Environmental bEHAVIOUR ARCHITECTURE - EBS
- 1. AR3005- UNIT IV CARE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE- SEM - V Ar.PARVATHY KARTHA 19/10/2023 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT THEORIES OF ENVIRONMENT - BEHAVIOUR RELATIONSHIP- LECTURE 6
- 2. How do people interact with the built environment? What are their needs? How do we apply such understandings in the design process? BASIC QUESTIONS
- 3. ADAPTATION PARADIGM- Biological & psychological survival as the key process. Coping with stress and perception, cognition, and assessment of our environments all may be seen as processes to help us survive. OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE PARADIGM- Considers environment as a place for us to actively ful f il goals which we plan & use. SOCIOCULTURAL PARADIGM- History, culture, economic & societal forces all in f luence person- environment relations. 3 PARADIGMS
- 5. 1. Stimulation Theories 2.Control Theories 3.Behaviour Setting Theories 4.Integral Theories 5.The Operant Approach 6.The Ecopsychology Approach CATEGORIES OF THEORIES IN EBR 6 Categories •Environment affects us- We react to it- How & Why? •We adapt to stimulation- We change our reaction to it over time- Adaptive or Maladaptive based on Consequences. •Noise, weather, air pollution, personal space, crowding and urban environments. Purpose- Provide generalisations that give order & meaning to speci f ic observations about person- environment relations
- 6. 1.Focus on the common occurrence of too much or too little stimulation and predicts that a wide range of behaviours & experiences will be affected. 1.The Arousal Approach- Form & content of broad range of our behaviours are based on how aroused we are. 2.The Stimulus Load Approach- Concentrates on the effects of overload or stimulus deprivation (Restricted environmental stimulation- REST). 3. The Adaptation Level Approach- Each of us get accustomed to certain level of stimulation 4.The Stress Approach- Behavioural & Health effects that occur when environmental stimulation exceeds an individual’s adaptive resources. Acute stressors, Ambient stressors & daily hassles. Hans Selye STIMULATION THEORIES
- 7. Exposure to Environmental stimulation leads to increased arousal (Neurophysiological- Heightening of brain activity by the arousal centre of the brain called reticular formation. Measured- Physiologically (Heightened autonomic activities), Behaviourally (Increased motor activity) or Self reported arousal. Characterised as sleep on one end and excitement on the other end. Leads people to seek info about their internal status- Pleasant/ unpleasant, people around us, perceived threat, physical aspect of environment, emotions of others (social comparison) People interpret it based on emotions isolated by others. Causes which we attribute to arousal have signi f icant consequence for our behaviour. AROUSAL APPROACH
- 8. YERKES - DODSON LAW •Performance is maximal at intermediate levels of arousal •It varies based on complexity of task •For complex tasks optimal level of arousal occurs at a slightly lower level of arousal than for simple tasks.
- 9. Environmental Load/ Stimulus Load/ overstimulation Approach Useful in describing reactions to novel or unwanted environmental stimuli- Derives from works on attention and information processing. 1.Humans have limited capacity to process incoming stimulus & can invest only limited effort in attending to inputs at any one time. 2.When amount exceeds individual’s capacity, overload occurs leading to Tunnel vision. 3.When it is required to resort for adaptive response, signi icance is evaluated using monitoring process to decide on the coping mechanism. Intense, uncontrollable, unpredictable an input. 4. Amount of attention is not constant & temporarily depleted after prolonged demands. LOAD APPROACH
- 10. Directed Attention De f icit- Recovery in Restorative environment Kaplan & Kaplan(1989) 1. Being away- Not your normal environment 2.Extant- An experience extended in time and space. 3.Fascination- Interesting & Engaging 4.Compatibility- Ability of the environment to support what you intend to do. • Intensity, novelty, complexity, temporal change or Variation, surprisingness and incongruity. Wohlwill (1966) RESTORATIVE ENVIRONMENTS
- 11. Atleast 3 categories of environment behavior relationships should con irm to optimal level hypothesis (Wohlwill 1974)- Adaptation Vs Adjustment Sensory stimulation, social stimulation, and movement. These categories vary along 3 dimensions tat have optimal levels Intensity Diversity Patterning (degree to which perception contains structure and uncertainty) ADAPTATION LEVEL
- 12. Stress is an intervening or mediating variable de ined as the reaction to circumstances that threaten the well-being of the person. This reaction includes 3 components Emotional Behavioural (Proposed by Lazarus (1966) & often called psychological stress) & Physiological (Proposed by Selye(1956) and is often called systemic stress) Stress- stimulus response situation, stressor- environmental component, stress response- reaction caused by stressor. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS APPROACH
- 13. Categories of Characteristics of Stressors Cataclysmic events Personal stressors Background stressors Daily hassles Ambient stressors ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS APPROACH
- 14. 1.Theories of personal control also called Behaviour constraint approach. 2.Those who have more control over the amount and kind of environmental stimulation are more better off than others with less or no control. 3.Control changes based on settings.- Home Vs School. 4.Developed to account for the effects of being able to or unable to in luence stimulation patterns eg. Lack of control leads to psychological reactance, an attempt to regain the lost freedom. 5.Learned helplessness- Conviction that no effort is going to succeed. 6.Boundary regulation mechanisms such as personal space & territoriality. CONTROL THEORIES
- 15. 1.Types of Categories of Control (Averill 1973) 1. Behavioural control 2.Cognitive control 3. Decisional control 2.Retrospective control (Thompson, 1981) 3.Primary Control & Secondary control 4.Aspects of helplessness & Attributions BEHAVIOUR CONSTRAINT APPROACH
- 16. 1.Based on Roger Barker’s Ecological psychology. 2.Central tenet- Consistent, prescribed patterns of behaviour called PROGRAMS are found in many places. 3.Recurrent activities regularly carried out by persons holding speci ic roles. 4.These theories are interested in uniformity of actions of those holding a particular role as opposed to others with a different role. 5.Person-environment relations explained primarily in terms of the social features of settings such as rules, customs & typical activities & their physical features. BEHAVIOUR SETTING THEORIES
- 17. 6.Key concept is level of Staf f ing. 7. A behaviour setting may attract many or few who wish to participate in its activities. 8.When there are too many individuals around and the behaviour setting fails to exclude the extras overstaf f ing occurs. 9.When too few are attracted understaf f ing occurs. 10.Allan Wicker & others have extended this concept in time. Behaviour settings are not static; they are born, they struggle, adapt, thrive & they die. BEHAVIOUR SETTING THEORIES
- 18. 1.A model that captures the full complexity of everyday person-environment relations. 2.Earliest explicit theory of environmental psychology was proposed by Isidor Chein- calling it a description of the geo-behavioural environment in 1954. 3. His framework consisted of 5 major elements- 1. Instigators (Env stimuli that trigger particular behaviour). 2. Goal objects or noxients ( Situations that can satisfy needs or cause pain) 3. Supports & constraints (Aspects of physical environment that facilitates like lights, desks, roads or restricts like fences, walls, trackless wilderness, locks) 4.Directors (Features of the env that tell us where to go or what to do). 5.Global environment- Generalized characteristics of an environment (Arctic is harsh, forests are wet, high rises are made of glass & steel. 4.If one understands a person’s environment in terms of Chein’s 5 elements one probably will be able to understand that person’s behaviour quite well. INTEGRAL THEORIES
- 19. 1.Our understanding of behaviours, cognitions, wellbeing etc. grows with the number of quality scienti f ic investigations. 2.Some outcomes can be explained by knowing key information about the person and others primarily by knowing key information about the setting. 3.Finally some outcomes require an explanation based on knowing which kind of person is in which kind of setting- an interaction. INTEGRAL APPROACH
- 20. 1.Interactionism- A simpler form of Integral theory 2.Older, simpler deterministic theories attributed most or all of the causes of human behaviour either to the person or to the environment. 3.Persons & Environment are considered to be separate entities which are continually engaged in a series of interactions. 4. Transactionalism- Person & environment are part of one inclusive entity & cannot be adequately de f ined without referring to the other & their activities in luence each other. 5. Organismic Theories- Emphasizes the dynamic interplay of social, societal & individual factors in a mutual complex system. Behaviour is viewed as part of many possible developmental equilibria that have both short term & long term goals and contextual changes that may occur rapidly or gradually. INTEGRAL THEORIES
- 21. 1. Type A: Perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed, achievement-oriented, aggressive, stressed 2. Type B: Low stress, even-tempered, f lexible, creative, adaptable to change, patient, tendency to procrastinate 3. Type C: Highly conscientious, perfectionist, struggles to reveal emotions (positive and negative) 4. Type D: Worrying, sad, irritable, pessimistic, negative self-talk, avoidance of social situations, lack of self-con f idence, fear of rejection, appears gloomy, hopeless PERSONALITY TYPES
- 22. 1. By helping people understand themselves, Myers and Briggs believed that they could help people select occupations that were best suited to their personality types and lead healthier, happier lives. 2. Identi f ies a personality based on where someone is on four continuums: 1. Extraversion (E) - Introversion (I) 2. Sensing (S)-Intuition (N) 3. Thinking (T)-Feeling (F) 4. Judging (J)- Perceiving (P) MYERS - BRIGGS THEORY
- 23. 1. Introversion-extraversion- How people respond & interact with the world around. Extraverts are "outward-turning" and tend to be action-oriented, enjoy more frequent social interaction, & feel energized after spending time with other people. Introverts are "inward-turning" & tend to be thought-oriented, enjoy deep & meaningful social interactions, & feel recharged after spending time alone. 2.Sensing-intuition- How people gather information from the world around. People who prefer sensing tend to pay a great deal of attention to reality, particularly to what they can learn from their own senses. They tend to focus on facts and details and enjoy getting hands-on experience. Those who prefer intuition pay more attention to things like patterns and impressions. They enjoy thinking about possibilities, imagining the future, and abstract theories. MYERS - BRIGGS THEORY
- 24. 3. Thinking-feeling- How people make decisions based on the information that they gathered from their sensing or intuition functions. People who prefer thinking place a greater emphasis on facts and objective data. They tend to be consistent, logical, and impersonal when weighing a decision. Those who prefer feeling are more likely to consider people and emotions when arriving at a conclusion. 4. Judging-perceiving- How people tend to deal with the outside world. Those who lean toward judging prefer structure and irm decisions. People who lean toward perceiving are more open, f lexible, and adaptable. The judging- perceiving scale helps describe whether you behave like an extravert when you are taking in new information (sensing and intuiting) or when you are making decisions (thinking and feeling). MYERS - BRIGGS THEORY
- 25. 1.ISTJ - The Inspector 2.ISTP - The Crafter 3.ISFJ - The Protector 4.ISFP - The Artist 5.INFJ - The Advocate 6.INFP - The Mediator 7.INTJ - The Architect 8.INTP - The Thinker MYERS - BRIGGS INDICATOR 9.ESTP - The Persuader 10.ESTJ - The Director 11.ESFP - The Performer 12.ESFJ - The Caregiver 13.ENFP - The Champion 14.ENFJ - The Giver 15.ENTP - The Debater 16.ENTJ - The Commander
- 26. 1. ISTJ - The Inspector: Reserved and practical, they tend to be loyal, orderly, and traditional. 2. ISTP - The Crafter: Highly independent, they enjoy new experiences that provide irst-hand learning. 3. ISFJ - The Protector: Warm-hearted and dedicated, they are always ready to protect the people they care about. 4. ISFP - The Artist: Easy-going and f lexible, they tend to be reserved and artistic. 5. INFJ - The Advocate: Creative and analytical, they are considered one of the rarest Myers-Briggs types.3 6. INFP - The Mediator: Idealistic with high values, they strive to make the world a better place. 7. INTJ - The Architect: High logical, they are both very creative and analytical.4 8. INTP - The Thinker: Quiet and introverted, they are known for having a rich inner world. 9. ESTP - The Persuader: Out-going and dramatic, they enjoy spending time with others and focusing on the here-and-now. 10. ESTJ - The Director: Assertive and rule-oriented, they have high principles and a tendency to take charge. 11. ESFP - The Performer: Outgoing and spontaneous, they enjoy taking center stage. 12. ESFJ - The Caregiver: Soft-hearted and outgoing, they tend to believe the best about other people. 13. ENFP - The Champion: Charismatic and energetic, they enjoy situations where they can put their creativity to work. 14. ENFJ - The Giver: Loyal and sensitive, they are known for being understanding and generous. 15. ENTP - The Debater: Highly inventive, they love being surrounded by ideas and tend to start many projects (but may struggle to inish them). 16. ENTJ - The Commander: Outspoken and con f ident, they are great at making plans and organizing projects.
- 27. 1.Based on Skinnerian principles, & its goal is to modify the behaviour of individuals whose behaviour is contributing to some environmental problem. 2. Consequences for bad behaviour and incentives to encourage acceptable behaviour. 3.Governments, correctional facilities, schools use these techniques. OPERANT APPROACH
- 28. 1.Environment- entered approach- Pay attention to the state or quality of the environment, without ignoring people. 2. Instrumental Approach- Environment viewed as a tool for supporting human goals such as productivity Vs Spiritual Approach- Environment as a context in which important human values can be cultivated. 3. Person- centered theory Vs Green psychology- Concentrates on preserving, conserving and helping the natural environment. 4. Theodore Roszak (1986)- Review of psychological progress in Mexico- Weight of Industrialism. Earth is a kind of living being embodied by the Goddess Gaia. ECOPSYCHOLOGY
- 29. 1. A great deal of information as emerged from the multidisciplinary ield of EBS. 2.This has begun to document the relationships between 1. Individual behaviour, 2.social rules, 3.Cultural values, and 4. The physical environment 3. A number of methods have been proposed by architects and other professionals for using sociobehavioural information in the design process and for checking proposed designs against behavioural criteria. USE OF EBS IN DESIGN
- 30. Environment-behaviour studies in the design process (based on the work of J.Zeisel, 1975)
- 31. Introspection Method (EB Titchener)- Self-observation method- ‘to look within’. Deterrents- No internal validation possible. Cannot be done on kids, animals & patients with mental disorders. Techniques like interviews, descriptions, rating scales. Observation Method- ‘naturalistic observation’ or ‘objective observation’ method, video taping, photographs etc. Experimental Method- Field Experiments, Field Studies & Quasi experiments METHODS
- 33. 1. The Arousal Approach 2.The Stimulus Load Approach 3.The Adaptation Level Approach 4.The Behaviour constraint approach 5.The Stress Approach 6.The Ecological Psychology Approach THEORIES OF EBR The effects of environmental conditions on behaviour.
- 34. Gordon Cullen coined the concept of "serial vision" in 1961. He believed that urban experience is a series of revelations, with delight and interest being stimulated by contrasts. Cullen saw particular signi f icance in the tension between "hereness" and "thereness". He believed that cities should be designed from the point of view of moving people since residents "apprehend urban environments through kinesthetic experience". Cullen's work showed how movement can be read as a pictorial sequence, and how our perception of time passing and distance travelled differs from reality. The development of new modes of travel has provided additional ways of seeing, engaging with, and forming mental images of urban environments, seen at different speeds, with different levels of focus, and the pedestrian viewpoint is accompanied by the freedom to stop and engage with one's surroundings.2 Serial vision revolves around working on a set of revelations while keeping the interest and contrast to upkeep the stimulation and create a vibrant environment.
- 35. Kevin Lynch's 1960 book, "The Image of the City," explores how people form mental maps of their surroundings consisting of f ive basic elements: Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, and Landmarks. Lynch argues that for any given city, a corresponding set of mental images exist in the minds of the people who experience that city. The indings are developed into a theory of imageability, or legibility or visibility, with elements rendered measurable and comparable, and formulated as a new criterion for city design useful to city designers faced with building and rebuilding cities.