.
The Teck Guan is a student Master in Computer Science (Internetworking) at the
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka, Malaysia. His master project is authentication using biometrics technology. He
is also interested in the area of network security. Currently, he was working as an
executive in the IT department.
Robiah Yusof is currently a senior lecturer at the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia. She received her Ph.D. in Network Security from Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka. Her Research interests include intrusion detection, malware, network
security, and network forensic.

ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION FOR WEB-BASED SECURITY USING KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS

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