Enhanced Telepresence and Green IT — The Next Evolution in the Internet
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The lecture by Dr. Larry Smarr addresses the environmental impact of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, which is responsible for greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to the aviation industry. It highlights the potential for ICT to significantly reduce global emissions through smart technologies and efficiency improvements across various sectors, while emphasizing the need to manage its own growing carbon footprint. The presentation showcases innovative campus testbeds aimed at exploring the intersection of green technology and ICT applications for sustainability.
Enhanced Telepresence and Green IT — The Next Evolution in the Internet
- 1. Enhanced Telepresence and Green IT— The Next Evolution in the Internet Distinguished Research Lecture Cisco Research Center San Jose, CA September 24, 2009 Dr. Larry Smarr Director, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Harry E. Gruber Professor, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD Twitter: lsmarr
- 2. The global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry produces GHGs equivalent to that produced by the aviation industry (~2-3 %). Furthermore, the ICT sector's emissions will nearly triple, in a business as usual scenario, from 2002 to 2020. On the other hand, the Climate Group estimates that transformative application of ICT to electricity grids, logistic chains, intelligent transportation and building infrastructure, and other social systems can reduce global GHG emissions by ~15%, five times ICT's own footprint! I will discuss three campus testbeds for exploring these complex tradeoffs. The first testbed is the NSF-funded GreenLight Project deployed at UCSD, which creates an instrumented data center allowing for detailed real time data measurements of the critical subcomponents and then making that data publically available on the web, so that the results can guide users who wish to lower the energy cost of computation and storage. The second testbed is the use of dedicated optical networks (operating at 10,000 Mbps) coupled to large tiled walls (with fractions of a billion pixels) and high definition (2 Mpixel/frame) or digital cinema (8Mpixel/frame) as "telepresence" systems for "sewing remote rooms together" as a way to reduce the need for transportation for national or global collaboration. Finally, I will analyze the use of campuses themselves, which are functionally small towns with their own power grids, commuter transportation systems, hospitals, and populations in the tens of thousands and so are at-scale Green IT Living Laboratories of the Greener Future.
- 3. ICT Could be a Key Factor in Reducing the Rate of Climate Change Applications of ICT could enable emissions reductions of 15% of business-as-usual emissions. But it must keep its own growing footprint in check and overcome a number of hurdles if it expects to deliver on this potential. www.smart2020.org
- 4. The Earth is Warming Over 100 Times Faster Today Than During the Last Ice Age Warming! CO2 Rose From 185 to 265ppm (80ppm) in 6000 years or 1.33 ppm per Century CO2 Has Risen From 335 to 385ppm (50ppm) in 30 years or 1.6 ppm per Year http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/program_history/keeling_curve_lessons.html Monnin, et al., Science v. 291 pp. 112-114, Jan. 5, 2001.
- 5. Antarctic Ice Cores Show CO2 and Temperature Have Oscillated For 800,000 Years in a Narrow Range Vertical Range 170 to 300 ppm Ice Cores: Luthi, et al. Nature may 15, 2008 v. 453 pp379-82 Today 386- Homonid Images: The Last Human, G.J. Sawyer and V. Deak
- 6. Ice Core Record Has Been Extended Using Plankton: Today’s CO2 is Higher Than in Last 2 Million Years! 350 400 450 500 550 Today’s CO2 Level Possible Level by 2100, Shell “Blueprints” Scenario CO2: Hönisch, et al. Science 19 June 2009 Vol. 324. pp. 1551 - 1554 Homonid Images: The Last Human, G.J. Sawyer and V. Deak
- 7. We Are Transitioning to a New Climate State -- Unlike the Rapid Recovery with Acid Rain or Ozone Hole Susan Solomon, et al., PNAS 2/10/2009 v. 106 pp1704-9 Assumes CO2 Increases to a Maximum and Then Emissions Abruptly Stop Warming During the Industrial Age -- Last 200 Years Warming Persists for Over 1000 Years
- 8. The IPCC Recommends a 25-40% Reduction Below 1990 Levels by 2020 • On September 27, 2006, Governor Schwarzenegger signed California the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 – Assembly Bill 32 (AB32) – Requires Reduction of GHG by 2020 Only to 1990 Levels – 10% Reduction from 2008 Levels; 30% from BAU 2020 Levels – 4 Tons of CO2-equiv. Reduction for Every Person in California! • The European Union Requires Reduction of GHG by 2020 to 20% Below 1990 Levels (12/12/2008) • Neither the U.S. or Canada has an Official Target Yet – President Obama Has Endorsed the AB32 2020 Goal
- 9. ICT is a Critical Element in Achieving Countries Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Targets www.smart2020.org GeSI member companies: • Bell Canada, • British Telecomm., • Plc, • Cisco Systems, • Deutsche Telekom AG, • Ericsson, • France Telecom, • Hewlett-Packard, • Intel, • Microsoft, • Nokia, • Nokia Siemens Networks, • Sun Microsystems, • T-Mobile, • Telefónica S.A., • Telenor, • Verizon, • Vodafone Plc. Additional support: • Dell, LG.
- 10. Application of ICT Can Lead to a 5-Fold Greater Decrease in GHGs Than its Own Carbon Footprint Major Opportunities for the United States* – Smart Electrical Grids – Smart Transportation Systems – Smart Buildings – Virtual Meetings * Smart 2020 United States Report Addendum www.smart2020.org While the sector plans to significantly step up the energy efficiency of its products and services, ICT’s largest influence will be by enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors, an opportunity that could deliver carbon savings five times larger than the total emissions from the entire ICT sector in 2020. --Smart 2020 Report
- 11. Developing Greener Smart Campuses as Societal Prototypes: Calit2 (UCSD & UCI) • Travel Substitution – Commercial Teleconferencing – Polycom PC Client – LifeSize HD – Cisco Telepresence – Next Generation Global Telepresence • Coupling the Internet and the Electrical Grid – Choosing non-GHG Emitting Electricity Sources – Measuring Demand at Sub-Building Levels – Reducing Local Energy Usage via User Access Thru Web Student Video -- UCSD Living Laboratory for Real-World Solutions www.gogreentube.com/watch.php?v=NDc4OTQ1 on UCSD UCI Named ‘Best Overall' in Flex Your Power Awards www.today.uci.edu/news/release_detail.asp?key=1859
- 12. Cisco on Cisco TelePresence Deployment 533 Cisco TelePresence major cities globally US/Canada: 108 CTS 3000, 109 CTS 1000, 6 CTS 3200, 90 CTS 500, 3 CTS1300 APAC: 29 CTS 3000, 34 CTS 1000, 14 CTS 500, 3 CTS 3200, 1 CTS1300 Japan: 7 CTS 3000, 2 CTS 1000, 1 CTS 500, 1 CTS 3200, 1 CTS1300 Europe: 31 CTS 3000, 35 CTS 1000, 5 CTS3200, 27CTS500, 2 CTS1300 Emerging: 14 CTS 3000, 3 CTS1000, 1 CTS3200, 7 CTS 500 163 Major Cities in 45 countries 355K TelePresence meetings scheduled to date. (Weekly average utilization in the past 30 days is 21,522 meetings) 473K hours (average meeting is 1.25 hrs) 27K+ meetings with customers to discuss Cisco Technology over TelePresence 68K+ meetings avoided travel Conservative estimate of cost savings and productivity improvement ~$296M to date Metric tons of emissions saved:: 149,018 Equal to >25,000+ cars off the road •Overall average utilization 49% Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play and Learn Updated Aug 2,2009….145 weeks after launch •30K Multipoint mtgs •Average 3,919 in past 30 days Calit2 Will Have CTS 1000s at UCSD and UCI
- 13. I Link Into Commercial H.323 Videoconfernces From My Laptop at Home UCSD Calit2 Director & Chief of Staff UCI Calit2 Director The Weekly Calit2 Director’s Meeting
- 14. Work at Home is the Same As at the Office Virtual Kristen Kristen Prints Here For Amy Real Amy We Run Video Sykpe Continuously During Office Hours Kristen Reads My Email, Sets My Calendar. Works With Amy on My Trips
- 15. Linking the Calit2 Auditoriums at UCSD and UCI with LifeSize HD for Shared Seminars September 8, 2009 Photo by Erik Jepsen, UC San Diego Sept. 8, 2009
- 16. Global Innovation Centers are Being Connected with 10,000 Megabits/sec Clear Channel Lightpaths Source: Maxine Brown, UIC and Robert Patterson, NCSA Research on 100 Gbps and 1 Tbps
- 17. Launch of the 100 Megapixel OzIPortal Kicked Off a Rapid Build Out of Australian OptIPortals Covise, Phil Weber, Jurgen Schulze, Calit2 CGLX, Kai-Uwe Doerr , Calit2 http://www.calit2.net/newsroom/release.php?id=1421 January 15, 2008 No Calit2 Person Physically Flew to Australia to Bring This Up! January 15, 2008
- 18. Victoria Premier, Senator Conroy, and Australian Deputy Prime Minister Asking Questions www.calit2.net/newsroom/release.php?id=1219 Using Qvidium Compressed HD ~ 140 Mbps
- 19. University of Melbourne Vice Chancellor Glyn Davis in Calit2 Replies to Question from Australia
- 20. HD Talk to Australia’s Monash University from Calit2: Reducing International Travel July 31, 2008 Source: David Abramson, Monash Univ Qvidium Compressed HD ~140 mbps
- 21. Today Dedicated 10Gbps Lightpaths Tie Together State and Regional Fiber Infrastructure NLR 40 x 10Gb Wavelengths Expanding with Darkstrand to 80 Interconnects Two Dozen State and Regional Optical Networks Internet2 Dynamic Circuit Network Under Development
- 22. OptIPlanet Collaboratory Persistent Infrastructure Between Calit2 and U Washington Ginger Armbrust’s Diatoms: Micrographs, Chromosomes, Genetic Assembly Photo Credit: Alan Decker Feb. 29, 2008 iHDTV: 1500 Mbits/sec Calit2 to UW Research Channel Over 10,000 Mbps Pacific Wave/CENIC Dedicated Optical Fiber
- 23. Advanced Telepresence Meeting Using Digital Cinema 4k Streams Keio University President Anzai UCSD Chancellor Fox Lays Technical Basis for Global Digital Cinema Sony NTT SGI Streaming 4k with JPEG 2000 Compression ½ Gbit/sec 100 Times the Resolution of YouTube! Calit2@UCSD Auditorium 4k = 4000x2000 Pixels = 4xHD
- 24. CWave core PoP 10GE waves on NLR and CENIC (LA to SD) Equinix 818 W. 7th St. Los Angeles PacificWave 1000 Denny Way (Westin Bldg.) Seattle Level3 1360 Kifer Rd. Sunnyvale StarLight Northwestern Univ Chicago Calit2 San Diego McLean CENIC Wave Cisco Has Built 10 GigE Waves on CENIC, PW, & NLR and Installed Large 6506 Switches for Access Points in San Diego, Los Angeles, Sunnyvale, Seattle, Chicago and McLean for CineGrid Members Some of These Points are also GLIF GOLEs Source: John (JJ) Jamison, Cisco Cisco CWave for CineGrid: A New Cyberinfrastructure for High Resolution Media Streaming* May 2007 * 2007
- 25. CineGrid @ Holland Festival 2007 As Seen in the Calit2@UCSD Auditorium Live! Era la Notte, June 2007
- 26. First Tri-Continental Premier of a Streamed 4K Feature Film With Global HD Discussion San Paulo, Brazil Auditorium Keio Univ., Japan Calit2@UCSD 4K Transmission Over 10Gbps-- 4 HD Projections from One 4K Projector 4K Film Director, Beto Souza Source: Sheldon Brown, CRCA, Calit2
- 27. Toward a Data and Visualization Intensive Working Environment Across Remote Sites Calit2@ UCSD wall Calit2@ UCI wall NASA Ames Visit Feb. 29, 2008 HiPerVerse: First ½ Gigapixel Distributed OptIPortal- 124 Tiles Sept. 15, 2008 UCSD cluster: 15 x Quad core Dell XPS with Dual nVIDIA 5600s UCI cluster: 25 x Dual Core Apple G5
- 28. Building a Mixed Virtual/Physical Working Space: NASA Ames Adopts OptIPuter Collaboratory Source: Falko Kuester, Calit2; Michael Sims, NASA View from NASA Ames Lunar Science Institute Mountain View, CA Virtual Handshake LifeSize High Defn. Video Integrated With OptIPortal and Spatialized Audio From Start to This Image in Less Than 2 Weeks! Feb 19, 2009 NASA Interest in Supporting Virtual Institutes NASA Astrobiology Institute Is Next
- 29. Multi-User Global Workspace: San Diego, Chicago, Saudi Arabia Source: Tom DeFanti, KAUST Project, Calit2
- 30. EVL’s SAGE OptIPortal VisualCasting Multi-Site OptIPuter Collaboratory CENIC CalREN-XD Workshop Sept. 15, 2008 EVL-UI Chicago U Michigan Streaming 4k Source: Jason Leigh, Luc Renambot, EVL, UI Chicago At Supercomputing 2008 Austin, Texas November, 2008 SC08 Bandwidth Challenge Entry Requires 10 Gbps Lightpath to Each Site Total Aggregate VisualCasting Bandwidth for Nov. 18, 2008 Sustained 10,000-20,000 Mbps!
- 31. Academic Research “OptIPlatform” Cyberinfrastructure: A 10Gbps Lightpath Cloud National LambdaRail Campus Optical Switch Data Repositories & Clusters HPC HD/4k Video Images HD/4k Video Cams End User OptIPortal 10G Lightpaths HD/4k Telepresence Instruments
- 32. Cisco Vision: Mediating the Smart Building Energy Dashboards, Demand Response, Fault Detection, Event Reporting, SmartGrid, etc. Network as a Platform to Connect, Aggregate and Normalize Open XML Interface Source: Dave Clute, Cisco Connected Real Estate Mediator Switch Router Occupancy Detectors VAV FCU Heat Pump Chilled Beam Boilers RTU HVAC Meters Sub Meters Refrigeration Solar PV Trash Compactor Sprinkler Fire Alarm System Smoke Sensor Sounder Break Glass Lighting Control General Lighting DSI/DALI Interface Electrical EnergyWise Filer UPS PDU PFU Sensor CDU Smart UPS CRAC Counter DCC Wireless Meter
- 33. Real-Time Monitoring of Building Energy Usage: UCSD Has 34 Buildings On-Line http://mscada01.ucsd.edu/ion/
- 34. Comparision Between UCSD Buildings: kW/sqFt Year Since 1/1/09 Calit2 and CSE are Very Energy Intensive Buildings
- 35. Power Management in Mixed Use Buildings: The UCSD CSE Building is Energy Instrumented • 500 Occupants, 750 Computers • Detailed Instrumentation to Measure Macro and Micro-Scale Power Use – 39 Sensor Pods, 156 Radios, 70 Circuits – Subsystems: Air Conditioning & Lighting • Conclusions: – Peak Load is Twice Base Load – 70% of Base Load is PCs and Servers – 90% of That Could Be Avoided! Source: Rajesh Gupta, CSE, Calit2
- 36. International Symposia on Green ICT: Greening ICT and Applying ICT to Green Infrastructures Calit2@UCSD Webcasts Available at: www.calit2.net/newsroom/article.php?id=1456
- 37. The Global ICT Carbon Footprint is Roughly the Same as the Aviation Industry Today www.smart2020.org But ICT Emissions are Growing at 6% Annually! the assumptions behind the growth in emissions expected in 2020: • takes into account likely efficient technology developments that affect the power consumption of products and services • and their expected penetration in the market in 2020 Most of Growth is in Developing Countries
- 38. Reduction of ICT Emissions is a Global Challenge – U.S. and Canada are Small Sources U.S. and Canada Together Fall From 25% to 14% of Global ICT Emissions by 2020 www.smart2020.org
- 39. The Global ICT Carbon Footprint by Subsector www.smart2020.org The Number of PCs (Desktops and Laptops) Globally is Expected to Increase from 592 Million in 2002 to More Than Four Billion in 2020 PCs Are Biggest Problem Data Centers Are Rapidly Improving
- 40. Can We Reduce the Energy Used By PCs Via Putting Machines To Sleep Transparently? 40 Peripheral Laptop Low power domain Network interface Secondary processor Network interface Management software Main processor, RAM, etc IBM X60 Power Consumption 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Sleep (S3) Somniloquy Baseline (Low Power) Normal Power Consumption (Watts) 0.74W (88 Hrs) 1.04W (63 Hrs) 16W (4.1 Hrs) 11.05W (5.9 Hrs) Somniloquy Enables Servers to Enter and Exit Sleep While Maintaining Their Network and Application Level Presence Rajesh Gupta, UCSD CSE; Calit2
- 41. ICT Industry is Already Acting to Reduce Carbon Footprint
- 42. Research Needed on How to Deploy a Green CI • Computer Architecture – Rajesh Gupta/CSE • Software Architecture, Clouds – Amin Vahdat, Ingolf Kruger/CSE • CineGrid Exchange – Tom DeFanti/Calit2 • Visualization – Falko Kuster/Structural Engineering • Power and Thermal Management – Tajana Rosing/CSE • Analyzing Power Consumption Data – Jim Hollan/Cog Sci • Direct DC Datacenters – Tom Defanti, Greg Hidley http://greenlight.calit2.net MRI
- 43. The UCSD Center for Networked Systems: A Calit2 Affiliated Center Diverse Research Projects -Multiple Faculty -Multiple Students -Multidisciplinary -CNS Research Theme Research Interests Project Proposals Center Faculty Member Companies http://cns.ucsd.edu/
- 44. CNS and Cisco: A History of Collaboration • Cisco Acquires NetSift Corporation in 2006 – Co-founders: George Varghese and Sumeet Singh • Exploring Technology Transfers Around Data Center Networking and Cloud Computing (Vahdat) • Ongoing Research Interactions with Varghese • Cisco/IronPort Collaboration with Savage/Voelker • Recent UCSD Cisco Hires: – Varun Almaula – Vina Ermagan – Nelson Huang – Alexander Loukissas Source: Amin Vahdat, CNS UCSD
- 45. New Techniques for Dynamic Power and Thermal Management to Reduce Energy Requirements Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM) • Workload Scheduling: • Machine learning for Dynamic Adaptation to get Best Temporal and Spatial Profiles with Closed-Loop Sensing • Proactive Thermal Management • Reduces Thermal Hot Spots by Average 60% with No Performance Overhead Dynamic Power Management (DPM) •Optimal DPM for a Class of Workloads •Machine Learning to Adapt • Select Among Specialized Policies • Use Sensors and Performance Counters to Monitor • Multitasking/Within Task Adaptation of Voltage and Frequency • Measured Energy Savings of Up to 70% per Device NSF Project Greenlight • Green Cyberinfrastructure in Energy-Efficient Modular Facilities • Closed-Loop Power &Thermal Management System Energy Efficiency Lab (seelab.ucsd.edu) Prof. Tajana Šimunić Rosing, CSE, UCSD CNS
- 46. Zero Carbon GreenLight Experiment: DC-Powered Modular Data Center • Concept—Avoid DC to AC to DC Conversion Losses – Computers Use DC Power Internally – Solar and Fuel Cells Produce DC – Both Plug into the AC Power Grid – Can We Use DC Directly (With or Without the AC Grid)? • DC Generation Can Be Intermittent – Depends on Source – Solar, Wind, Fuel Cell, Hydro – Can Use Sensors to Shut Down or Sleep Computers – Can Use Virtualization to Halt/Shift Jobs • Experiment Planning Just Starting – Collaboration with Sun and LBNL – NSF GreenLight Year 2 and Year 3 Funds Source: Tom DeFanti, Calit2; GreenLight PI Sun Box <200kWatt
- 47. UCSD is Installing Zero Carbon Emission Solar and Fuel Cell DC Electricity Generators San Diego’s Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant Produces Waste Methane UCSD 2.8 Megawatt Fuel Cell Power Plant Uses Methane 2 Megawatts of Solar Power Cells Being Installed Available Late 2009 Use to Power Local Data Centers
- 48. Australia—the Zero Carbon Energy Future Source: Geodynamics, Limited Temperatures at 5 km. After Budd et al. Australian Geothermal Energy Conference 2008 Placing a data centre at the zero carbon energy source -- the cost of fibre optic cable is ~5-10% the cost of electricity transmission. A Fiber/HVDC Smart Grid Flows Both Bits and Electrons!
- 49. Coupling AARNet - CENIC/PW - CANARIE Optical Nets: An Australian-U.S.-Canada Green Cloud Testbed Toward Zero Carbon ICT
- 50. “It Will Be the Biggest Single Peacetime Project Humankind Will Have Ever Undertaken”