Environment and its introduction
- 1. ENVIRONMENT ,ITS INTRODUCTION , SCOPE AND PRESSURE Iqra Sami
- 2. ENVIRONMENT The word environment means surroundings, in which organisms live. Environment and the organisms are two dynamic and complex component of nature. The term environment has been derived from a French word “Environia” means to surround. It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living) environment
- 3. Environment – Human beings interact with the environment more vigorously than other living beings. – Environment is the sum total of conditions that surrounds us at a given point of time and space. It is comprised of the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural elements which are interlinked both individually and collectively. Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism has to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and development of living forms.
- 4. Classification of environment Environment flora fauna Atmosphere hydrosphere microbia biosphere lithosphere
- 5. Components of environment It can be divided into two components as Microenvironment Macro environment Biotic components Abiotic components.
- 6. Micro and macro environment Microenvironment refers to the immediate local surrounding of the organism. Macro environment refers to all the physical and biotic conditions that surround the organism externally.
- 7. Biotic and abiotic components – Biotic components: Include living organism i.e. plants, animals, man and their organisation within the environment – Abiotic/ physical : All those physical and chemical aspects of environment that exert an influence on living organism e.g light air water soil etc
- 8. Biotic components/biological environment – Producer (autotrophic):Able to make their own food by trapping solar radiation with help of chlorophyll. E.g. plants. They convert light energy into chemical potential energy.
- 9. Biotic components/biological environment Consumers (heterotrophic): They do not make their own food. Dependent on other organism for their nourishment. They includes: a) Primary consumer(HERBIVORES): Consist of animal that feed on green plants. E.g. grasshopper or cow. b) Secondary consumer(CARNIOVORES): They Obtain energy by eating herbivores. E.g. frog or tiger. c) Tertiary consumer(OMNIVORES): They feed secondary consumers. E.g. snake or bear.
- 10. 3)MICRO CONSUMERS OR DETRITIVORES: INCLUDE MOLLUSCS, EARTHWORMS, MILLIPEDES ETC. WHICH FEED ON DEAD ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSERS OR REDUCERS: INCLUDE BACTERIA AND FUNGI WHICH BREAKDOWN COMPLEX COMPOUND OF DEAD PLANTS AND ANIMALS, ABSORB SOME OF DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS AND RELEASE MINERAL NUTRIENTS THAT CAN BE REUSED PRIMARILY BY PRODUCERS.
- 11. Physical environment/abiotic components – Physical environment refers to all abiotic factors or conditions like temperature, light, rainfall, soil, minerals etc. It comprises of atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. •Lithosphere - litho referring to rocks and minerals •Hydrosphere - hydro referring to water •Biosphere - bio referring to life •Atmosphere - atmo referring to steam and vapor •
- 12. What is the study of environment called? Ecology, also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology, study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
- 13. Difference between ecology and environmental biology ? ECOLOGY RELATIONSHIP OF AN ORGANISM WITH ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN WITH ENVIRONMENT AND IT ALSO DEALS WITH EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ENVIRONMENT
- 14. Environmental science – Environmental science is the academic field that takes physical, biological and chemical sciences to study the environment and discover solutions to environmental problems. Sciences used in environmental science include geography, zoology, physics, ecology, oceanology, and geology. Environmental science also branches out into environmental studies and environmental engineering. It provides integrated and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental problems.
- 15. branches of environmental science – Major branches of environmental sciences are : – ATMOSPHEREIC SCIENCES – Focuses on earth's atmosphere with an emphasis upon it inter relation to other systems. – ECOLOGY It is the interaction between organisms and their environment. – ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY it is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. – GEOSCIENCES This includes environmental geology, environmental soil sciences, volcanic phenomenon and the evolution of the eartt's crust.
- 16. Specialized branches of environmental science Habitat ecology: It deals with study of habitat. It may be terrestrial or aquatic. The aquatic habitat are freshwater and marine. Community ecology: It deals with study of local distribution of life in various habitats . Population ecology: It is concerned with the growth ,structure, regulation of population of organisms.
- 17. Specialized branches of environmental science. Evolutionary ecology : It deals with problems of niche segregation and speciation. Taxonomic ecology : It deals with the study of different taxonomic groups of living organisms in relation to environment. Applied ecology : Deals with application of ecological concepts to the human beings. It includes wildlife management , forestry the conservation ,insect control ,aquaculture , horticulture ,land use, animal husbandry , pollution ecology .
- 18. PRODUCTION ECOLOGY : DEALS WITH GROSS AND NET PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS LIKE FRESHWATER, MARINE ,AGRICULTURE , HORTICULTURE ETC. RADIATION ECOLOGY : DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF GROSS EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON ENVIRONMENT AND LIVING ORGANISMS . ETHOLOGY : DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR.
- 19. Specialized branches of environmental science System ecology : It is concerned with analysis and understanding the structure and functions of the ecosystem using applied mathematical modeling computer applications etc. pedoecology The study of how soil formation is affected by the environment. Spacial ecology : studies the ultimate distributional or spatial unit occupied by a species.
- 20. principles of environmental science Creating Creating the awareness about environmental problems among people. Imparting Imparting basic knowledge about the environment and its allied problems. Developing Developing an attitude of concern for the environment. Motivating Motivating public to participate in environment protection and environment improvement.
- 21. Scope of environmental science Environmental Science: It deals with the scientific study of environmental system (air, water, soil and land), the inherent or induced changes on organisms and the environmental damages incurred as a result of human interaction with the environment. (b) Environmental Engineering: It deals with the study of technical processes involved in the protection of environment from the potentially deleterious effects of human activity and improving the environmental quality for the health and well beings of humans. ADVERTISEMENTS: (c) Environmental Management: It promotes due regard for physical, social and economic environment of the enterprise or projects. It encourages planned investment at the start of the production chain rather than forced investment in cleaning up at the end. It generally covers the areas as environment and enterprise objectives, scope, and structure of the environment, interaction of nature, society and the enterprise, environment impact assessment, economics of pollution, prevention, environmental management standards etc.
- 22. Importance of environmental science – To clarify modern environmental concept like how to conserve biodiversity. – 2. To know the more sustainable way of living. – 3. To use natural resources more efficiently. – 4. To know the behaviour of organism under natural conditions. – 5. To know the interrelationship between organisms in populations and communities. – 6. To aware and educate people regarding environmental issues and problems at local, national and international levels.
- 23. Pressure Pressure is defined as force acting per unit area. exerted by a fluid on the surface of the container Units of pressure The SI unit of pressure is thus Newton per Square metre (N/m2), which is also called the Pascal(Pa). 1N/m2=1 Pa Other units include mmHg,cmHg and atmosphere(atm).
- 24. Pressure Formula P=F/A F - FORCE (in Newton) A - AREA (in meter²)
- 25. Units of pressure 1 atm = 14.7 Psi at sea level = 101.3 Kilo Pascal = 760 mm of Hg = 10.3 m of water = 1013 mili bar 1 Pascal = 1N/m2 1 Bar = 100 Pascal
- 26. Types of pressure – Absolute pressure – The clearest reference pressure is the pressure zero, which exists in the air-free space of the universe. A pressure which is related to this reference pressure is known as absolute pressure. For the required differentiation from other types of pressure, it is denoted with the index “abs”, which is derived from the Latin “absolutus”, meaning detached, independent. – Atmospheric pressure – The probably most important pressure for life on earth is the atmospheric pressure, pamb (amb = ambiens = ambient). It is created by the weight of the atmosphere which surrounds the earth up to a height of approx. 500 km. Up to this altitude, at which the absolute pressure pabs = zero, its magnitude decreases continuously.
- 27. Types of pressure – Differential pressure – The difference between two pressures, p1 and p2, is known as the pressure differential, Δp = p1 - p2. In cases where the difference between two pressures itself represents the measured variable, one refers to the differential pressure, p1,2. – Accordingly, in order to measure differential pressure, at first two different pressures are captured in a measuring instrument. Only if the measured values differ from each other, will a differential pressure be indicated. Instances where it is required to measure differential pressure are, for example, level measurement and monitoring applications. – Overpressure (gauge pressure) – The most frequently measured pressure in the technological field is the atmospheric pressure differential, Pe (e = excedens = exceeding). It is the difference between an absolute pressure, pabs, and the relevant (absolute) atmospheric pressure (pe = pabs - pamb) and is known, in short, as the overpressure or gauge pressure.
- 28. Measuring instruments – The Barometer: – The Aneroid Barometer – The Siphon Barometer – Piezometer or Pressure Tube:
- 29. Measuring instruments – Manometers: – The U-Tube Manometer (The Double Column Manometer) – Inverted U-Tube Manometer. – Single Column Manometer – Inclined Tube Manometer:
- 30. Measuring instruments – The Bourdon Gauge – The Diaphragm Pressure Gauge – Micro Manometer (U-Tube with Enlarged Ends)
- 31. Thankyou😊