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ES-101-Lecture-3-Module-2_Ecological-Concepts-Part-2-rev01_042756.pdf

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ReymartAbilAlbos

The document outlines a course on Environmental Science and Engineering, focusing on ecological concepts, pollution, waste management, and government legislation regarding environmental issues. It details course outcomes, learning objectives, and assessment tasks, emphasizing the importance of understanding ecological principles and their application to real-world environmental challenges. The course aims to equip students with knowledge on various ecosystems, biodiversity, and the impact of human activities on the environment.

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ES 101 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS PART 2) LECTURE 3 – MODULE 2 DR. NOLAN C. TOLOSA BSC. CHE, MSC. ENE, PHD ENE University of San Agustin
MISSION The University of San Agustin is an Augustinian, Catholic and Filipino educational institution that aims to form the members of its academic community in Virtus et Scientia to serve Western Visayas, the Philippines, and the world.
VISION A premier academic community of life–long learners working with one mind and one heart to search for, discover and share the Truth (Gaudium de Veritate) for the promotion of Authentic human and societal development.
COURSE DESCRIPTION : THE COURSE COVERS THE ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTS: WATER, AIR, AND SOLID; WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES, DISPOSAL, AND MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION, RULES, AND REGULATION RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT; AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. COURSE OUTCOMES: 1. DISCUSS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, ECOLOGY OF LIFE, ECOSYSTEM. CO1 2. IDENTIFY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. CO2 3. SUMMARIZE THE EXISTING LAWS, RULES, AND REGULATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. CO3 4. IDENTIFY, PLAN AND SELECT APPROPRIATE DESIGN TREATMENT SCHEMES FOR WASTE DISPOSAL. CO4 5. RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION. CO5
CREDIT UNITS: 3 NO. OF HOOURS: 3 HOURS (LECTURE) COURSE PRE-REQUISITES (CO-REQUISITES): 3RD YEAR STANDING TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT: STUDENTS ARE ENCOURAGE TO MANIPULATE MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION AND USE OF INTERNET ILLUSTRATIONS: ASSESSMENT TASKS: 1. STUDENTS WILL BE GIVEN ACTIVITIES FOR EACH PARTICULAR SUBJECT MATTER OF THE MODULE. 2. STUDENTS WILL GIVEN AN ASSIGNED TASKS AT THE END OF EACH MODULE (E.G. JOURNAL CRITIQUE OR REACTION PAPER AT LEAST 3 PAGES) 3. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION DURING ONLINE AND OFFLINE CLASS.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD AND EVALUATION SYSTEM: 1. THE STUDENT IS GRADED ON PER MODULE BASIS. CUT-OFF SCORE = 60% OF RAW SCORE 2. STUDENT MUST PASS AT LEAST 80% OF ALL MODULES IN ORDER TO PASS THE COURSE. 3. STUDENTS WHO FAILED TO PASS THE 80% OF THE REQUIREMENT WILL BE GIVEN CHANCE TO TAKE REMOVAL EXAMINATION FOR FAILED MODULES IN A TERM AFTER THE MAJOR EXAM. 4. THE MAXIMUM EQUIVALENT GRADE FOR A REMOVAL EXAMINATIONS IS 75% 5. ATTENDANCE AND OTHER STUDENT REQUIREMENTS IS BASED ON THE APPROVED USA STUDENT MANUAL AND COT ADMISSION AND RETENTION POLICY. TERM OUTCOMES = 60% (MAJOR EXAM) + 40% (LEARNING TASKS)
COMPUTATION OF GRADE *C.O. Wt. – Course Outcome Weight is determined by the level of learning according to Bloom’s Taxonomy
OVERVIEW IN THIS MODULE, WE WILL DISCUSS THE SECOND PART OF THE ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS THAT FOCUS ON THE ECOLOGY AND ITS TYPE, COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS AND THE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS, AND THE ECOLOGY OF LIFE. AT THE END OF THE MODULE, YOU WILL SUBMIT A REACTION PAPER OR JOURNAL CRITIQUE THAT MAY ENHANCE YOUR WRITING SKILLS AND UNDERSTANDING CAPABILITIES IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.
LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE END OF THIS MODULE, THE STUDENT SHALL BE ABLE TO: LO1.1: DEFINE THE DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS SUCH AS THE REALMS OF ECOLOGY AND APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ECOLOGY. LO1.2: NAME THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM AND DIFFERENTIATE MAN-MADE FROM NATURAL ECOSYSTEM. LO1.3: DIFFERENTIATE ABIOTIC FROM BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM AND GIVE EXAMPLES FOR EACH. LO1.4: LIST DOWN AND EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ECOSYSTEM. LO1.5: EXPLAIN THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS.
LECTURE COVERAGE MODULE 2 (M2.1): ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS PART 2 1. ECOSYSTEM (ECOLOGY OF LIFE) 2. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 3. COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM 4. ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
COURSE CONTENTS BELOW IS THE SCHEDULE FOR MODULE 2 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION TIMEFRAME 1 Ecological Concepts Part 2 1.1 Ecosystem (Ecology of life) 10 – 15 minutes 1.2 Types of ecosystem 10 – 15 minutes 1.3 Components of the ecosystem 15 – 25 minutes 1.4 Activity #1 10 – 15 minutes 1.5 Ecosystem functions and Feeding Relationships 15 – 25 minutes 1.6 Activity #2 50 – 60 minutes DATE Coverage for Module 2: August 24 – 29, 2020 (10:00 – 11:30 A.M.)
WEB LINKS https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-ecology/hs- introduction-to-ecology/v/ecology-introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cRgK0qG00E (ecosystem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivqfnOhwcYY (forest ecosystem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeQyq_fsurI (grassland ecosystem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhaldPmkoNE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4 (Energy flow in ecosystems)
13 What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. Organism: any form of life Cell: basic unit of life Eukaryotic: nucleus/organelles Prokaryotic: bacteria/algae Examines the relationships and the interactions of living things with each other and with the environment which they live.
14 What is Ecology? Insects 751,000 Protists 57,700 Plants 248,400 Prokaryotes 4,800 Fungi 69,000 Other animals 281,000 Known species 1,412,000 Species- groups of organisms that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and genetic makeup…able to reproduce
Have you thanked the insects today? Species- groups of organisms that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and genetic makeup…able to reproduce ❑ Pollinators ❑ Eat other insects ❑ Loosen and renew soil ❑ Reproduce rapidly, and can rapidly develop new traits ❑ Very resistant to extinction ❑ According to E.O. Wilson, if all insects disappeared, parts of the life support systems for us and other species would be greatly disrupted.
• ECOLOGISTS HAVE ORGANIZED THE INTERACTIONS AN ORGANISM TAKES PART IN INTO DIFFERENT LEVELS ACCORDING TO COMPLEXITY. 1. ORGANISMS 2. POPULATIONS 3. COMMUNITIES 4. ECOSYSTEMS 5. BIOSPHERE 16 5 Levels of Organization
BIODIVERSITY • Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things • Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown (www.thecatalogueoflife.org) •The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things including micro-oganisms. why is biodiversity important?
ES-101-Lecture-3-Module-2_Ecological-Concepts-Part-2-rev01_042756.pdf
3 LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY- IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A SPECIES Chihuahua Beagle Rottweilers 2. Species diversity- as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location. Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty 3. Ecological diversity- is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. levels of biodiversity
ECOSYSTEMS 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES: TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: LAND-BASED • FORESTS, DESERTS, GRASSLANDS, TUNDRA CLASSIFIED BY CLIMATE AND SPECIES ADAPTED TO IT. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM WATER-BASED • FRESH WATER (LAKES, STREAMS, ETC.) • MARINE LIFE ZONES (CORAL REEFS, DEEP OCEAN, ETC.) 20 “ A self-contained community of microorganisms, animals and plants, that interact with each other and with their physical environment.”
MAJOR BIOMES 21
ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC ECOSYSTEMS • ABIOTIC • WATER • AIR • NUTRIENTS • ROCKS • HEAT • SOLAR ENERGY • BIOTIC • LIVING AND ONCE LIVING BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS—PLANTS ANIMALS AND MICROBES. • DEAD ORGANISMS, DEAD PART OF ORGANISMS, AND WASTE PRODUCTS OF ORGANISMS.
COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS ➢Abiotic chemicals ➢Photosynthesis ➢Producers (autotrophs) ➢Consumers (heterotrophs) ➢Aerobic Respiration ➢Decomposers
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PRODUCERS ➢ THE PROCESS BY WHICH GREEN PLANTS AND SOME OTHER ORGANISMS USE SUNLIGHT TO SYNTHESIZE FOODS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER. 6CO2 + 6 H2O + SOLAR ENERGY >>> C6H12O6 + 6O2
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ➢ IS THE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE OR ANOTHER ORGANIC SUBSTRATE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
DETRITUS FEEDERS (DETRITIVORES) ➢are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces)
RANGE OF TOLERANCE Limiting Factor Principle: too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are near or above optimum.
WHAT ARE THE LIMITING FACTORS? Freshwater Ecosystem Field Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 1. Forest Ecosystems ➢ Tropical Rainforest- contain more diverse flora and fauna than ecosystems in any other region on earth. In these warm, moisture-laden environments, trees grow tall and foliage is lush and dense, with species inhabiting the forest floor all the way up to the canopy. ➢ Temperate Forest-may be deciduous, coniferous or oftentimes a mixture of both, in which some trees shed their leaves each fall, while others remain evergreen year-round. ➢ Boreal Forest - located in the far north, just south of the Arctic. It is also known as taiga and features abundant coniferous trees. types of ecosystem
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 2. Grassland Ecosystems Steppes, like those in the Ukraine, have short grasses. Prairies, which include much of the American Midwest and the pampa of Argentina, have tall grasses. Tropical savannas, like those in the Sudan, have coarse grasses. ➢ Grassland ecosystems are typically found in tropical or temperate regions, although they can exist in colder areas as well, as is the case with the well-known Siberian steppe. ➢ Grasslands share the common climactic characteristic of semi-aridity. ➢ Trees are sparse or nonexistent, but flowers may be interspersed with the grasses. Grasslands provide an ideal environment for grazing animals.
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 3. Desert Ecosystems ➢ Common Feature: low precipitation (<25 cm/yr or 10 in/yr) ➢ Not all deserts are hot – desert ecosystems can exist from the tropics to the arctic, but regardless of latitude, deserts are often windy. ➢ Some deserts contain sand dunes, while others feature mostly rock. ➢ Vegetation is sparse or nonexistent, and any animal species, such as insects, reptiles and birds, must be highly adapted to the dry conditions.
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 3. Tundra Ecosystems - are treeless regions found in the Arctic and on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy and rainfall is scant. Tundra lands are snow-covered for much of the year, until summer brings a burst of wildflowers.
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 4. Freshwater Ecosystems ➢ They are subdivided into two classes: those in which the water is nearly stationary, such as ponds, and those in which the water flows, such as creeks. ➢ Freshwater ecosystems are home to more than just fish: algae, plankton, insects, amphibians and underwater plants also inhabit them
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 5. Marine Ecosystems ➢ Marine ecosystems are the most abundant types of ecosystems in the word. They encompass not only the ocean floor and surface but also tidal zones, estuaries, salt marshes and saltwater swamps, mangroves and coral reefs. ➢ Marine ecosystems differ from freshwater ecosystems in that they contain saltwater, which usually supports different types of species than does freshwater.
EARTH’S MAJOR BIOMES • BIOME • A LARGE, RELATIVELY DISTINCT TERRESTRIAL REGION WITH A SIMILAR CLIMATE SOIL, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS, REGARDLESS OF WHERE IT OCCURS IN THE WORLD • LOCATION OF EACH BIOME IS PRIMARILY DETERMINED BY: • TEMPERATURE (VARIES WITH BOTH LATITUDE AND ELEVATION) • PRECIPITATION • BIOMES CAN ALSO BE DEFINED BY • WINDS, RAPID TEMPERATURE CHANGES, FIRES, FLOODS, ETC.
TUNDRA • TREELESS BIOME IN THE FAR NORTH WITH HARSH, COLD WINTERS AND EXTREMELY SHORT SUMMERS • PRECIPITATION • 10-25 CM/YR • TEMPERATURE • SHORT GROWING SEASON • 50-160 DAYS • NUTRIENT POOR SOILS WITH LITTLE ORGANIC MATERIAL • PERMAFROST PRESENT • LOW SPECIES RICHNESS – VEG IS MOSTLY GRASSES AND SEDGES – VERY SIMPLE FOOD WEB • LOW PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
BOREAL FORESTS (TAIGA) • A REGION OF CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE • JUST SOUTH OF TUNDRA • COVERS 11% OF EARTH’S LAND • GROWING SEASON • A LITTLE LONGER THAN TUNDRA • PRECIPITATION • ~ 50 CM/YR • SOILS ARE ACIDIC AND MINERAL POOR • VEGETATION COMPRISED OF DROUGHT RESISTANT CONIFERS – WHITE SPRUCE – BALSAM FIR – EASTERN LARCH • MOSTLY SMALL ANIMALS AND MIGRATING BIRDS • SOME LARGE ANIMALS ARE PRESENT – WOLVES, BEAR, MOOSE
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST • CONIFEROUS BIOME WITH COOL WEATHER, DENSE FOG AND HIGH PRECIPITATION • EX: NORTHWEST US • PRECIPITATION • > 127 CM/YR • HEAVIEST IN WINTER • TEMPERATURE • WINTERS ARE MILD • SUMMERS ARE COOL • SOILS ARE NUTRIENT-POOR, BUT HIGH IN ORGANIC MATERIAL (DROPPED NEEDLES) • COOL TEMPERATURES SLOW DECOMPOSITION • DOMINANT VEGETATION • LARGE EVERGREEN TREES • OLD-GROWTH FOREST • VARIETY OF COOL CLIMATE ANIMAL LIFE • VERY HIGH SPECIES RICHNESS • HEAVILY LOGGED
TEMPERATURE DECIDUOUS FORESTS • FOREST BIOME THAT OCCURS IN TEMPERATE AREAS WITH A MODERATE AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION • TOPSOIL IS RICH IN ORGANIC MATERIAL AND UNDERLAIN BY CLAY • PRECIPITATION • 75-150 CM/YR • TEMPERATURE • SEASONALITY • HOT SUMMERS AND COLD WINTERS • VEGETATION IS PRIMARILY DECIDUOUS – OAK, MAPLE, BEECH • ANIMALS – DEER, BEAR AND SMALL ANIMALS • MOST OF THIS BIOME LAND AREA HAS BEEN REGENERATED AFTER FARMING & TIMBER HARVEST
GRASSLAND • GRASSLANDS WITH HOT SUMMERS, COLD WINTERS AND TOO LITTLE PRECIPITATION TO SUPPORT TREES • PRECIPITATION • 25-75 CM/YR • TALL GRASS PRAIRIES • SHORT GRASS PRAIRIES • 90% OF THIS BIOME HAS BEEN LOST TO FARMLAND • SOIL HAS THICK, ORGANIC MATERIAL RICH ORGANIC HORIZON • PERIODIC FIRES KEEP THE DOMINANT VEGETATION GRASSES • ANIMALS • ONCE COVERED WITH BISON- NO LONGER TRUE • SMALLER ANIMALS
CHAPARRAL • ALSO CALLED A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE • EX: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA • EX: GREECE • TEMPERATURE • MILD, MOIST WINTERS • HOT, DRY SUMMERS • FREQUENT FIRES • SOIL IS THIN AND OFTEN NOT FERTILE • VEGETATION • DENSE GROWTH OF EVERGREEN SHRUBS • LUSH DURING THE GROWING SEASON • ANIMALS • MULE DEER, CHIPMUNKS, MANY SPECIES OF BIRDS
DESERTS • BIOME WHERE LACK OF PRECIPITATION LIMITS PLANT GROWTH • TEMPERATURE • CAN VERY GREATLY IN 24-HR PERIOD, AS WELL AS YEARLY (BASED ON LOCATION) • PRECIPITATION • < 25 CM/YR • SOILS LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN SALTS • VEGETATION SPARSE • CACTUS AND SAGEBRUSH • ANIMALS ARE VERY SMALL TO REGULATE TEMPERATURE
SAVANNA • TROPICAL GRASSLAND WITH WIDELY SCATTERED TREES • TEMPERATURE • VARIES LITTLE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR • PRECIPITATION • SEASONS REGULATED BY PRECIPITATION, NOT TEMPERATURE • 76-150 CM/YR • SOIL LOW IN NUTRIENTS DUE TO LEACHING • VEGETATION • WIDE EXPANSES OF GRASS • OCCASIONAL ACACIA TREES – HAVE FIRE ADAPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS • ANIMALS – HERDS OF HOOFED ANIMALS – LARGE PREDATORS- LIONS, HYENAS, ETC.
TROPICAL RAINFOREST • LUSH, SPECIES-RICH BIOME THAT OCCURS WHERE CLIMATE IS WARM AND MOIST THROUGHOUT THE YEAR • PRECIPITATION • 200-450 CM/YR • VERY PRODUCTIVE BIOME • MOST SPECIES-RICH BIOME • ANCIENT, WEATHERED, NUTRIENT-POOR SOIL • NUTRIENTS TIED UP IN VEGETATION, NOT SOIL • VEGETATION • 3 DISTINCT CANOPY LAYERS • ANIMALS • MOST ABUNDANT INSECT, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ON EARTH
copyright cmassengale 45
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS ➢ Trophic Levels: producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer and so on… ➢ Food webs: real ecosystems are more complex as most consumers feed on more than one organism. ➢ Food chains: the sequence of organisms food sources
Food Chain
Trophic Levels
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS 90% energy loss each step! Ranges from 60 to 98% (90% is typical)
copyright cmassengale 50
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEMS Estimated productivity per unit area of major ecosystems Productivity of Ecosystems: The number of consumer organisms the earth can support is determined by how fast producers can supply them with energy.
copyright cmassengale 52
ES-101-Lecture-3-Module-2_Ecological-Concepts-Part-2-rev01_042756.pdf
ACTIVITY/EXERCISE NO. 1 PLEASE REFER TO THE QUIZ (I WILL BE SETTING UP A QUIZ) IN NEO- LMS PLATFORM I WILL OPEN IT THIS SATURDAY AND THIS IS TIME PRESSURED YOU ONLY GIVEN AN AMPLE TIME TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
ACTIVITY # 2 INSTRUCTIONS: IF YOU HAVE ALREADY BROWSE THE LINKS AND FINISH THE MODULES SLIDES THEN YOU ARE NOW READY FOR THE NEW ASSIGNMENT. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN AT LEAST 300 WORDS EACH. AVOID PLAGIARISM. WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN WORD DOCUMENT AND SUBMIT ON OR BEFORE AUGUST 29, 2020 11:59 PM. ANYBODY’S WORK SUBMIT AFTER THE DEADLINE WILL MARK AS ZERO. ENSURE TO FINISH IT AND SUBMIT PRIOR TO THE DEADLINE. SUBMIT THE .DOC FILE WITH FILENAME FORMAT SURNAME_M2_YYYYMMDD (E.G. DELA CRUZ_M2_20200829). DEDUCTIONS WILL BE IMPLEMENTED FOR SOMEONE'S DID NOT FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS. 1. HOW DO HUMAN ACTIVITIES IMPACT ECOSYSTEM SUCH AS SPECIES, HABITAT, COMMUNITIES, AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS (FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS) ON EARTH? 2. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIOR IN ADAPTING ANIMAL POPULATIONS TO DIFFERENT AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS? 3. WHAT ARE THE PROCESSES GENERATING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY? WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN DETERMINING SPECIES’ RANGE LIMITS?
WEB/LINK REFERENCES • http://www.giamlab.com • http://www.biogeographyresearch.org/ • https://eeb.utk.edu/exemplar-research-questions/ • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-ecology/hs-introduction-to-ecology/v/ecology- introduction • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cRgK0qG00E (ecosystem) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivqfnOhwcYY (forest ecosystem) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeQyq_fsurI (grassland ecosystem) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhaldPmkoNE • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4 (Energy flow in ecosystems)
“VITUS ET SCIENTIA”

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ES-101-Lecture-3-Module-2_Ecological-Concepts-Part-2-rev01_042756.pdf

  • 1. ES 101 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS PART 2) LECTURE 3 – MODULE 2 DR. NOLAN C. TOLOSA BSC. CHE, MSC. ENE, PHD ENE University of San Agustin
  • 2. MISSION The University of San Agustin is an Augustinian, Catholic and Filipino educational institution that aims to form the members of its academic community in Virtus et Scientia to serve Western Visayas, the Philippines, and the world.
  • 3. VISION A premier academic community of life–long learners working with one mind and one heart to search for, discover and share the Truth (Gaudium de Veritate) for the promotion of Authentic human and societal development.
  • 4. COURSE DESCRIPTION : THE COURSE COVERS THE ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTS: WATER, AIR, AND SOLID; WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES, DISPOSAL, AND MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION, RULES, AND REGULATION RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT; AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. COURSE OUTCOMES: 1. DISCUSS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, ECOLOGY OF LIFE, ECOSYSTEM. CO1 2. IDENTIFY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. CO2 3. SUMMARIZE THE EXISTING LAWS, RULES, AND REGULATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. CO3 4. IDENTIFY, PLAN AND SELECT APPROPRIATE DESIGN TREATMENT SCHEMES FOR WASTE DISPOSAL. CO4 5. RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION. CO5
  • 5. CREDIT UNITS: 3 NO. OF HOOURS: 3 HOURS (LECTURE) COURSE PRE-REQUISITES (CO-REQUISITES): 3RD YEAR STANDING TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT: STUDENTS ARE ENCOURAGE TO MANIPULATE MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION AND USE OF INTERNET ILLUSTRATIONS: ASSESSMENT TASKS: 1. STUDENTS WILL BE GIVEN ACTIVITIES FOR EACH PARTICULAR SUBJECT MATTER OF THE MODULE. 2. STUDENTS WILL GIVEN AN ASSIGNED TASKS AT THE END OF EACH MODULE (E.G. JOURNAL CRITIQUE OR REACTION PAPER AT LEAST 3 PAGES) 3. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION DURING ONLINE AND OFFLINE CLASS.
  • 6. PERFORMANCE STANDARD AND EVALUATION SYSTEM: 1. THE STUDENT IS GRADED ON PER MODULE BASIS. CUT-OFF SCORE = 60% OF RAW SCORE 2. STUDENT MUST PASS AT LEAST 80% OF ALL MODULES IN ORDER TO PASS THE COURSE. 3. STUDENTS WHO FAILED TO PASS THE 80% OF THE REQUIREMENT WILL BE GIVEN CHANCE TO TAKE REMOVAL EXAMINATION FOR FAILED MODULES IN A TERM AFTER THE MAJOR EXAM. 4. THE MAXIMUM EQUIVALENT GRADE FOR A REMOVAL EXAMINATIONS IS 75% 5. ATTENDANCE AND OTHER STUDENT REQUIREMENTS IS BASED ON THE APPROVED USA STUDENT MANUAL AND COT ADMISSION AND RETENTION POLICY. TERM OUTCOMES = 60% (MAJOR EXAM) + 40% (LEARNING TASKS)
  • 7. COMPUTATION OF GRADE *C.O. Wt. – Course Outcome Weight is determined by the level of learning according to Bloom’s Taxonomy
  • 8. OVERVIEW IN THIS MODULE, WE WILL DISCUSS THE SECOND PART OF THE ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS THAT FOCUS ON THE ECOLOGY AND ITS TYPE, COMPONENTS, FUNCTIONS AND THE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS, AND THE ECOLOGY OF LIFE. AT THE END OF THE MODULE, YOU WILL SUBMIT A REACTION PAPER OR JOURNAL CRITIQUE THAT MAY ENHANCE YOUR WRITING SKILLS AND UNDERSTANDING CAPABILITIES IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.
  • 9. LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE END OF THIS MODULE, THE STUDENT SHALL BE ABLE TO: LO1.1: DEFINE THE DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS SUCH AS THE REALMS OF ECOLOGY AND APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ECOLOGY. LO1.2: NAME THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM AND DIFFERENTIATE MAN-MADE FROM NATURAL ECOSYSTEM. LO1.3: DIFFERENTIATE ABIOTIC FROM BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM AND GIVE EXAMPLES FOR EACH. LO1.4: LIST DOWN AND EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ECOSYSTEM. LO1.5: EXPLAIN THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS.
  • 10. LECTURE COVERAGE MODULE 2 (M2.1): ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS PART 2 1. ECOSYSTEM (ECOLOGY OF LIFE) 2. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 3. COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM 4. ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
  • 11. COURSE CONTENTS BELOW IS THE SCHEDULE FOR MODULE 2 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION TIMEFRAME 1 Ecological Concepts Part 2 1.1 Ecosystem (Ecology of life) 10 – 15 minutes 1.2 Types of ecosystem 10 – 15 minutes 1.3 Components of the ecosystem 15 – 25 minutes 1.4 Activity #1 10 – 15 minutes 1.5 Ecosystem functions and Feeding Relationships 15 – 25 minutes 1.6 Activity #2 50 – 60 minutes DATE Coverage for Module 2: August 24 – 29, 2020 (10:00 – 11:30 A.M.)
  • 12. WEB LINKS https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-ecology/hs- introduction-to-ecology/v/ecology-introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cRgK0qG00E (ecosystem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivqfnOhwcYY (forest ecosystem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeQyq_fsurI (grassland ecosystem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhaldPmkoNE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4 (Energy flow in ecosystems)
  • 13. 13 What is Ecology? Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. Organism: any form of life Cell: basic unit of life Eukaryotic: nucleus/organelles Prokaryotic: bacteria/algae Examines the relationships and the interactions of living things with each other and with the environment which they live.
  • 14. 14 What is Ecology? Insects 751,000 Protists 57,700 Plants 248,400 Prokaryotes 4,800 Fungi 69,000 Other animals 281,000 Known species 1,412,000 Species- groups of organisms that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and genetic makeup…able to reproduce
  • 15. Have you thanked the insects today? Species- groups of organisms that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and genetic makeup…able to reproduce ❑ Pollinators ❑ Eat other insects ❑ Loosen and renew soil ❑ Reproduce rapidly, and can rapidly develop new traits ❑ Very resistant to extinction ❑ According to E.O. Wilson, if all insects disappeared, parts of the life support systems for us and other species would be greatly disrupted.
  • 16. • ECOLOGISTS HAVE ORGANIZED THE INTERACTIONS AN ORGANISM TAKES PART IN INTO DIFFERENT LEVELS ACCORDING TO COMPLEXITY. 1. ORGANISMS 2. POPULATIONS 3. COMMUNITIES 4. ECOSYSTEMS 5. BIOSPHERE 16 5 Levels of Organization
  • 17. BIODIVERSITY • Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things • Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown (www.thecatalogueoflife.org) •The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things including micro-oganisms. why is biodiversity important?
  • 19. 3 LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY- IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A SPECIES Chihuahua Beagle Rottweilers 2. Species diversity- as the number of species and abundance of each species that live in a particular location. Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty 3. Ecological diversity- is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. levels of biodiversity
  • 20. ECOSYSTEMS 2 MAJOR CATEGORIES: TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: LAND-BASED • FORESTS, DESERTS, GRASSLANDS, TUNDRA CLASSIFIED BY CLIMATE AND SPECIES ADAPTED TO IT. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM WATER-BASED • FRESH WATER (LAKES, STREAMS, ETC.) • MARINE LIFE ZONES (CORAL REEFS, DEEP OCEAN, ETC.) 20 “ A self-contained community of microorganisms, animals and plants, that interact with each other and with their physical environment.”
  • 22. ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC ECOSYSTEMS • ABIOTIC • WATER • AIR • NUTRIENTS • ROCKS • HEAT • SOLAR ENERGY • BIOTIC • LIVING AND ONCE LIVING BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS—PLANTS ANIMALS AND MICROBES. • DEAD ORGANISMS, DEAD PART OF ORGANISMS, AND WASTE PRODUCTS OF ORGANISMS.
  • 23. COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS ➢Abiotic chemicals ➢Photosynthesis ➢Producers (autotrophs) ➢Consumers (heterotrophs) ➢Aerobic Respiration ➢Decomposers
  • 24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PRODUCERS ➢ THE PROCESS BY WHICH GREEN PLANTS AND SOME OTHER ORGANISMS USE SUNLIGHT TO SYNTHESIZE FOODS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER. 6CO2 + 6 H2O + SOLAR ENERGY >>> C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • 25. AEROBIC RESPIRATION ➢ IS THE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE OR ANOTHER ORGANIC SUBSTRATE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
  • 26. DETRITUS FEEDERS (DETRITIVORES) ➢are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces)
  • 27. RANGE OF TOLERANCE Limiting Factor Principle: too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are near or above optimum.
  • 28. WHAT ARE THE LIMITING FACTORS? Freshwater Ecosystem Field Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem
  • 29. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 1. Forest Ecosystems ➢ Tropical Rainforest- contain more diverse flora and fauna than ecosystems in any other region on earth. In these warm, moisture-laden environments, trees grow tall and foliage is lush and dense, with species inhabiting the forest floor all the way up to the canopy. ➢ Temperate Forest-may be deciduous, coniferous or oftentimes a mixture of both, in which some trees shed their leaves each fall, while others remain evergreen year-round. ➢ Boreal Forest - located in the far north, just south of the Arctic. It is also known as taiga and features abundant coniferous trees. types of ecosystem
  • 30. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 2. Grassland Ecosystems Steppes, like those in the Ukraine, have short grasses. Prairies, which include much of the American Midwest and the pampa of Argentina, have tall grasses. Tropical savannas, like those in the Sudan, have coarse grasses. ➢ Grassland ecosystems are typically found in tropical or temperate regions, although they can exist in colder areas as well, as is the case with the well-known Siberian steppe. ➢ Grasslands share the common climactic characteristic of semi-aridity. ➢ Trees are sparse or nonexistent, but flowers may be interspersed with the grasses. Grasslands provide an ideal environment for grazing animals.
  • 31. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 3. Desert Ecosystems ➢ Common Feature: low precipitation (<25 cm/yr or 10 in/yr) ➢ Not all deserts are hot – desert ecosystems can exist from the tropics to the arctic, but regardless of latitude, deserts are often windy. ➢ Some deserts contain sand dunes, while others feature mostly rock. ➢ Vegetation is sparse or nonexistent, and any animal species, such as insects, reptiles and birds, must be highly adapted to the dry conditions.
  • 32. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 3. Tundra Ecosystems - are treeless regions found in the Arctic and on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy and rainfall is scant. Tundra lands are snow-covered for much of the year, until summer brings a burst of wildflowers.
  • 33. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 4. Freshwater Ecosystems ➢ They are subdivided into two classes: those in which the water is nearly stationary, such as ponds, and those in which the water flows, such as creeks. ➢ Freshwater ecosystems are home to more than just fish: algae, plankton, insects, amphibians and underwater plants also inhabit them
  • 34. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS 5. Marine Ecosystems ➢ Marine ecosystems are the most abundant types of ecosystems in the word. They encompass not only the ocean floor and surface but also tidal zones, estuaries, salt marshes and saltwater swamps, mangroves and coral reefs. ➢ Marine ecosystems differ from freshwater ecosystems in that they contain saltwater, which usually supports different types of species than does freshwater.
  • 35. EARTH’S MAJOR BIOMES • BIOME • A LARGE, RELATIVELY DISTINCT TERRESTRIAL REGION WITH A SIMILAR CLIMATE SOIL, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS, REGARDLESS OF WHERE IT OCCURS IN THE WORLD • LOCATION OF EACH BIOME IS PRIMARILY DETERMINED BY: • TEMPERATURE (VARIES WITH BOTH LATITUDE AND ELEVATION) • PRECIPITATION • BIOMES CAN ALSO BE DEFINED BY • WINDS, RAPID TEMPERATURE CHANGES, FIRES, FLOODS, ETC.
  • 36. TUNDRA • TREELESS BIOME IN THE FAR NORTH WITH HARSH, COLD WINTERS AND EXTREMELY SHORT SUMMERS • PRECIPITATION • 10-25 CM/YR • TEMPERATURE • SHORT GROWING SEASON • 50-160 DAYS • NUTRIENT POOR SOILS WITH LITTLE ORGANIC MATERIAL • PERMAFROST PRESENT • LOW SPECIES RICHNESS – VEG IS MOSTLY GRASSES AND SEDGES – VERY SIMPLE FOOD WEB • LOW PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
  • 37. BOREAL FORESTS (TAIGA) • A REGION OF CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE • JUST SOUTH OF TUNDRA • COVERS 11% OF EARTH’S LAND • GROWING SEASON • A LITTLE LONGER THAN TUNDRA • PRECIPITATION • ~ 50 CM/YR • SOILS ARE ACIDIC AND MINERAL POOR • VEGETATION COMPRISED OF DROUGHT RESISTANT CONIFERS – WHITE SPRUCE – BALSAM FIR – EASTERN LARCH • MOSTLY SMALL ANIMALS AND MIGRATING BIRDS • SOME LARGE ANIMALS ARE PRESENT – WOLVES, BEAR, MOOSE
  • 38. TEMPERATE RAINFOREST • CONIFEROUS BIOME WITH COOL WEATHER, DENSE FOG AND HIGH PRECIPITATION • EX: NORTHWEST US • PRECIPITATION • > 127 CM/YR • HEAVIEST IN WINTER • TEMPERATURE • WINTERS ARE MILD • SUMMERS ARE COOL • SOILS ARE NUTRIENT-POOR, BUT HIGH IN ORGANIC MATERIAL (DROPPED NEEDLES) • COOL TEMPERATURES SLOW DECOMPOSITION • DOMINANT VEGETATION • LARGE EVERGREEN TREES • OLD-GROWTH FOREST • VARIETY OF COOL CLIMATE ANIMAL LIFE • VERY HIGH SPECIES RICHNESS • HEAVILY LOGGED
  • 39. TEMPERATURE DECIDUOUS FORESTS • FOREST BIOME THAT OCCURS IN TEMPERATE AREAS WITH A MODERATE AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION • TOPSOIL IS RICH IN ORGANIC MATERIAL AND UNDERLAIN BY CLAY • PRECIPITATION • 75-150 CM/YR • TEMPERATURE • SEASONALITY • HOT SUMMERS AND COLD WINTERS • VEGETATION IS PRIMARILY DECIDUOUS – OAK, MAPLE, BEECH • ANIMALS – DEER, BEAR AND SMALL ANIMALS • MOST OF THIS BIOME LAND AREA HAS BEEN REGENERATED AFTER FARMING & TIMBER HARVEST
  • 40. GRASSLAND • GRASSLANDS WITH HOT SUMMERS, COLD WINTERS AND TOO LITTLE PRECIPITATION TO SUPPORT TREES • PRECIPITATION • 25-75 CM/YR • TALL GRASS PRAIRIES • SHORT GRASS PRAIRIES • 90% OF THIS BIOME HAS BEEN LOST TO FARMLAND • SOIL HAS THICK, ORGANIC MATERIAL RICH ORGANIC HORIZON • PERIODIC FIRES KEEP THE DOMINANT VEGETATION GRASSES • ANIMALS • ONCE COVERED WITH BISON- NO LONGER TRUE • SMALLER ANIMALS
  • 41. CHAPARRAL • ALSO CALLED A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE • EX: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA • EX: GREECE • TEMPERATURE • MILD, MOIST WINTERS • HOT, DRY SUMMERS • FREQUENT FIRES • SOIL IS THIN AND OFTEN NOT FERTILE • VEGETATION • DENSE GROWTH OF EVERGREEN SHRUBS • LUSH DURING THE GROWING SEASON • ANIMALS • MULE DEER, CHIPMUNKS, MANY SPECIES OF BIRDS
  • 42. DESERTS • BIOME WHERE LACK OF PRECIPITATION LIMITS PLANT GROWTH • TEMPERATURE • CAN VERY GREATLY IN 24-HR PERIOD, AS WELL AS YEARLY (BASED ON LOCATION) • PRECIPITATION • < 25 CM/YR • SOILS LOW IN NUTRIENTS AND HIGH IN SALTS • VEGETATION SPARSE • CACTUS AND SAGEBRUSH • ANIMALS ARE VERY SMALL TO REGULATE TEMPERATURE
  • 43. SAVANNA • TROPICAL GRASSLAND WITH WIDELY SCATTERED TREES • TEMPERATURE • VARIES LITTLE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR • PRECIPITATION • SEASONS REGULATED BY PRECIPITATION, NOT TEMPERATURE • 76-150 CM/YR • SOIL LOW IN NUTRIENTS DUE TO LEACHING • VEGETATION • WIDE EXPANSES OF GRASS • OCCASIONAL ACACIA TREES – HAVE FIRE ADAPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS • ANIMALS – HERDS OF HOOFED ANIMALS – LARGE PREDATORS- LIONS, HYENAS, ETC.
  • 44. TROPICAL RAINFOREST • LUSH, SPECIES-RICH BIOME THAT OCCURS WHERE CLIMATE IS WARM AND MOIST THROUGHOUT THE YEAR • PRECIPITATION • 200-450 CM/YR • VERY PRODUCTIVE BIOME • MOST SPECIES-RICH BIOME • ANCIENT, WEATHERED, NUTRIENT-POOR SOIL • NUTRIENTS TIED UP IN VEGETATION, NOT SOIL • VEGETATION • 3 DISTINCT CANOPY LAYERS • ANIMALS • MOST ABUNDANT INSECT, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ON EARTH
  • 46. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS ➢ Trophic Levels: producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer and so on… ➢ Food webs: real ecosystems are more complex as most consumers feed on more than one organism. ➢ Food chains: the sequence of organisms food sources
  • 49. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS 90% energy loss each step! Ranges from 60 to 98% (90% is typical)
  • 51. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEMS Estimated productivity per unit area of major ecosystems Productivity of Ecosystems: The number of consumer organisms the earth can support is determined by how fast producers can supply them with energy.
  • 54. ACTIVITY/EXERCISE NO. 1 PLEASE REFER TO THE QUIZ (I WILL BE SETTING UP A QUIZ) IN NEO- LMS PLATFORM I WILL OPEN IT THIS SATURDAY AND THIS IS TIME PRESSURED YOU ONLY GIVEN AN AMPLE TIME TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
  • 55. ACTIVITY # 2 INSTRUCTIONS: IF YOU HAVE ALREADY BROWSE THE LINKS AND FINISH THE MODULES SLIDES THEN YOU ARE NOW READY FOR THE NEW ASSIGNMENT. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN AT LEAST 300 WORDS EACH. AVOID PLAGIARISM. WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN WORD DOCUMENT AND SUBMIT ON OR BEFORE AUGUST 29, 2020 11:59 PM. ANYBODY’S WORK SUBMIT AFTER THE DEADLINE WILL MARK AS ZERO. ENSURE TO FINISH IT AND SUBMIT PRIOR TO THE DEADLINE. SUBMIT THE .DOC FILE WITH FILENAME FORMAT SURNAME_M2_YYYYMMDD (E.G. DELA CRUZ_M2_20200829). DEDUCTIONS WILL BE IMPLEMENTED FOR SOMEONE'S DID NOT FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS. 1. HOW DO HUMAN ACTIVITIES IMPACT ECOSYSTEM SUCH AS SPECIES, HABITAT, COMMUNITIES, AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS (FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS) ON EARTH? 2. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIOR IN ADAPTING ANIMAL POPULATIONS TO DIFFERENT AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS? 3. WHAT ARE THE PROCESSES GENERATING SPATIAL PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY? WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN DETERMINING SPECIES’ RANGE LIMITS?
  • 56. WEB/LINK REFERENCES • http://www.giamlab.com • http://www.biogeographyresearch.org/ • https://eeb.utk.edu/exemplar-research-questions/ • https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-ecology/hs-introduction-to-ecology/v/ecology- introduction • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cRgK0qG00E (ecosystem) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivqfnOhwcYY (forest ecosystem) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeQyq_fsurI (grassland ecosystem) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhaldPmkoNE • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnAKICtJIA4 (Energy flow in ecosystems)