Essay On Stage Scheduling

Essay On Stage Scheduling
All construction sites over the world will need to decide the master scheduling for consider lean or
not lean. Milestones are set and strategy chosen (Koskenvesa and Koskela 104) with the help some
key trades. The purpose of this is to:  Demonstrate the feasibility of completing the work within
the available time  Display an execution strategy that can serve as a basic coordinating device 
Determine when long lead items will be needed Pull Planning is a phase "carried out in
collaboration between different teams and subcontractors" and it "ensures that the best order of tasks
is determined, and thus the risk of unforeseen interference between tasks is diminished"
(Koskenvesa and Koskela 104). It is means that company should bring all the staff which is
subcontractors, foreman, etc. to put all into a room for pull a schedule backwards and identify any
constraints. Phase scheduling is a collaborative planning process, where the team:  Defines a
project phase or milestone  Breaks it down into constituent activities  Schedules activities
backward from the milestone  Development of a phase schedule is an integral part of the LPS to a
project.  Infect, the phase schedule is the basis for a 6 week look–ahead plan and ultimately the
weekly work plan, all essential components of the LPS 3.2.3 Look–Ahead Planning/Schedule This
stage is introducing LPS to ensure that the activities when entering the Commitment Plans. The
purpose of this is to:  Shape work flow in the best
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Construction Of Integrated Construction Project Management
INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT
ASSIGNMENT– 2
Topic– Lean construction– from Theory to Practice
Date– 12–31–2014
Done by– Sushil sriram Subramanian Fq7893@wayne.edu
ABSTRACT–This article compares the techniques developed for lean construction with those
developed for lean manufacturing. Lean manufacturing and lean construction techniques share many
common elements despite the obvious differences in their assembly environments
And processes. Manufacturing plants and construction sites are different in many ways that might
explain why lean production theories and practices do not fully fit the construction industry. Though
many lean construction tools and elements are still in an embryonic state, lean construction
techniques are gaining popularity because they can affect the bottom line of projects. Additionally,
this paper presents a study of a construction project in which specific lean construction elements
were tested. Each technique was evaluated in terms of its impact on the performance of the project.
Based on the findings of the study, a new "lean assessment tool" is proposed to quantify the results
of lean implementations.

The Science Behind Lean Construction Essay
The Science behind Lean Construction. Masnoon Ahmed Azmi. T00607410 What is Lean
Construction? In the terminology of construction industry, the term Lean can be defined as the
methodology adopted in the field of construction inclining towards innovative and technological
advancements. Appropriate applications of these methods would result in the efficiency of the
project, also, helps in limiting different types of wastages. The Lean construction methods promises
the improvements in production control and flow reliability, which in turn benefits the project cost
and duration reduction. Moreover, the principles on which the Lean construction is based were
derived from manufacturing processes to be utilised in construction industry. Lean construction has
adopted quality tools and principles to optimize the construction methods through efficiency,
reduction of waste and continuous improvements in the field of construction. The kind of wastages
the Lean construction majorly focuses are, –Defects– Requiring rework –Unnecessary transportation
and moving materials several times on a jobsite. –Unnecessary Movement, searching for supplies
and tools around jobsite. –Wait; workers waiting for the instruction of work and the schedule and
plan. –Non–value added processing, meaning, doing work which is not needed. –Larger inventory.
The supplies which are in excess and do not require any kind of immediate work at the construction
site, but just stored at and eating up all the

Lean Construction And The Construction Process
The idea of Lean construction when properly implemented, it becomes the centerpiece for all steps
in the construction process. According to the figure above, Lean construction is the most important
part of the process, all steps must keep in mind that value needs to be maximized and waste needs to
be minimized (Mayer Construction). From lean design, that includes the concepts, process, and
products to the supply and fabrication, all these pieces build up to the principles of Lean
construction. Lean design then leads to the supply aspect, where they make sure to just order the
proper amount needed with the goal in mind, to not make waste (Mayer Construction). The planning
process outlines all of these pieces in Lean construction. Once they get the supply than the
construction begins, during this step than they need to make sure to be time efficient, like previously
stated, sometimes construction workers are believed to be lazy but when they maximize their
efficiency within lean construction the negative beliefs will probably dissipate along with the time
wasted. With detailed, scheduled planning all the steps are previously stated and the parties know
automatically what is going on (Mayer Construction). Lean Construction Advantages There are
many great advantages to Lean construction, some include using the fewest amount of material and
having the least amount of waste that can create profit and more important, cut costs. Lean
construction is not about money at all, but

Relationships Among Bim, Ipd, And Lean Construction
Relationships among BIM, IPD, and Lean Construction
In general, IPD, Lean, or BIM is a particularly new controversial phenomenon in the construction
industry that generates many debates and discussions around each component's advantages and
disadvantages, effectiveness, and potential risks (Guerra, 2010). As BIM's complementary
connection to IPD, there are numerous questions regarding requirements of using BIM in IPD–based
projects. Like BIM–IPD considerations, is Lean construction really necessary for every IPD–related
project or only enforced by the project team favor? Interestingly, many construction professionals
question that whether or not IPD can implement without the use of BIM as well as Lean principles.
One step at a time, these inquiries are still exploring by experts and analysts whereas attempting
efforts of combining those three elements in construction projects are currently promoted as
dominant worldwide tendencies. Thus, interdependent corporations of ILB need to be carefully
evaluated in order to flawlessly synergy them in real world cases. Specific partnerships for each
combination of two factors will be subsequently revealed and examined in next section. Figure 2.1
points out the MacLeamy Curve for construction phases and costs through perspectives of
Construction Users Roundtable (CURT, 2004). As mentioned above, IPD, Lean construction, and
BIM not only remarkable share numerous mutual characteristics and common goals in quality, cost,
and time, they

Rapid Analysis for Subcontractor Resource Allocation Essay
1. Introduction
Specialist contractors – generally known as subcontractors – perform the majority of the work on
commercial construction projects. It is common for a typical construction project to utilize dozens of
subcontractors, with 80–90% of the work of most building projects in the U.S. being performed by
subcontractors (Hinze and Tracey 1994). The performance of the subcontractor is critical to project
success (Arditi and Chotibhongs 2005; Gray and Flanagan 1989). Commonly, subcontractors have
to perform work on multiple projects simultaneously (Sacks 2004), but with limited resources, each
subcontractor strives to maximum its workload at any given time for optimum resource utilization
(Mathews et al. 2003; O'Brien and Fischer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the multi–project work environment, subcontractors strive to optimize their resource utilization in
accordance with their work load, leading them to adjust resource allocations between projects(Sacks
2004). Thus, their work activities are subject to individual resource constraints (Kim and Paulson
2003). For those reasons, resource allocation has been identified as a key consideration for
subcontractors by multiple studies (Faniran et al. 1999; O'Brien and Fischer 2000; Sacks 2004;
Sacks and Harel 2006; Zhang and Tam 2003).
On the other hand, every project requires some changes during construction in order to complete the
project (Oberlender 2000). More commonly, changes are caused by contractor schedule delays, and
these delays tend to propagate downstream due to predecessor and successor linkages. The
challenges in dealing with changes become much more serious because each contractor performs
multiple projects simultaneously (O'Brien and Fischer 2000; Turner and Speiser 1992).
The difficulty in dealing with resource allocation increases tremendously in today's world. Owners
are willing to start construction without a final design to save time and money, and the owners'
needs may be also changing constantly because of the economic and industry environment. Those
factors have led to a tremendous increase of change orders (Hanna et al. 1999) and certainty number
of clauses

Fall Accidents Caused By Accidents
Fall accidents have been determined to be the single main cause of injuries and fatalities in the
construction industry in the United States. The numbers of construction related fatalities from falls
have declined between the years of 2006 through 2010, but the problem of falls consumes one third
of the construction industry work related fatalities. Construction related falls is at the top of the
OSHA list of fatal four. Even with the staggering numbers involving construction and falls there has
been little evidence to show any decline in construction site falls. To go one step farther an
employers duty to provide fall protection is the most often cited violation during the author's
research period of 2012 and 2013 based on OSHA statistics cited by the writer (Siddiqui, 2014). Fall
accidents tend to result in more serious injuries and proof of this is in the average missed time for
employees who suffer a fall. According to the writer of this particular paper reflects a minimum of
ten days of missed work. Falls within the construction industry also reflected the highest cost in
worker's compensation and medical related expenses in direct cost. In direct cost in relation to fall
injuries and fatalities are considerably higher through slowed or stopped production (project delays)
and this is more expensive than the direct cost. By reviewing OSHA's fatality inspection data
between the years of 1992–1995 it was found that there was 1,689 fatality inspections within the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Building System
1.0 Introduction
Human beings have long been using the activity of building construction. Take the Arabian region
for example, the pyramids in Egypt are one of the most shocking and astonishing wonders in the
world. Pyramids were built using a well–organized building system which nobody still seems to
know, yet everyone recognizes and admits that it is so well built that it lasted for over 2000 years.
Humans for ages have been building shelters and buildings using different types of building
systems. For centuries, the traditional building system has been used for almost all types of
buildings. The mechanized building system was later introduced and adopted in many developing
countries. Nowadays, countries are tending to lean into a far more developed system due to the
many advantages it offers; that building system is the industrialized building system. But what
exactly differentiates the industrialized building system from the other two systems and what
advantages does it offer? This paper will briefly introduce the traditional and mechanized building
systems to compare them later with the industrialized building construction system and show the
reasoning behind countries adapting this system.
1.1 General terms in building systems
To introduce the mentioned systems, a brief definition of a building system is needed. Merritt and
Ricketts (2000) defined a building as "an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that
provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, performance of human
activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination of these." Merritt and Ricketts (2000)
expressed building design as the process of providing the information required for the construction
of a building that meets the owner's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1 Traditional building

Company Analysis : Ryan Company
Individual Research Paper: Ryan Companies
Overview
Ryan is a construction company that specializes in integrated project delivery, building information
modeling (BIM), Lean construction practices and sustainable design for office, retail, industrial,
public sector, alternative energy (biomass and gasification,[2] wind, solar), health care, higher
education, hospitality, mission critical, multi–family and senior housing and mixed–use projects.
With in–house construction, design, development, capital markets and real estate management, Ryan
uses integrated project delivery (IPD) as a preferred method for and delivering design and
construction projects and organizing project teams.
Ryan Companies US, Inc., a nationally recognized developer, design–builder and real estate
manager, has specialized in fully integrated solutions for more than 75 years. Ryan builds 'lasting
relationships ' with a project delivery model based on full–service customized solutions and total
collaboration –– pairing the customer 's needs and expectations with the talents of a team of
developers, financiers, architects, engineers, constructors and property managers.
Company history
Ryan Companies US, Inc. was founded in Hibbing, Minnesota, by James Henry Ryan. Forming a
partnership with his sons Francis and Russell, James bought the Frederick Lumber Company and
renamed it Ryan Lumber and Coal in 1938. In 1949, Russell and Francis formed Ryan Realty
Company to own, finance and manage the real estate

How Lean Construction Affects The Industry
The assignment will be an essay on lean construction where I will pick a practical example where I
will relate it to the construction industry to see how lean can affect the industry and how the industry
can benefit from lean. The aim of lean is to remove waste complete where the product is the most
valuable. The construction industry is known for wasting material or leaving project uncompleted
due to finical or other reason I will analyse the the time and cost of lean seeing how it impact the
practical example and hoe much time it will save for a project as well as the cost.
Lean production is known as lean where the aim is to remove waste, which is known as Muda a
Japanese word which means waste, where the first company to use lean was Toyota. The company
caught the "world attention in 1980" (Liker, 2004) as cars where lasting longer than American cars
and Toyotas finical turnover was increased as well its shares increased by 24% when the market was
crashing. Toyota production system (TPS) and lean production are similar as the aim is to remove
waste and make the best quality product aswel to make the product the most valuable as this will
make the production line will only have adding cost to the product none adding value. There is three
types of waste the first waste is Mura a waste caused due to variation between products which can
cause delay and further costing. The second waste is Muri which is cause by overworking employers
to the maximum to the point where they

The Cultural Change Required For Start And Sustain Lean
Lean is an approach that can be used in every organization to increase customer satisfaction,
decrease costs, improve quality, and increase the output, by eliminating waste and creating value
(Manos & Vincent, 2012, p.1). According to (Manos & Vincent, 2012, p.2) "people are the most
critical element of lean production." People are the soul and the heart of every organization. They
are greatest asset and the organizations cannot achieve the goals without their efforts. The success or
failure of the lean system in the organization will be contingent on the people who perform it rather
than on any tools, equipment, software, and techniques. Organizations can gain supreme results by
considering people as the main asset and invest sufficient time, efforts and in employing and
developing the right people (Dalal, 2011, p.584). This paper will review a suggested plan for
creating the cultural change required to start and sustain lean. It is address the five of the cultural
enablers and the core fundamentals of people, specify the cultural processes, techniques, and
practices required for a lean organization. A Lean Culture Lean is not only a set of tools and
techniques implemented by an organization; it is a cultural change. It is importance to develop a
foundation for this cultural change, to ensure the success of any organization that starts the lean
journey. Manos and Vincent (2012, p.2) defines the lean culture as the entire tools of lean,
knowledge, and techniques that

The Origins Of Lean Thinking
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The origins of lean thinking is actually created from the
manufacturing industry. In the manufacturing or production industry, lean management design
approach main objective is focusing on the elimination of waste and having a smooth workflow
through a right process. Lean also enables the organization to improve performance. In the
construction industry, lean thinking still consider a new way or method of managing project in
construction. Lean in the construction is an issue of developing a new thinking, knowledge and
adopting new culture. On the other point, lean focused on value and the right process that would
maximised value and moving towards perfection. Moving from a traditional way of managing
construction project to lean will requires extra effort, not just changing the works procedure but far
from that. Changing the way we think about construction to a new paradigm; lean in construction.
On the other hand, off–site construction has been applied in the construction industry quite a while,
especially in United Kingdom construction industry. It just a matter of people perception on
accepting these off–site construction method. In other country off–site construction also known as
Industrialised Building System (IBS). Off–site construction method is about moving the site
activities away from the actual construction site into a controlled environment and organising the
work force into production line look alike. Due to changes in technology and

The Rms Builders
Elevator Pitch
RMS Builders offers fully integrated real estate development and construction services. Specializing
in large multi–family, light industrial and commercial build to suit projects that provide purchase
and leaseback options. The RMS Builders company has played an essential role in the construction
and development across western Canada, with projects that are servicing hundreds of acres of land
and over 2 million square feet of multi–family, commercial, and industrial properties. (Building for
The Future RMS, 2016)
Overview
The RMS Builders was founded in 1994 by Curtis Way, President. Curtis started the company to fill
the need of a high quality contractor for Alberta's growing economy. Since then they have developed
a strong team of capable individuals that bring cost effective solution based construction to western
Canada. They have a proven track record of completing projects on time and on budget, and have a
zero–time loss safety record since the company inception.
At RMS Builders they value honesty, integrity, trustworthiness, common sense, respect and fairness.
Their previous work experience proves that they can do the job for you on time and on budget. Their
team believes in sharing their success with you by collaborating and problem solving for the benefit
of the project. Cost effective solutions are always forefront in their minds. They understand that no
one wants a project to come in over budget. Their business Mantra is all about trust and

Jit Production System And Quality Control
Today a new production paradigm has emerged which can traced to various developments and
innovations within the JIT production system and quality control in Japan within the 1950s.
Variously labelled 'world class manufacturing', 'lean production', 'new production system',
'JIT/TQC', 'time based competition' has become a mainstream approach to production ideology by
the major manufacturing companies in both the USA and within Europe. This new ideology of
production has already had some profound consequences in a range of diverse industries from car
manufacturing to electronics. Beyond this the techniques have spread into fields such as customized
production, services, administration and product development. This new philosophy has evolved ...
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In design, control and improvement of production systems, both aspects have to be considered.
Herein lies the issue: traditionally managerial philosophies have only considered conversions, either
that or else all activity has been considered as adding value. The general disregard of flow processes
have led to a complex, confused and uncertain understanding of their operation as well an expansion
of non–value adding activities and hence a reduction of general output value. Nonetheless a range of
flow process principles have evolved and there is good evidence that these principles have produced
an efficiency of flow processes and also one which may be considerably improved. These can be
summarized thus: 1. Reduce the share of non value–adding activities. 2. Increase output value
through systematic consideration of customer requirements. 3. Reduce variability. 4. Reduce cycle
times. 5. Simplify by minimizing the number of steps, parts and linkages. 6. Increase output
flexibility. 7. Increase process transparency. 8. Focus control on the complete process. 9. Build
continuous improvement into the process. 10. Balance flow improvement with conversion
improvement. 11. Benchmark. Various forms of analysis has demonstrated that, as with the
manufacturing sector, the conceptual basis of construction

The General Overhead And Construction Projects Essay
In the past, the general overhead in construction projects was not important compared to project
costs. However, with the new construction environment and its changes such as the high usage of
lean, BIM, and LEED, everything has changed. Nowadays, most of the construction contractors are
measuring their general overhead costs and trying to control it. To gain profits, they started to
allocate their general overhead costs to different construction projects they are working on. In this
paper, we investigate how a construction company (general contractor) manages its general
overhead costs. Preceding this stage, we should provide few definitions of the general overhead
costs in order to give readers a deep insight of what this paper is about. Moreover, it is essential to
explain how construction contractors allocate their general overhead costs to construction projects,
what methods they tend to use for allocating, and what advantages and disadvantages does every
method have. Further, we shift our focus to activity–based costing method by defining it and
describing its steps. Since the main purpose of this paper is to examine how construction contractors
deal with their general overhead costs, an interview should be conducted to know how contractors
allocate general overhead cost to construction projects to get profits. Indeed, each construction
contractor may use a specific method when allocating. Due to our interest in estimating, the
interview was conducted with a senior

The Decision Making And Judgement Calls
Most decisions are made with analysis, but some are judgment calls not susceptible to analysis due
to time or information constraints. Please write about a judgment call you've made recently that
couldn't be analyzed. It can be a big or small one, but should focus on a business issue. What was
the situation, the alternatives you considered and evaluated, and your decision making process? Be
sure to explain why you chose the alternative you did relative to others considered. It feels as if we
rarely have situations with sufficient data to make decisions clear and absolute. Maybe those
situations do occur frequently, but because they are obvious, we don't even register them as
decisions. Leadership hinges on effective decision making and judgement calls. That includes
gathering information for analysis when available, but also recognizing how not to be caught in
analysis paralysis. Effective leaders constantly evaluate the situation, recognize the benefits, risks,
and constraints and move forward. Nothing impedes an organization more than inability to commit
to a path forward. As Intel's facilities organization worked to transition the entire structure of how
we contracted and executed construction projects on Intel's Ronler Acres campus, I made countless
judgement calls. One in particular stands out. I needed to decide if we would use cost based
incentives as part of the contracting strategy and execution processes, and if we decided to use them,
how it would

The Construction Of A Construction Project Delivery
Research Scopes and Goals
Depended upon developing trends of not only the U.S. construction industry, also the worldwide one
in general, this research is precisely about the cooperating relationships and efficiencies of a full
collaboration, including Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Lean Construction, and Building
Information Modeling (BIM) in intensifying performance of plenty construction project types.
Specifically, this research investigates and analyzes numerous necessary means and techniques used
for a true collaboration of cooperation of IPD, Lean, and BIM (or ILB in short); additionally, the
efficiency of full–ILB cooperation is proved by the examination of two important variables of a
construction project, which are Cost Performance Index (CPI) and Schedule Performance Index
(SPI), with participation of more than 75 projects and case studies. Technically, three essential
phases of a construction project, such as pre–construction (planning, pre–design, estimating costs,
schematic design, and constructability review), construction (managing constructing process,
tracking project schedule, and controlling costs), and post–construction (closeout work and final
completion) are specifically investigated together with proposed conceptually synergistic models of
these factors. Investigating all possible components for a perfect ILB and evaluating this
partnership's effects on project cost and schedule performance are spreading more and more
knowledge and applications of

Risks And Challenges Of Indian Construction Industry
RISKS AND CHALLENGES IN INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Risk in Construction needless to mention, with huge money, comes the company of big risks. In the
area of Indian construction, the risks are abundant, due to the involvement of legal, political,
financial and cultural complexities. As far as construction in India is concerned, there is lack of
experience, but the opportunities for growth for companies willing to enter the arena are immense.
The domestic construction industry is growing at a rapid pace, due to high demand for housing and
increase in expenditure on infrastructure. All of the most challenging projects across country involve
a variety of complex processes working simultaneously. Every critical activity is associated with a
risk and can negatively affect the project objectives, such as time and schedule, cost and quality of
work. The number of risks arising from a task is directly proportional to the number of people
working on it. Mismanagement is one of the various sources of risk. These days, most of the big
projects are sublet to sub–contractors, and therefore risk assessment and mitigation has become
more and more challenging. (McKinsey & Company, 2009) (Sharmila & Pimplikar, n.d.)
As a developing country, India has not focused on risk management. Construction projects in India
face various types of risks such as business risks, financial risks, technology risk, project risk and
political risk. Most common challenges encountered by the construction

Company Analysis: Willmott Dixon Group
Wilmott Dixon Group: Construction Company I. Objective This study will examine Wilmott Dixon
Group, a construction company and conduct a case study on how the company began, its growth,
market, life cycle and will conduct a SWOT and Pestel Analysis. This work will further state a five–
year development plan for the company to move forward in a sustainable and fair trade market. II.
Introduction Wilmott Dixon construction company states an ambition to "provide sustainable space
for people, businesses, and communities to thrive in." (Willmott Dixon Group, 2012, p.1) Wilmott
Dixon states that there are various things that make the company unique and for example, Wilmott
Dixon is "...one of the largest privately owned companies specializing in construction, development,
and support services..." (Willmott Dixon Group, 2012, p.1) Wilmott Dixon states that sustainability
is at the heart of the organization and serves to form the foundation of all company activities
internally and externally. Their sustainable development delivery system is reported to be divided
into four key categories: (1) putting people first; (2) tackling climate change and energy efficiency;
(3) smarter use of natural resources and (4) responsible business. (Willmott Dixon Group, 2012, p.1)
III. SWOT The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of Wilmott Dixon will be
examined in this section. The company's strengths are first reviewed. Strengths The first strength of
Wilmott Dixon is the

Current Trends On The Construction Industry
Current Trends in the Construction Industry
Beginning a new year of the construction industry with a report of 6% growth (achieved
approximately $712 billion) in the financial profit of construction from Dodge Data & Analytics '
2016 Construction Outlook, many analysts and experts predict that potential values for the
construction business will be progressively increased with extensions of modern technologies and
state–of–the–art concepts for improving construction performance, especially in project cost and
schedule achievements (Peiffer, 2016). Although it is noticeable that diverse tendencies, including
prefabrication or offsite constructions, green buildings, remodeling, etc., are taking higher place in
the next decades, true collaborations, sophisticated building modeling tools, and practical value–
boosted procedures are always bottom lines for a blossoming construction project. It is
unquestionable that construction project costs and schedule are spectacularly difficult to predict by
reason of complexity of building procedures and presence of thousands of dependent variables
throughout a project. As a result, duties and responsibilities of forecasting and envisioning project
cost and schedule performance are considered as momentous challenges and complicated issues for
all construction experts and professionals (Ai et al., 2015). Growing from these concerns, a
suggestion of synergizing components that particular affect the cost and schedule efficiency is
becoming an

How Do We Execute Our Construction Projects?
Let us first take a look through to some other major business and technology trends we are facing
today that will impact how we execute our construction projects. It is no secret that we are living in
a highly competitive environment, thanks to the global financial crisis there are fewer available
projects with more contractors vying for them. Owners and governments increasingly demand that
you deliver their complex projects faster and at a lower cost. You need to provide more accurate cost
estimates and material quantities to ensure that you stay on budget and because project timelines are
shrinking you have to manage projects with as few time and cost intensive RF eyes and change
orders as possible. In addition owners and governments are increasingly savvy and expect you to
have new qualifications before awarding the work. The construction industry is realigning in a
fundamental way that is construction firms like yours are driving integrated practices in more
effective production cycles by taking more control of the supply chain. The industry is under
pressure to reduce waste both to protect the environment and to increase profitability. Over the past
several years it has been documented that the construction industry produces 30% waste. That
means 1 out of 3 dollars spent on project is wasted. When you consider construction is a 7 trillion
dollar global industry that's a tremendous amount of wasted money. There are several ways
construction firms are trying to reduce

Different Types Of Research Method Essay
There are two types of research method which are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative Research
is primarily exploratory research. For this research, qualitative method is using with the secondary
data to focus on industry perceptions because it's used to gain an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions, and motivations. The Last Planner workshops and seminars are designed to
introduce participants to the five elements of the Last Planner: All construction sites over the world
will need to decide the master scheduling for consider lean or not lean. Milestones are set and
strategy chosen (Koskenvesa and Koskela 104) with the help some key trades. The purpose of this is
to:  Demonstrate the feasibility of completing the work within the available time  Display an
execution strategy that can serve as a basic coordinating device  Determine when long lead items
will be needed Pull Planning is a phase "carried out in collaboration between different teams and
subcontractors" and it "ensures that the best order of tasks is determined, and thus the risk of
unforeseen interference between tasks is diminished" (Koskenvesa and Koskela 104). It is means
that company should bring all the staff which is subcontractors, foreman, etc. to put all into a room
for pull a schedule backwards and identify any constraints. Phase scheduling is a collaborative
planning process, where the team:  Defines a project phase or milestone  Breaks it down into
constituent activities  Schedules

The Construction Industry
Construction industry has long been criticized for its poor performance. After major reports such as
Latham (1994) and Egan (1998), major studies are carried out in different procurement routes,
management system and technique and construction method. Beyond these, it has been suggested,
that 'softer' factors such as organisational culture also have a significant impact on performance
(Nicolini, 2002). The concept of organisation culture is a popular part of general management since
early 1980s. But in construction industry with its project based environment, innovative
procurement and business practices such as partnering, lean construction and internationalisation of
procurement, potential impact of culture even more pronounced than ... Show more content on
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This assertion is presented by various academics who have examined the same on construction.
Ankrah and Langford (2005) studies at project level and organisation level, for instance, asserted
that, conflict can occur at the interface level between the architect and contractor because of specific
cultural characteristics and orientations. Further he states that, awareness of the likelihood difference
may improve the overall project performance.
Furthermore, Zhang and Anita (2006) studies on national level, argued that there is significant
relationship between work performance and different culture profiles of construction enterprise.
Similarly, Koh et al. (2008) studied the implementation of total quality management (TQM) in
different organisational culture profile and recommended the possible implementation strategies
based on different organisational culture orientation.
Moreover, in a cross culture studies at International level, Low et al., (2002) presented a study on
Singaporean construction firm working in China, which showed that mismanaging cultural
differences rendered otherwise successful managers and organisations ineffective and frustrated
when working across cultures. According to Ping Chen et al. (2004), effects of culture on transfer
and implementation of management philosophies in a cross culture project is not always

Construction Project Essay
The design phase in the construction project life cycle is considered as a significant contributor to
the project performance. Many researchers have considered this phenomenon as being dependent on
the project success which comprises of quality, cost, time and sustainability. Nowadays, most of the
construction projects must be delivered through the fast track, therefore it is difficult to co–ordinate
between the specialists and personnel as there is no accepted platform of good practice in managing
the design process (Bibby, 2003). Although some technologies have been developed and applied in
construction projects, the performance of the construction industry is still considered low (Sacks &
Goldin, 2007). (Aziz & Hafez, 2013) argue that the current technologies can only improve the
management of the construction process, however, in improving quality of the projects effectively, it
does not reduce cost and time of design and construction. This is referred to as the traditional
method that is still in place and currently being practiced in the industry. The objective of this work
is to present the innovative design process in building construction projects where lean thinking
(LT) is being considered for design process improvements. This research proposes a design process
model that integrates LT into the traditional design process with activities which are able to
eliminate wastes in the design process. The model is based on the set–based concurrent engineering
(SBCE)

Questions On How The Clients ' Needs Essay
1. How the clients' needs were specifically met (for example, approaches/briefing and follow
through communication /monitoring methods/processes) from the inception of the selected project
till the handover of the completed project? More often than not we find that the client lacks
sufficient knowledge that is required for a construction project. It was such client that we had to
encounter. The client's needs were met by incorporating the following processes: i. The Briefing
There was a Briefing process early on, during which the client 's requirements were written down.
This is usually held before the start of every project. It consists of the Client's Project manager, the
designer, the consultant, the Contractor's Project Manager and the Planning in charge. The following
were discussed during the briefing: 1. The purpose, scope and the necessary outcomes of the project
2. Functions of the stakeholders and the relationship between them 3. Budget and time allocations,
structure of the organization 4. Procurement instructions 5. Site safety, environmental conditions and
other factors that may affect the project ii. E–mails All the emails were regularly documented. This
forms the legal document and all project related communications were done through e–mails. All
grievances or changes in the design or changes in scope were notified through e–mails. iii. Feedback
System A regular feedback system was created with the client. It formed a document as well as a
medium where

Construction Sequence for a Typical Project
Work Events Make Construction Sequence A Typical Project
Construction Sequence for Typical Project Management of construction projects needs skills and
knowledge in modern management and comprehension of construction and design process. In
construction projects, the relevant technology processes, and arrangements differ, but common
sequence of events apply. Construction projects generally require a specification of the project plans
and objectives that entail budgeting, scope, setting of performance requirements, scheduling, and
project participants (Rojas, 2009). It also requires project management specifics like the resource
utilization by procurement of materials, labor, and equipment to project plan and schedule. In
addition, it leads to implementation of several operations by effective control, estimation, design,
construction, and contracting (Mincks & Johnston, 2010). The sequence of events occurring in the
construction phase is categorized into three broad areas including foundation, structural, and finishes
sequence. In construction projects, the sequence of construction entail the determination of building
sequence, subdivision of floor plan, determination of floor sequence, and determination of work
rate. Fundamental principles in lean construction create a sequence that includes the stop line and lat
work process for correction of systematic problems (Rojas, 2009). This also involves the pulling
versus pushing process, the one–piece flow process,

Literature Study On Construction, Six Sigma, And Lean...
2 LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the concepts of waste, Lean Construction, Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma. It
provides an explanation of the tools and techniques of Lean and Six Sigma from the literature study.
It also provides the case studies and frameworks for implementation of Lean and Six Sigma in the
construction industry by various authors.
2.2. LEAN CONSTRUCTION
2.2.1 Introduction
Lean Construction is inspired from the Toyota Production. Toyota production provided the
Transform –Flow –Value(TFV) philosophy of production in 1950's.(Koskela, 1992).According to
this philosophy the production is not only transformation of the inputs to outputs but there exists a
flow of resources and information which seeks to generate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is the integration of the Should–Can–Will–Did analysis to provide different schedule. It is
opposite to the conventional planning process where adherence to the master schedule is the most
important.
Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS)
Lean Project Deliver system is a conceptual framework to implement the Lean construction for a
project in all the stages in the project definition, design and construction.
Collaboration
It is defined as the collaboration of all the stakeholders in the planning, design, and construction
process. Various tools like Building Integrated Modelling (BIM), Lean Project delivery system,
communication techniques facilitate it.
Kaizen
Kaizen is defined as the continuous improvement while using the techniques of Lean construction.
The organization implementing lean construction has a mechanism to evaluate performance of the
techniques and continues improvements based on lessons. Implementation of lean construction is a
continuous pursuit of perfection.
Visual Aids
Visual Aids help to understand the process and elements for all the part of the construction. They are
also used to guide the workforce to do difficult tasks.

2.3 SIX

Dual Engineering And Integrated Product Development
Question #1) Concurrent engineering (also known as simultaneous engineering and integrated
product development (IDP)) was originally defined in 1988 by the Institute for Defense Analysis
(IDA) in its report "The Role of Concurrent Engineering in Weapons System Acquisition" (Stark,
1998). This practice is opposite to consecutive engineering, where various components of a business
(such as marketing, manufacturing, and design) are siloed with one another. Consecutive
engineering leads to a "throw it over the wall" mentality, as one business component such as
marketing performs the tasks required for its division and then would send it down the line to
design. This fragmented business structure leads to quality issues in the product development, which
results in greater cost and slower development (Stark, 1998). In addition, a company can expect with
consecutive engineering to have many engineering changes occur, issues with production, and lower
product competiveness. These engineering changes can negatively affect the cost of the product, as a
change that occurs much farther down the process will have higher scrap and rework associated with
changes that occurred earlier in the product conception. Figure 1: Concurrent Engineering Overview
(Information Systems Planning Corporation) In stark contrast, as evidenced in a simplistic
viewpoint from Figure 1, concurrent engineering brings together these various departments in
product development, and utilizes multidisciplinary

Application Of Fuzzy Rule Based System
APPLICATION OF FUZZY RULE BASED SYSTEM IN LEAN CONSTRUCTION IN
HIGHWAY PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY IN INDIA
DIVYARAJ. B. JADEJA1, ASHU S. KEDIA2, NAIMISH BHATT3, DEBASIS SARKAR4
1P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan,
Gandhinagar, 382001– India
2,3Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Raisan,
Gandhinagar, 382001– India
4Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University,
Raisan, Gandhinagar, 382001– India
Lean construction approach is derived from the production system developed at the Toyota
Corporation (automotive industry) and is employed in the construction industry. Infrastructure
development in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The present study attempts to analyse the governing factors behind the delays in construction of
highway projects in India. Ahmedabad, largest city in the state of Gujarat and the adjoining areas are
considered for fetching the data required in the present work. Pre–designed questionnaire is
prepared and used as a research tool for collecting information pertaining to frequency of occurrence
of non–value adding activities in highway projects with respect to construction practices. Seventy
seven samples are being collected and the same are used here for the analysis. Fuzzy Logic based
Delay Prediction Models (FL–DPM) are developed to predict the delay in construction of highways
for different levels of control over the three categories of predictor variable i.e. Human Resource,
Equipment and Material. The developed models are observed to predict the delay in projects
satisfactorily as validated by the collected responses. These models find application in Indian
infrastructure industry where a huge uncertainty prevails right from the planning phase to the
execution of the project. The findings here can facilitate dissemination of research and practice of
Lean Construction concept among stakeholders of the Indian construction sector which is believed
to mitigate various losses that accompanies the conventional approaches, particularly in the
execution of highway projects.
Keyword: Fuzzy Logic, Lean Construction, Highway

Design And Construction Of Cluster Teams
Also recognized through collected case studies, assembling of cluster teams plays a crucial roles in
the project teams distribution, such as mechanical, electrical, & plumbing engineering (MEP),
structural, etc. This concept not only helps increase the organization and team management, also
constitutes and develops a truly environment of interdependence, communication, and cooperation.
Based on some healthcare projects, the cluster teams involve in both design and construction phases
with the ability to set up the Target Design Value (TDV), another tool from Lean theory discussed
later in this section, and strengthen IPD applications by integrating all participants in the decision–
making and throughout the entire delivery process. Figure 7, for instance, gives a typical case of
cluster groups observed from data collection part. Figure 7. An Example of a Cluster Team from
Mission Bay Medical Center, UCSF, CA (Enache–Pommer, 2010). The Last Planner System (LPS).
This perception is very common in Lean approach and typically necessary in LIB–based projects,
especially in almost healthcare case studies analyzed in this paper. The constitutional reasons of
implementing LPS in construction projects are to delivery projects quickly and safely, establish
predicting programs, develop the whole project productivity, create and maintain the believability
from customers with just–in–time shipments, and substitute the traditional critical path method
(CPM). Generally, LPS decides the

Cathedral Hill Hospital
Cathedral Hill hospital
Client's requirements:
The owner California pacific medical center, an affiliate of Sutter health came up with the project of
building a new medical center known as the Cathedral Hill Hospital within the San Francisco metro
area. In 2002, California pacific medical center hired the architecture firm, Smith group under the
Sutter's multiparty contract, integrated form of agreement (IFOA) to design the 860,000 sf, 14 level
hospital that could house 555 beds. Sutter was also involved in cost predictability and hence they
used Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) as a company. In addition to this, Schedule predictability was
also a vital reason for using IPD to encounter the various critical variables of the project. The client
also wanted to implement and execute BIM so as to achieve the designated goals. As per the
requirement following are the list of owner's design goals:
Excellence in clinical care
Education
Community Service
Patient satisfaction
Family involvement with the patient
Private room
With the progress of the project, the owner (Client) came up with various additional items they
desired to add, mainly referred to as the value added items and stalked them on separate budget line
because they were not intended in the original program or estimated maximum cost. As the team
reduced costs through innovation, coordination and teamwork, they were able to incorporate some
of the value added items the client desired.
Project

The Importance Of Housing In The United States
I returned from my deployment to Afghanistan tan, lean, and anxious about the impending nuptials a
few weeks away. During the intervening time, I looked for a house that my wife and I could call
home, our own expression of the American dream. I found a brick ranch in a neighborhood that had
been built right after World War II–probably to house a family in a very similar situation to my own.
I was able to purchase the house thanks to a zero down loan from a local bank, guaranteed by the
Veterans Administration. My situation was not a unusual one, but rather an echo of the development
of suburbia. The United States was suffering from a severe housing shortage in the 1930's and
despite their best construction efforts, faced a worsening crisis ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Before these loan programs, buyers needed a 30% down payment, but the FHA loans could be made
with a 10% down payment. The structure of the FHA and VA loan programs reduced the
administrative costs associated with loan origination by 15 percent and lowered the interest rate by
two or three percentage points. By increasing the amount of leverage people could deploy to buy a
house, the FHA made purchasing a home a possibility for people who used to rent, with one person
noting that they, "...had been paying $50 per month rent, and here we come up and live for $29 a
month." This motivated people who were renting in the city to move out into the suburbs where they
could buy their own home, contributing to the white middle class flight from the city. FHA loans for
repairing a home had worse terms than buying a new home, which incentivized people to purchase a
new dwelling rather than repair their current one. The Veterans Administration and Federal Housing
Administration loan programs allowed for a large portion of the American people to shift from long–
term renters to potential home owners, which provided a ready pool of buyers for new home

Evaluation Of A Project Manager Management
The report describes the tasks performed by me in accordance to the directives given by the course
COSC 684 300: Professional Internship in Summer 2015 semester. The internship was scheduled
from May 18, 2015 thru August 18, 2015. Mainly, three task areas were selected and agreed upon in
the agreement between me and the company.
Activities and Experience: Preparing estimates by performing take–offs for windows and lighting
provided a practical experience to the coursework in estimation. Master schedule, daily, weekly and
monthly forecasts for a project was covered by scheduling and also the various processes that go
into making the schedule more efficient like crashing were observed on site as well as from the
perspective of a project manager. During the course of work, a proposal for standardizing the
processes like material management on site, preparing punch lists and work force management were
proposed by me which are implemented or in the stage of implementation after review, this is
intended to improve productivity and an attempt to embrace lean principles in the organization.
During the biding process, the interactions with the bidding contractors and the negotiations we
conducted was application of negotiations in competitive environment. Processing the change
orders, preparing the scope of work, work schedule, contract agreement and schedule of values
would act as a perfect foundation for contracts and risk management. Company operations were
observed and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mud And Stone
hapter 5. Solutions Beyond the Ordinary: Adaptations and Alternatives
5.1 Advantages and Adaptations of Mud and Stone
The use of mud and stone is mainly due to affordability. They cannot manage construction
completely without cement. They use it for the plinths and foundations. They have used lime
wherever possible but over the years lime plaster has proven difficult to maintain.
This shows that it is practically impossible for them to construct purely out of mud and stone.
What is interesting is the use of steel in combination with wattle and daub in Proto Village. In the
dome house they have used a geodesic steel framework over which they have filled alternate
triangles in with wattle and daub.
This concept can be taken even further and could possible lead to the construction of large span mud
structures.
The main problem they are facing is roofing materials. Thatch roofs are the most practical for this
weather and budget but they also require a lot of maintenance. Another option would be to continue
using aluminium sheeting but this will have to be insulated properly.
The roofing methods that are currently being used are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A layer of wire mesh is used over the galvanised iron sheet before laying the reinforcement of the
framing beams which are welded to the J hooks used to anchor the sheets. This ensures that the
concrete does not fill the valleys of the galvanized iron sheets and the air gap provides thermal
insulation. The framing beams are then concreted to accommodate the infill material such as lean
concrete or stabilized mud. This can then be clad with clay tiles, broken ceramic bars or slate
depending on the availability of materials in the region. Effectively the concrete is used as a quilt
over the internally secure waterproof diaphragm and assumes a secondary use. Galvalum sheets can
be used in coastal regions where corrosion is a serious concern owing to

Persuasive Essay On Manifest Destiny
America is the home of the brave and land of the free. It's the continent known for the start of new
beginnings, and renewal of life. You are free to believe what you want, love who you wish, and be
you think you are designed to be. Although America may have many benefits that most countries
and continents don't, it came at a price. America had to fight her way to the top, and every
constitutional right was earned by the endurance and victories it took to make them possible.From a
fledgling nation that didn't have much hope to one that had the courage to proclaim Manifest
Destiny America definitely earned everything it has to offer.
From the beginning America has been a sort of safe haven. From when the pilgrims first decided to
cross the Atlantic, due to the dysfunctions of England. At the time England was very unfair to most
of its people. By not letting one rank up higher if the where at a lower class, or only letting the
eldest of the family inherit any land that the parents owned, leaving nothing to offer their other
children. But the biggest reason was that the Church of England wouldn't allow its people to
worship God the way the people felt was correct. So therefore they made the decision to cross over
to America where they would be free to start over again and worship God freely and how they felt
was the accurate and correct way to do so.
Although crossing over to America was the only option the pilgrims had if they wished to start anew
there would be risks that came with it. The risk of leaving their homes behind knowing that
returning wasn't exactly an option. Along with the fact that they didn't have an exact idea of where
they were going or where they would end up. They basically risked their lives just to be able to
worship God freely and for their families to not have to dwell under England's unfair rulings.
After crossing the relentless Atlantic with the tragic fact that some of their people were lost along
the way, they officially made it to America. They arrived in the land that was going to be the start of
their new lives, but it resulted in more than half of their population dead within the first few weeks
of winter. Even though they faced many difficulties they still

Benefits Offsite Production For A Construction Project
2.0 CHAPTER 2 LITERATRE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this section of the dissertation it will provide a detailed insight to the benefits offsite production
can bring to a construction project. As well as discussing some of the key factors that, need to be
thought through in order to execute this method successfully within a construction project.
2.2 History of offsite construction
Offsite construction is a method of building that can be traced back to being used thousands of years
ago as far back as Roman times. It is perhaps most commonly associated with the post war when
there was a demand for housing and rebuilding in the form of prefabricated building were seen as
the solution (Brennan, 2013). The end of the war in the United Kingdom seen the construction
industry hit with major skill shortages and building materials, both of which had been preoccupied
by there commitments to the war. (A L Rogan, 2015) It resulted in a critical shortage of housing this
shortage inspired a search for new techniques of construction that would help provided a solution.
Iimmediately after the war there was a large amount of steel production from industries that were
targeted towards the war output and now required to rethink how the operate (Taylor, 2015).
This resulted in these industries turning towards offsite prefabrication and developed many varieties
of concrete, timber, steel and hybrid framed systems. Throughout the 50's and 60's the UK building
industry moved towards industrialised

Improving The Construction Management Process
Assignment–1 IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT PROCESS ENG8205–
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Prepared for The University of Southern
Queensland Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia http:/www.usq.edu.au Vijay Paliwal 2014
ABSTRACT Construction activities are increasingly becoming more demanding in today's dynamic
world in terms of delivery and complexity hence requires proper management to ensure its timely
delivery to desired standards. In order to meet planned targets it is vital to plan and sequence tasks at
both (macro and micro) levels along with flow of resources for the activity. It is required to plan
work and resources in a manner that the available resources can be best utilised to obtain optimal
output. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
KEYWORDS Location–Based Management Systems, CPM, flow line, Line of Balance, project
planning. Acknowledgements I would like to thank University of Southern Queensland for giving
me opportunity for this research paper writing. I would also like to thank all those who have directly
or indirectly contributed to the information cited in this academic research paper. CPM : Critical
path method LoB : Line of Balance LBMS : Location based management system INTRODUCTION
Most of the construction projects are planned and managed using Critical Path Method scheduling
technique (CPM). This is evident in the research done by Tavakoli and Riachi in 1990, in which they
surveyed 400 contractors regarding usage of Critical path method approach in scheduling. During
the study they found that very high percentages (93%) of the construction companies were using
CPM for their construction projects. This reflected that the industry is pleased with the traditional
approach (CPM) for plan and management of their projects. However, in a survey conducted by the
members of the Associated General Contractors of America identified that the scheduling
technology of CPM is vital area which required improvements. However, if we compare CPM with
LoB, a lot of researchers have also identified that there are lot of essential advantages

A Mobile Solution Provider For The Integration Of Field...
Latista is a mobile solution provider for the integration of field management activities. Basically, it
is a cloud–based quality management program that can aid to effectuate competency by lean
hardware prepossessions. Altogether, Latista has numerous modules named Latista Field, Latista
Business Intelligence, Latista Document, and Latista Design Review. This paperless solution is able
to perform following functions.
1. QA/QC checklists can be exerted to guarantee quality control of projects.
2. A rolling punch list to guide contractors to keep track of contentions before they pile up.
3. Track project performance, manage and resolve site grievances at earliest.
4. Access all types of documents including drawings, equipment lists, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With Latista field, notes were automatically transcribed and organized, and the system was perfect
for punch lists. The biggest practical use of Latista field was to communicate issues and updated
information to 100 subcontractors working on the job site. The subcontractors need not buy a
licensed copy of Latista field software, they were able to access information from their own offices
through Latista's exclusive web portal and via emailed reports.
The company was able to complete the project in 23 months itself. Latista field software helped
them to decrease time, staffing needs, changes or error and improve collaboration. Thousands of
punch lists issues were managed in only three weeks. Project was delivered in the budget of $611
million. Clark employees were amazed with the ease of information management due to Latista
software. Data entry was reduced which helped the construction company optimize the staffing
needs on the job. Moreover, report turnaround became easier from normal 3 days to within a day.
Overall, Clark construction was completely satisfied about their choice of using Latista software to
allow paperless and faster information processing throughout the project timeline.
DPR construction was working on a Sulpizio Family Cardiovascular Center for Thornton Hospital
at University of California San Diego. Project team decided to implement Latista to ease the
extensive punch lists and to bring

The Need for Quality Metrics in Green Construction Companies
The Need for Quality Metrics in Green Construction Companies:
Analysis of Quality Differences in Traditional and Sustainable Building Practices
Susie Williamson susangwilliamson@hotmail.com 9470 N. Little Cottonwood Rd. Sandy, Utah
84092
Dr. Leo Shelton
PM 588
Fall Session 2, 2010
Introduction
Conrad Construction Industries is a residential and commercial contracting firm based in Salt Lake
City, Utah consisting of 100 employees, in addition to governing a board of directors and multiple
subcontractors. The organization has maintained a competive advantage in the construction industry
for several years. However, in 2006 the board of directors recognized an industry trend towards
sustainable building driven by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literary Review 1. Green Building Market Pacing Three–fold Gains by 2013
" The U.S. green building market is accelerating at a dramatic rate, potentially tripling over the next
five years." "Report confirms a fivefold climb in the value of green building construction starts from
2005 to 2008, and cites prospects for the market reaching the $96 billion to $ 140 billion growth
range in five years". (Rock Products, 2010)
2. A Lean Modeling Protocol for Evaluating Green Project Delivery
"The first vital step to leaning an operation is to model or map the processes used to deliver
processes. This indicates where value–adding activity exists, and provides the foundation for
improvement."
"Research is beginning to show that delivery process features are a major factor in the increase of
first cost for green buildings (Mogge 2004), and that owners modifying the traditional project
delivery process to accommodate green buildings can reduce or eliminate their first cost increase for
green buildings (Lipinski 2005)."
" To achieve their performance benefits, green projects use intense interdisciplinary collaboration
during design, highly complex modeling and analysis, and careful material and system selection
particularly early in the project delivery process (Riley et al. 2004)."
(Klotz, Horman, & Bodenschatz, 2007)
3. An Integrated

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