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PRINCIPLES OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
LECTURES OF WEEK12
What is Environment?
1- The circumstances, objects, or conditions
by which one is surrounded.
2-The complex of physical, chemical, and
biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living
things) that act upon an organism or an
ecological community and ultimately
determine its form and survival.
Environment
• It would appear that the public’s awareness of
the environment was only noticeable after a
number of disastrous environment accidents.
Examples are :
A- the oil spills from the tankers Amoco
cadiz, off the coast of Brittany in 1978.
B- Exxon valdes, in Alaskan water in 1989,
C- toxic gas release from a pesticide plant in
Bophal, India in 1984.
D- The nuclear power station accident at
Chernoby! In 1986.
These events achieved great publicity and
increased the awareness of environmental
issues.
Environmental pollutants
What Is Environmental
Biotechnology?
Environmental biotechnology is
the application of biotechnology to
all aspects of the environment.
• This presentation is concerned with how
biotechnology can be applied to environmental
problems and issues.
• This will cover existing pollution in terms of the
detection and bioremediation of the
contaminants.
• In addition, treatment is required for industrial
,agricultural and domestic process wastes, some
of which cannot be eliminated.
• There is also a need to reduce the
production of pollutants at sources.
• The reduction in the production of
industrial pollutants is known as “clean
technology”.
Envvironmental biotechnology presentation ppt.
• Unfortunately not all the problems in the
environment develop rapidly, often the
changes are slow and can remain
unnoticed until a critical stage has been
reached.
• These types of problems are much more
difficult to publicize and deal with.
Exxon Valdez- Alaska- 1989
• The tanker released 35 500 tones (41.6 million
liters) of crude oil, polluting 1700 km of coastline.
• The spill was subjected to intense media
coverage because of its visible impact on this
pristine and unspoiled area of Alaska.
• Pictures of oiled seabirds and otters caused
such concern that the oil spill was directly
responsible for the passing of the US Oil
pollution Act of 1990.
Bioremediation
WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION?
Bioremediation uses naturally
occurring microorganisms such as
bacteria, fungi, or yeast to decompose
harmful chemicals (including petroleum
hydrocarbons) into less toxic or
nontoxic compounds.
A. Xenobiotic - a (foreign = xeno)
synthetic compound not normally
found in nature such as :
1. Pesticides
a. Herbicides
b. Insecticides
c. Fungicides
2. Detergents
3. Plastics and various other synthetic
polymers
B- Degradation of Hydrocarbons
1. Microbes that utilize hydrocarbons:
a. Pseudomonas spp. - predominantly
b. Mycobacterium
c. Some yeasts and molds.
2. Long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are
converted into fatty acids
• Biodegradation
- Many microorganisms possess the enzymatic
capability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons.
- This include alkanes and aromatics hydrocarbons
such as benzene, toluene and xylene, which are
among the toxic compounds found in petroleum.
- More complex structures are more resistant to
biodegradation, meaning that fewer microorganisms
can degrade those structures and the rates of
biodegradation are lower than biodegradation rates
of the simpler hydrocarbon structures found in
petroleum.
The greater the complexity of the
hydrocarbon structure, the slower the
rates of degradation.
Degrading Species
• The biodegradation of petroleum in the
soil and marine environment is carried
out largely by diverse bacterial
populations, including various
Pseudomonas species.
Bioremediation strategy
1- Environmental Modification
Hydrocarbon biodegradation in marine and soil
environments are often limited by biotic environmental
factors such as molecular oxygen, phosphate and
nitrogen (ammonium, nitrate and organic nitrogen)
concentrations. Oxygen, however, is not limiting in well
aerated (high energy) marine environments.
Usually, marine waters have very low concentrations of
nitrogen, phosphorus and various mineral nutrients that
are needed for the incorporation into cellular biomass,
and the availability of these within the area of
hydrocarbon degradation is critical.
2- Seeding with Microbial Cultures
One approach often considered for the
bioremediation of petroleum pollutants after an
oil spill is the addition of microorganisms
(seeding) that are able to degrade
hydrocarbons. Most microorganisms considered
for seeding are obtained by enrichment cultures
from previously contaminated sites.
contaminants.
Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
MEOR
• Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
(MEOR) is the use of microorganisms
as a means of recovering additional oil
from existing wells.
MEOR
• In this technique, selected natural
microorganisms are introduced into oil wells to
produce harmless by-products, such as slippery
natural substances or gases, all of which help
propel oil out of the well.
• Because these processes help to mobilize the oil
and facilitate oil flow, they allow a greater
amount to be recovered from the well.
• MEOR is used in the third phase of oil recovery
from a well, known as tertiary oil recovery.
Stages of Oil Recovery
Stage 1: Primary Recovery – 12% to 15% of
the oil is recovered without the need to introduce
other substances into the well.
Stage 2: Secondary Recovery – The oil well is
flooded with water or other substances to drive
out an additional 15% to 20% more oil from the
well.
Stage 3: Tertiary Recovery – This stage may
be accomplished through several different
methods, including MEOR, to additionally
recover up to 11% more oil from the well.
Requirements for MEOR
• The microorganisms used in MEOR can
be applied to a single oil well or to an
entire oil reservoir.
• They need certain conditions to survive, so
nutrients and oxygen are often introduced
into the well at the same time. MEOR also
requires that water be present.
Changes made by Microorganisms on Oil
1- Reduction of oil viscosity – Oil is a thick fluid
that is quite viscous, meaning that it does not
flow easily. Microorganisms help break down the
molecular structure of crude oil, making it more
fluid and easier to recover from the well.
2- Production of carbon dioxide gas – As a by-
product of metabolism, microorganisms produce
carbon dioxide gas. Over time, this gas
accumulates and displaces the oil in the well,
driving it to the well.
3- Production of biomass – they produce organic
biomass as a by-product. This biomass accumulates
between the oil and the rock surface of the well,
physically displacing the oil and making it easier to
recover from the well.
4- Selective plugging – Some microorganisms secrete
slimy substances called Exo-polysaccharides to protect
themselves from drying out or falling prey to other
organisms.
- This substance helps bacteria plug the pores found in
the rocks of the well so that oil may move past rock
surfaces more easily.
- Blocking rock pores to facilitate the movement of oil is
known as selective plugging.
5- Production of bio-surfactants :
Microorganisms produce slippery substances
called surfactants as they breakdown oil.
Because they are naturally produced by
biological microorganisms, they are referred to
as bio-surfactants.
These act like slippery detergents, helping the oil
move more freely away from rocks and crevices
so that it may travel more easily out of the well.
Biotechnology and MEOR
• MEOR is a direct application of biotechnology. It
uses biological materials, such as bacteria,
microorganisms, and their products of
metabolism to facilitate the movement of oil out
of a well, thereby enhancing oil recovery.
• Other applications of biotechnology in MEOR
include genetic engineering techniques and
recombinant DNA technology, which are used
to develop strains of bacteria with improved oil
recovery traits.
• By inserting genes from one type of bacteria into
another, scientists may combine two desirable
genetic traits into one microorganism.
• For example, the temperature within an oil well
is often too high for most microorganisms to
survive.
• By inserting a gene that codes for a bacteria's
ability to aid oil recovery into the genome of an
existing bacteria that can survive under high
temperatures, scientists may produce
microorganisms that can both survive the heat of
an oil well and also help retrieve oil.
Waste Water Treatment
• The best known application of
bioremediation technology to date is
microbial aerobic oxidation of wastewater.
• To treat domestic sewage and industrial
aquatics waste, bacteria are introduced
into wastewater in a carefully controlled
environment containing nutrients for
microbial growth.

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Envvironmental biotechnology presentation ppt.

  • 2. What is Environment? 1- The circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded. 2-The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.
  • 3. Environment • It would appear that the public’s awareness of the environment was only noticeable after a number of disastrous environment accidents. Examples are : A- the oil spills from the tankers Amoco cadiz, off the coast of Brittany in 1978. B- Exxon valdes, in Alaskan water in 1989, C- toxic gas release from a pesticide plant in Bophal, India in 1984.
  • 4. D- The nuclear power station accident at Chernoby! In 1986. These events achieved great publicity and increased the awareness of environmental issues.
  • 6. What Is Environmental Biotechnology? Environmental biotechnology is the application of biotechnology to all aspects of the environment.
  • 7. • This presentation is concerned with how biotechnology can be applied to environmental problems and issues. • This will cover existing pollution in terms of the detection and bioremediation of the contaminants. • In addition, treatment is required for industrial ,agricultural and domestic process wastes, some of which cannot be eliminated.
  • 8. • There is also a need to reduce the production of pollutants at sources. • The reduction in the production of industrial pollutants is known as “clean technology”.
  • 10. • Unfortunately not all the problems in the environment develop rapidly, often the changes are slow and can remain unnoticed until a critical stage has been reached. • These types of problems are much more difficult to publicize and deal with.
  • 11. Exxon Valdez- Alaska- 1989 • The tanker released 35 500 tones (41.6 million liters) of crude oil, polluting 1700 km of coastline. • The spill was subjected to intense media coverage because of its visible impact on this pristine and unspoiled area of Alaska. • Pictures of oiled seabirds and otters caused such concern that the oil spill was directly responsible for the passing of the US Oil pollution Act of 1990.
  • 12. Bioremediation WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION? Bioremediation uses naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or yeast to decompose harmful chemicals (including petroleum hydrocarbons) into less toxic or nontoxic compounds.
  • 13. A. Xenobiotic - a (foreign = xeno) synthetic compound not normally found in nature such as : 1. Pesticides a. Herbicides b. Insecticides c. Fungicides
  • 14. 2. Detergents 3. Plastics and various other synthetic polymers B- Degradation of Hydrocarbons 1. Microbes that utilize hydrocarbons: a. Pseudomonas spp. - predominantly b. Mycobacterium c. Some yeasts and molds. 2. Long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are converted into fatty acids
  • 15. • Biodegradation - Many microorganisms possess the enzymatic capability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. - This include alkanes and aromatics hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene, which are among the toxic compounds found in petroleum. - More complex structures are more resistant to biodegradation, meaning that fewer microorganisms can degrade those structures and the rates of biodegradation are lower than biodegradation rates of the simpler hydrocarbon structures found in petroleum.
  • 16. The greater the complexity of the hydrocarbon structure, the slower the rates of degradation. Degrading Species • The biodegradation of petroleum in the soil and marine environment is carried out largely by diverse bacterial populations, including various Pseudomonas species.
  • 17. Bioremediation strategy 1- Environmental Modification Hydrocarbon biodegradation in marine and soil environments are often limited by biotic environmental factors such as molecular oxygen, phosphate and nitrogen (ammonium, nitrate and organic nitrogen) concentrations. Oxygen, however, is not limiting in well aerated (high energy) marine environments. Usually, marine waters have very low concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and various mineral nutrients that are needed for the incorporation into cellular biomass, and the availability of these within the area of hydrocarbon degradation is critical.
  • 18. 2- Seeding with Microbial Cultures One approach often considered for the bioremediation of petroleum pollutants after an oil spill is the addition of microorganisms (seeding) that are able to degrade hydrocarbons. Most microorganisms considered for seeding are obtained by enrichment cultures from previously contaminated sites. contaminants.
  • 19. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery MEOR • Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) is the use of microorganisms as a means of recovering additional oil from existing wells.
  • 20. MEOR • In this technique, selected natural microorganisms are introduced into oil wells to produce harmless by-products, such as slippery natural substances or gases, all of which help propel oil out of the well. • Because these processes help to mobilize the oil and facilitate oil flow, they allow a greater amount to be recovered from the well. • MEOR is used in the third phase of oil recovery from a well, known as tertiary oil recovery.
  • 21. Stages of Oil Recovery Stage 1: Primary Recovery – 12% to 15% of the oil is recovered without the need to introduce other substances into the well. Stage 2: Secondary Recovery – The oil well is flooded with water or other substances to drive out an additional 15% to 20% more oil from the well. Stage 3: Tertiary Recovery – This stage may be accomplished through several different methods, including MEOR, to additionally recover up to 11% more oil from the well.
  • 22. Requirements for MEOR • The microorganisms used in MEOR can be applied to a single oil well or to an entire oil reservoir. • They need certain conditions to survive, so nutrients and oxygen are often introduced into the well at the same time. MEOR also requires that water be present.
  • 23. Changes made by Microorganisms on Oil 1- Reduction of oil viscosity – Oil is a thick fluid that is quite viscous, meaning that it does not flow easily. Microorganisms help break down the molecular structure of crude oil, making it more fluid and easier to recover from the well. 2- Production of carbon dioxide gas – As a by- product of metabolism, microorganisms produce carbon dioxide gas. Over time, this gas accumulates and displaces the oil in the well, driving it to the well.
  • 24. 3- Production of biomass – they produce organic biomass as a by-product. This biomass accumulates between the oil and the rock surface of the well, physically displacing the oil and making it easier to recover from the well. 4- Selective plugging – Some microorganisms secrete slimy substances called Exo-polysaccharides to protect themselves from drying out or falling prey to other organisms. - This substance helps bacteria plug the pores found in the rocks of the well so that oil may move past rock surfaces more easily. - Blocking rock pores to facilitate the movement of oil is known as selective plugging.
  • 25. 5- Production of bio-surfactants : Microorganisms produce slippery substances called surfactants as they breakdown oil. Because they are naturally produced by biological microorganisms, they are referred to as bio-surfactants. These act like slippery detergents, helping the oil move more freely away from rocks and crevices so that it may travel more easily out of the well.
  • 26. Biotechnology and MEOR • MEOR is a direct application of biotechnology. It uses biological materials, such as bacteria, microorganisms, and their products of metabolism to facilitate the movement of oil out of a well, thereby enhancing oil recovery. • Other applications of biotechnology in MEOR include genetic engineering techniques and recombinant DNA technology, which are used to develop strains of bacteria with improved oil recovery traits.
  • 27. • By inserting genes from one type of bacteria into another, scientists may combine two desirable genetic traits into one microorganism. • For example, the temperature within an oil well is often too high for most microorganisms to survive. • By inserting a gene that codes for a bacteria's ability to aid oil recovery into the genome of an existing bacteria that can survive under high temperatures, scientists may produce microorganisms that can both survive the heat of an oil well and also help retrieve oil.
  • 28. Waste Water Treatment • The best known application of bioremediation technology to date is microbial aerobic oxidation of wastewater. • To treat domestic sewage and industrial aquatics waste, bacteria are introduced into wastewater in a carefully controlled environment containing nutrients for microbial growth.