Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code for Hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA Wireless System

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol.8, No.6, December 2018, pp. 5107~5117
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp5107-5177  5107
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code
for Hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA Wireless System
Rashid Ali Fayadh1
, Mousa K. Wali2
, Mehdi F. Bonneya3
1
Departement of Electrical Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering Techniques,
Middle Technical University, Iraq
2
Departement of Medical Instrumintation Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering Techniques,
Middle Technical University, Iraq
3
Departement of Electrical and Electronic, Kut Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 19, 2017
Revised Jul 16, 2018
Accepted Jul 30, 2018
Since the wireless systems are working under nature environments and
influenced by turbulence, weather in Iraq that leads to extended amount of
fading signal, dissipation or attenuation. Basic “hybrid Subcarrier
Multiplying Spectral Amplitude Coding (SCM-SAC) of Optical Code
Division Multiple Access (OCDMA)" indoor or outdoor optical system
depends on generally “Multi-Diagonal (MD)" security code by using optical
space known as “Free Space Optic (FSO)" that was proposed in this work. It
is found that the mention hybrid wireless systems can be used in operating
mesh networks. The main proposed idea of hybrid optical technique was
analyzed and simulated by normally taking into simulation account that the
directly effecting by rain and haze attenuations. In addition, there are
mention and description for atmospheric effects, FSO mesh network,
modulation scheme, simulation, and the data security. From simulation
results, the hybrid system using MD code produces reduced “bit-error rate
(BER)" at heavy storm rain to distance or range of 500 m and at drizzle rain
up to 2500 m range. And also investigates the performance of using the
proposed system with radio over fiber (RoF) for UWB signals through indoor
propagation in building applications of wireless channel.
Keyword:
Free Space Optics
Multi-Diagonal, OCDMA
Radio Over Fiber
SCM-SAC-OCDMA
UWB Technology
Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Rashid Ali Fayadh,
Departement of Electrical Power Engineering,
Middle Technical University,
Al-Dora Road, College of Electrical Engineering Techniques, Baghdad, Iraq.
Email: rashidfayadh47@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the FSO is becoming wide used and nowadays very important for communication. This
FSO is a technology of laser-driven that is supporting wide bandwidth range. This technology is easy to
install for optical connections for the free license, last-mile, campus environments, and high security. In
addition, the FSO is an important solution of the required cost-effective, growing popularity of low cost or
inexpensive connection clients, secure wireless networks in outdoor, and much enhanced by the Radio
Frequency (RF) technique. Technical hybrid Radio over fiber (RoF) of SAC-OCDMA was proposed to carry
over long distance the high data capacity of digital information over link of fiber protected and maximize or
optimize the data amount and increase the number of transmission users as in [1].
The “hybrid subcarrier multiplying SCM-SAC-OCDMA" optical system that based on multi-
diagonal security data code by using link of fiber is investigated for reducing the “multi-access interference
(MAI)" with wireless high propagated data bit rate and that leads to increase the number of defined area for
active or connected users as represented and improved bywork of [2] that is focusing in this field. TheFSO

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Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 8, No. 6, December 2018 : 5107 - 5117
5108
optical systems are starting to be nowadays accepted in the private or military marketplace as a normal
solution to replace an expensive fiber optic to be based solutions. To reduce the cost-effective between the
fiber optic infrastructure and end users, the communication technology of FSO was produced by [3].
Moreover, FSO links are a modern emerging optical technology which has been found their applications in
long-haul and short links for communications same as “Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)", and “Local
Area Network (LAN)". In addition, the disadvantage of FSO is suffering from unexpected and sudden
changing in weather situations [4].
In this paper, mesh network was proposed by illustrating original “hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA"
optical system that based on multi-diagonal security code with the FSO link to provide access real-time of
processing communication between WLAN controllers and lightweight access operating points to deliver
RoF management, centralized security policies, secure of system, and quality of service (QoS) [5]. Also this
mesh network was designed to reduce the space attenuations of rain and haze in the optical system
performance depending on the tropical conditions in weather of Iraq sector [6]. In 2002, "the US Fedral
Communications Commission (FCC)" licensed the spectral frequency band from 3.1 GHz up to 10.5 GHz
with "transmitted power less than -41.3 dBm/MHz" for indoor and outdoor wireless propagation with two
major techniques impulse radio and frequency division multiplexing UWB systems.
This propagation is limited for several meters (less than 30 meters) and increasing the coverage area
is required for future applications. In addition, to improve the availability of undisrupted wireless service
over different networks, ultra wideband over fiber technology was chosen to show the performance of the
proposed system in terms of reducing the probability bit error. As the wireless networks of low power
consumption are required in future wireless technology and since the RoF technique is widely used over the
world, ultra wideband-over fiber (UWBoF) system was integrating to multiplex the received optical signals.
This technique is more suitable for wireless network systems to get the requirements of low power
consumption, low cost, high data rate, low complexity, and more users during wireless connectivity [7].
The remainder of this work is organized and represented as follows. Section 2 shows the FSO mesh
network. Section 3 displays the system design. Section 4 devotes for specific space attenuations or distortion
of nature haze and rain. Section 5 presents the discussion and results of “hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA" system
by using MD security code version based on the FSO. Section 6 indicates the application of the proposed
system. Conclusions are given in Section 7.
2. FSO MESH NETWORK
An optical technique of using the modern mesh wireless networks was begun in neighborhoods of
several states in the world establishing their free operating private networks depend on low-cost, flexibility in
expansion, self-administration, and high data rate. The mesh network of high redundancy degree is composed
for serially several of interconnected mesh nodes [8]. The wavelength of FSO mesh network should be
chosen to have minimum absorption and the atmospheric transmission window is designed to be suitable due
to space attenuation. In the FSO, the wireless network is used such a propagation bridge over coverage area.
In FSO mesh network, each node in the system is contact or connected to any of other used nodes, either
directly or indirectly by series of connection hops.
Better performance for system with more number of propagation nodes [9]. Furthermore, the FSO
mesh network offers easy node with higher reliability and it is not affecting on the network that is getting
interrupt in any previous node, and restricting the reception or transmission ranges by natural limitation at
changing weather conditions environments as shown in Figure 1. The weather conditions in this channel are
classified into three categories such as rain, clouds, and clear weather. Conditions in clear weather are
characterized by low attenuation and long visibility while cloudy weather are characterized by low
attenuation, short visibility, and high humidity. In this work we concentrate on haze particles and rain
droplets which are characterized by the presence of rain or haze and they can produce severe effects
depending on rainfall rate. Because of these conditions, there is free space loss (Ls) defines the signal strength
depending on wavelength () and visibility range (V) is given by [10]
( )
4
sL
V



(1)

Int J Elec& Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code for Hybrid … (Rashid Ali Fayadh)
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Figure 1. The proposed implementation of FSO network
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
In this work, the proposed system of SCM-SAC-OCDMA wireless network was designed and using
MD code that is shown in Figure 2. In transmitter side, the external optical modulator (EOM) is used to
combine data rate with signals of independent unipolar of communication digital signal and to the code
sequence they are optically modulated[11].An EOM such as modulator filter of “Mach–Zehnder" is
connected to merge the code sequences with the RF signals together and transmits over FSO link [9].While in
the other side of wireless receiver, the optical splitter design is utilized for separating code sequences of
different modulation. “Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) optical filters" can be used to filter the MD code
sequences and transferring these sequences to the photo-detector (PD) as a sensor at the other side of receiver
[12]. Therefore, signals of the SCM are combined or mixed with each sequence of MD code and they are
splitting by using equipment of electrical splitter with “band pass filter (BPF)" to filter the rejected or
unwanted signals.
Figure 2. The “SCM-SAC-OCDMA" performance diagram that based on FSO
4. SPECIFIC SPACE ATTENUATION OF HAZE AND RAIN
The space or optical beam attenuation is defined as induced geometric losses due to the spreading of
optical beam and reduced the power level of signal as it travelled from transmitted end to receiverend. The
hybrid signals are travelled by light in the free atmosphere. However, tropical in the region such as Iraq, the
haze or rain becomes dominant factors of the signal attenuation which is caused by signal deterioration. In
addition, expected or unexpected conditions for nature parameters such as haze and rain have a direct effect
on the carrying light [13]. Consequently, the specific space attenuations of haze and rain are expressed as
listed below:

 ISSN:2088-8708
5110
4.1. The Specific Rain Attenuation
The rain attenuation for FSO links can be reasonably well approximated byempirical formula and is
given by
q
spec R  (2)
where αspec is defined as the rain attenuation in dB/km, R is defined as the fall rain rate in mm/hr, and β, q are
coefficients that independent on temperature and frequency.
4.2. The Specific Haze Attenuation
The part of this paperis focused on the analysis of haze attenuation at different visibility ranges.
10
10
log ( ( ))
spec
 
 (dB/Km) (3)
As the wavelength (λ) plays a major rule in haze attenuation of optical signal, λ have to be known in
nanometers, an attenuation coefficient of the affected space is approximated by [12].
3.912
( )
( / 550) q
V
 
 
 (4)
where αspec is the haze attenuation in dB/km, V defines the visibility range in km, λ is wavelength in nm, q is
a coefficient depends on the size of distribution for scattering particles and can be exploited by two models
reported by Kruse and Kim [12] and [13]. In addition, it is implemented or supported in the simulation
analysis of this work.The q factor in kruse's model is defined as:
1.6
1.3
0.1 0.43
0.5
0
q V
V



 
 


50
6 50
1 6
0.5 1
0.5
ifV Km
if Km V Km
if Km V Km
Km V Km
ifV Km
 
  
  
 

 
(5)
while the q factor in kim model is defined as:
1/ 3
1.6
1.3
0.585
q
V


 


50
50
6 50
6
ifV Km
ifV Km
if Km V Km
V V Km
 
 

  
  
(6)
5. THE DISCUSSION AND RESULTS OF "HYBRID SCM-SAC-OCDMA" SYSTEM BY USING
"MD CODE BASED ON FSO":
The implementation of “hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA" optical design that independent on security
MD security code with FSO wireless link to any wireless node in proposed mesh network has got simulation
by using opti-system software version 9. In above system and during simulation, 2 users within 4 subcarriers
were used at reception encoder system with utilizing technical FSO for transmitting as represented in Figure
3. Table 1 illustrates the used scientific parameters for "hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA" in the simulation design
that based on the MD code and optical FSO with two code weights (W). Using MD code is independent and
based on a previous represented study, whichis reported the using MD code which leads to get better
performance for wireless system. This performance is comparing with that of using conventional code and
employed in the original SAC-OCDMA optical system [14] and [15].

5111
Figure 3. The proposed system analysis for hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA
Table 1. Values of the Proposed Design Parameters
Variable Value
C-Band wavelength 1550 nm
Propagation power 6 dBm
Number of users
Number of subcarrier
Frequency band
FSO Length
Aperture diameter for transmitter
Aperture diameter for receiver
Beam divergence
5
10
610 MHz
0.5 & 2.5 Km
10 cm
32 cm
2 m rad
The data in table I are simulated using Optisystem version 7 and Figure 4 represents scientific
relationship between BER and data rate for attenuations caused by haze and rain. From the figure
characteristic, the data rate is increased to 622 Mb/s for the hybrid system, where the BER will be 10-10
at the
storm or fast rain. In addition, the BER or probability error isdecreasing when the capacity of data rate is
reduced to be fewer than 622 Mbps. In addition, figure 4 shows the BER is increased to be 10-11
when the
data rate equals to 622 Mbps under the effect of the natural heavy haze. Therefore, the propagated high data
rate is affecting on the operation of hybrid optical system performance.
Figure 4. The BER versus data rate

 ISSN:2088-8708
5112
Attenuations of haze and rain are shown in figure 5 to illustrate the comparison of BER values for
different ranges up to 2.5 km. It is cleared that the visibility of light impacts on attenuations and distances of
haze at heavy, clear, and light and of rain at strong, storm, drizzle, and light. It is observed that the proposed
hybrid system utilizing MD code with FSO optical technique could perform sufficiently very well with the
BER of 10-12
up to 500 m at the natural storm rain while at the drizzle rain; the BER is 10-31
. At normally
heavy or clear haze, the BER is arrived to be 10-9
and 10-15
with distance of 2500 m respectively. So that the
system performance is affected by distance that leads to decrease BER at short distances and increase BER at
long distances because of attenuation and dispersion of fiber length. This study shows 2.5 Km or more is the
worst situation for rain and haze attenuations.
Figure 5. BER against the distance
Figure 6 illustrates the transmitted power against BER and compared with storm rain and heavy
haze. In general, it is absorbed that the power transmission has impact on the hybrid system and the BER
decreases through increasing the power. Figure 4 also shows the range of power transfer from 6 to 9 dBm for
the hybrid system. It is observed that the BER is increased at storm rain and heavy natural haze by means of
reducing the power transfer.
Figure 6. The BER versus power transfer
The variations of the transmission power have effect on the power receiver. Figure 7 shows the
power transmission is compared with the power receiver and the range of power transfer from 1 to 6 dBm. It
is observed that the received outdoor power is increased by increasing the transmitted power or power
transfer. Figure 7 displays the reducing of reception relating to transmission power through a storm rain and
heavy haze.

5113
Figure 7. The effect of transmission power on the reception power
The simulated results of reducing noise are examined by eye diagrams at applying the proposed
"hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA" optical network that is connecting with FSO technique are illustrated in figure
8 at two different ranges. Figure 8 shows that the attenuation, number of users, and input power were set to
be 500 m, 5 users, and 6 dBm respectively. It is shown that the eye in eye diagram is extended and cleared at
increasing of BER at the natural storm rain. This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 9 when the number of
users, input power, and attenuation were set to be 5 users, 6 dBm, 2500 m respectively. Also from figure
8(b), the BER clearly increases at the heavy natural haze. The simulation was running with storm rain
because of rain attenuation is much higher than haze, so the results of eye diagram with storm rain give an
improvement for system performance. Therefore, a special optimization is needed to achieve a better system
performancethat involved link range number of user'soptimization. In this part of the research, we show how
the attenuation has a significant impact on system performance (BER) and link range (km). So that, rain is
the biggest affecting in the free space optical systems. However, it still can be successfully with considered to
the parameters of the rain attenuation.
(a)

 ISSN:2088-8708
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(b)
Figure 8. The taken eye diagram at channel 1, (a) with distance of 500 m at storm rain, (b) at range of 2500 m
with heavy haze
6. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM APPLICATION
The radio over fiber is indirectly modulated the optical signal using Mach-Zehnder modulator from
a continuous wave laser diode of wavelength in nanometers. At the receiving end of optical fiber link, optical
signals are weak and carrying information that need to be converted to strong electrical signal to estimate the
originally transmitted signals. Therefore, there are three functions, have to be done in the optical receiver
such as, estimation of transmitted message, amplification, and optical signal conversion to electrical signal.
By these three functions, the optical receiver is similar to the radio receiver accept no amplification in optical
system. To see the improved performance on UWB optical receiver, we need to apply the proposed optical
system to reduce the probability of error bits.
This application is to show the effects of using fiber in wireless channel through inside buildings
(indoor propagation) using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. By using RoF technology, data capacity of
optical networks is combining with mobility and flexibility of wireless networks without increment in
significant cost [16], [17]. Also by RoF, information can be transported over optical fiber with modulating in
direct or indirect light with radio signal. There is an external modulator to modulate the optical signal called
Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) and Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is used to split this signal into 2
paths [18], [19], and [20]. After summing the 2 signals, they interfere depending on delay time with each
other. MZM is applying to convert the electrical to optical signals and send them to multiplexer to combine
the signals in optical domain. These signals are passed to demultiplexer to split the signal into two ways, one
is passed into the fiber to convert optical signal to electrical signal and then to spectrum analyzer to be
detected by optical detector.
The other way is passed directly to spectrum analyzed to show the symbol error rate (SER) in time
domain or to detect the electrical signal. The spectrum analyzer detections are illustrated in Figure 10 to
represent the simulation results of the SER versus number of active users for UWB signals in optical detector
and non-optical detector. The SER characteristic without optical link is bad because the received signal
travels through the wireless indoor channel that is affected by fading, path losses, and shadowing before
entering the RoF link. Although there is some interference between the wireless and optical wired channels,
the power penalties are small and can be further reduced by using optical filter. By using MATLAB software,
the simulation results are shown in Figurer 9. From simulation results the optical receiver is better than
electrical receiver when using MZM so that, the performance of UWB over fiber system is examined. As the
SER, U, and SNR are the significant parameters for system performance indication, they are defined as
expressed bellow:

5115
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )h t Rx t h t n t   (7)
1
0 1
( 0sR P Ps
SNR
 
 
  
 
(8)
( )
2 2
U SNR
SER erfc (9)
where x(t) is the transmitted signal, h(t) is the channel impulse response,  denotes convolution, n(t) is the
Gaussian noise, erfc is the error function, Ps1 is signal power of bit 1, Ps0 is signal power ofbit 0, 0 and 1
are the noise variances associated with the transmitted signal 0 and 1respectively, and R is the photodetector
responsivity.
Figure 9. BER vs. number of users for UWB signals
7. CONCLUSIONS
The working proposed mesh network system is now promising technique in optical transmission to
improve the trusting of high data rate indoor or outdoor reception and transmission at long or short ranges of
wireless systems at optical communication links. So that, proposed research is quit can be used in wireless
systems with high data rate velocity in propagation by communication links reception or transmission.
Furthermore, the basic idea of the research is to cross or overcome the natural bad environments that are
happened by heavy haze and storm rain over optical FSO technique for reception or transmission. So that, the
requirement of this work is to minimize or reduce the normally effect on BER at high capacity of data rate
propagation through optical technique used FSO. Results that are gotten by simulation process for 5 users are
showing with decreasing of BER. This decreasing and increasing of received power depending on
maximizing or amplifying the power transmission at varying or unexpected conditions such as haze and
heavy rain. The simulation results are supporting the "hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA" optical instruments
enhancement in free space for long ranges or distances, which reduce the required stations number of
reception and transmission. Also in this paper, we can conclude that the effect of RoS link on UWB signals
by simulation results for BER at different number of users. From this study, we enhanced that the proposed
optical system is more suitable in services for UWB indoor systems by reducing the probability of bit error at
the receiving end of the system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have done this work in my department laboratories of Electrical Engineering College. So my
regards and thanks to the staff of these laboratories. Also I would like to thank the dean of this college for his
support to finish the simulation work.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
Number of users
SER
Using fiber in wireless channel
With no fiber in wireless channel

 ISSN:2088-8708
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ass. Prof. Dr. Rashid Ali Fayadh received his B.Sc. degree from Middlesex University /
Engineering College / UK, in 1986 and worked as an electronic warfare engineer in Iraqi air
force up to 1998. He received the M.Sc. degree from University of Technology/ Al-Rasheed
College / Baghdad-Iraq in 2000 and received the Ph.D degree from University Malaysia Perlis,
Malaysia, Perlis. He is a lecturer starting from 2001 upto now in the College of Electrical
Engineering Techniques, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq. He is head of electrical
power engineering department. He is doing in fields of wireless communication systems,
wireless sensors, signal processing, advanced electronics, wireless antenna designs, and the
specific focus on ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies. He is IEEE member and has published
more than 50 reviewed journal and conference papers.
Ass. Prof. Dr. Mousa Kadhim Wali received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from
Baghdad University, Iraq in 1984. The M.Sc. degree in Communication & Electronic
Engineering from Bradford University, U.K. in 1991, the PhD degree in computer engineering
from University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP). He is currently Dean of Electrical Engineering
Technical College, Baghdad, as Assistant Professor. His current fields of interest are in
Hypovigilance detection, Antenna and wireless communication & Networks, and DSP.
Ass. Prof. Dr. Mehdi F. Bonneya born in Iraq in 1958. He received the B.SC degree at 1979, the
M.Sc. degree at 1986, and Ph.D. degree from the University of Technology – Baghdad-Iraq. He
is dean of Kut Technical Institue. His current research interests include power system stability,
wind turbine plant, and magnetic field analysis in electrical machines.

Establishment Network by Using FSO Link Based on MD Code for Hybrid SCM-SAC-OCDMA Wireless System

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