ETHICS by using computing hello in .pptx
- 2. Understanding the concept of Ethics
- 3. Ethics versus Morality Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning custom or character. Ethics can be defined as the branch of philosophy dealing with standards of conduct and moral judgment. It refers to a method of inquiry that assists people to understand the morality of human behavior.
- 4. Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 64 or study of principles and values. It is process of questioning, and perhaps changing, one's morals. Moral: is principles and rules of right conduct. It is private or personal. Commitment to principles and values are usually defended in daily life
- 5. Types of Ethics Descriptive: It is the description of the values and beliefs of various cultural, religious or social groups about health and illness. : a study of human activities in a broad sense in an attempt to identify human actions that are right or wrong and good and bad qualities. Analytical: analyzes the meaning ofNormative moral terms. It seeks the reasons why these action or attitudes are either wrong or right.
- 6. Common Ethical theories Ethical theories may be to lenses that help us to view an ethical problem. Different theories can be Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 65 useful because they allow us to bringcompared different perspectives in to our ethical discussions or deliberations.There are four ethical theories: 1. Deontolog 2.Teleology 3. Intuitionism 4.The ethic of caring
- 7. Deontology (Duty or rule-Based theory) This theory proposes that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the nature of the act rather than its consequences.This theory holds that you are acting rightly when you act according to duties and rights. Responsibility arises from these moral facts of life.The theory denotes that duties and rights are the correct measuring rods for evaluating action.
- 8. Teleology (utilitarian or end based theory) This theory looks to the consequences of an action in judging whether that action is right or wrong.According to the utilitarian school of thought right action is that which has greatest utility or usefulness. Utilitarian hold that no action in itself is good or bad, the only factors Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 66 that make actions good or bad are the outcomes, or end results that are derived from them
- 9. Types of Utilitarian Theories Act utilitarianism: suggests that people choose actions that will in any given circumstances increase the over all-good. Rule utilitarianism: suggests that people choose rules that when followed consistently will maximize the over all good IntuitionsThe notion that people inherently know what is right or wrong; determining what is not a matter of rational thought or learning.
- 10. The ethic of caring (case based theory) Unlike the preceding theories which are based on the concept of fairness (justice) an ethical caring is based on relationships. It stresses courage, generosity, commitment, and responsibility. Caring is a force for protecting and enhancing client dignity. Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics
- 11. Ethical Principles The major principles of nursing ethics are: -Autonomy - Beneficence - Nonmaleficence - Justice
- 12. Four factors for violations of patient autonomy • Nurses may assume that patients have the same values and goals as themselves • Failure to recognize that individuals’ thought processes are different • Assumptions about patients’ knowledge base • Focus on work rather than caring
- 13. 2. Beneficence Beneficence is doing or promoting good.This principle is the basis for all health care providers. Nurses take beneficent actions when they administer pain medication, perform a dressing to promote wound healing or providing emotional support to a client who is anxious or depressed.
- 14. The principle of beneficence has three components: Promote good Prevent harm Remove evil or harm
- 15. 4. Justice Justice is fair, equitable and appropriate treatment. It is the basis for the obligation to treat all clients in an equal and fair way. Just decision is based on client need and fair distribution resources. It would be unjust to make such decision based on how much he or she likes each client.
- 16. 3. Nonmaleficience Nonmaleficence is the converse of beneficence. It means to avoid doing harm.When working with clients, health care workers must not cause injury or suffering to Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 72 clients. It is to avoid causing deliberate harm, risk of harm and harm that occurs during the performance of beneficial acts.
- 17. 5. Veracity Veracity means telling the truth, which is essential to the integrity of the client-provider relationship • Health care providers obliged to be honest with clients • The right to self-determination becomes meaningless if the client does not receive accurate, unbiased, and understandable information
- 18. Ethical Arguments for Maintaining Patient Confidentiality (i) Utilitarian argument. Patients’ assurance of confidentiality helps ensure they will seek treatment (e.g., for complaints that may be Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 75 personally embarrassing, or related to socially denigrated, or illegal activities, etc.).This helps to ensure that patients will be properly diagnosed and treated.This in turn helps to minimize harm, and maximize good.
- 19. (ii) Respect for autonomy (may be a deontological or utilitarian justification) Respect for autonomy requires allowing individuals to control any disclosure of information about them. Such control is essential for personal freedom (e.g., from coercion, or to pursue one’s goals/values).
- 20. (iii) Promise keeping There is an implicit promise between HPs and patients that information will not be disclosed to third parties. Hence, breach of confidentiality breaks a promise.
- 21. Privacy (1) Bodily privacy An ethical concept of bodily privacy can be derived from respect for autonomy, where autonomy includes the freedom to decide what happens to one’s body.
- 22. (2) Decisional privacy Decisional privacy is distinguished as control over the intimate decisions one makes (e.g., about contraception, abortion, and perhaps health care at the end of one’s life).
- 23. (3) Informational privacy This type of privacy underlies the notion of confidentiality.
- 24. Arguments for respecting privacy (i) Privacy and property Personal information is regarded as a kind of property, something one owns.
- 25. (ii) Privacy and social relationships Privacy is a necessary condition for the development and maintenance of relationships, including those between HPs and patients.
- 26. (iii) Privacy and the sense of self The notion that one is a separate self includes the concept of one’s body and experiences as one’s own. Privacy is to be valued for its role in developing and maintaining our sense of individuation.
- 27. Limits of confidentiality Should the principles of confidentiality be honored in all instances? There are arguments that favor questioning the absolute obligation of confidentiality in certain situations. These arguments include theories related to the principles of harm and vulnerability. The nurse or other health care professional should be able to reasonably foresee harm or injury to an innocent other in order to violate the principle of confidentiality in favor of a duty to warn. The harm principle is strengthened when one considers the
- 28. Can Nurses Violate Confidentiality? Think About the two given scenarios and discuss about it: 1. If a relative contracted HIV from a source who the nurse knew was infected, and had reason to believe would infect others, but neglected to warn.What do you do? 2. IfAtoAbebe is HIV infected and the health provider violated his right to confidentiality.What do you think about the act?
- 29. Disclosure of Information Disclosure of information is not necessarily an actionable breach of confidence. Disclosure may be allowed, under certain circumstances, when it is requested by: the patient, and where it applies, freedom of information can be used by patients to obtain health care information. Other health practitioners (with the patient’s consent, and where the information is relevant to the patient’s care).
- 30. • Relatives in limited circumstances (e.g., parents when it is in the interests of the child). • Researchers with ethics committee approval (and where the approved process is followed). • The court. • The media, if the patient has consented. • The police, when the HP has a duty to provide the information.
- 31. Ethical Dilemmas & ethical decision making in Nursing A dilemma is a situation in which two or more choices are available; it is difficult to determine which choice is best and the needs of all these involved cannot be solved by the available alternatives.The alternatives in a dilemma may have favorable and unfavorable features. Ethical dilemmas in health care involve issues surrounding professional actions and client care decisions.
- 32. Models for Ethical decision-making Ethical issues are real life issues.There is no one way of resolving such situations. Each situation will be different, depending on the people involved and the Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 82 context. However, ethical decision-making models provide mechanisms or structures that help you think through or clarify an ethical issue.There are a number of models from which to choose from, but there is no one best way to approach ethical decision-making.
- 33. Model I: A guide to moral decision-making It outlines a step-by step process that considers the many aspects of ethical decision-making: 1. Recognizing the moral dimension • Is recognizing the decision as one that has moral importance • Important clues include conflicts between two or more values or ideals • Consider here the levels of ethical guidance of the code of Ethics for registered nurses.
- 34. 2.Who are the interested parties?What are their relationships? • Carefully Identify who has a stake in the decision in this regard, be imaginative and sympathetic Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 83 • Often there are more parties whose interests should be taken in to consideration than is immediately obvious. • Look at the relationships between the parties look at their relationship with yourself and with each other, and with relevant institutions
- 35. 3.What values are . involved? • Think through the shared values that are at stake in making this decision. • Is there a question of trust? Is personal autonomy a consideration? Is there a question of fairness? Is any one harmed or helped? • Consider your own and others personal values & ethical principles
- 36. 4. Weight the benefits and burdens • Benefits might include such things as the production of goods (physical, emotional, financial, and social, etc) for various parties, the satisfaction of preferences and acting in accordance with various relevant valves (such as fairness). Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 84 • Burdens might include causing physical or emotional pain to various parties imposing financial costs and ignoring relevant values.
- 37. 5. Look for analogous cases • Can you think of similar decisions?What course of action was taken?Was it a good one? How is the present case like that one? How is it different?
- 38. 6. Discuss with relevant other • The merit of discussion should not be underestimated.Time permitting discusses your decision with as many people as have a take in it. • Gather opinions and ask for the reasons behind those opinions.
- 39. 8.Am I comfortable with this decision? Question to reflect up on include: • If I Cary out this decision, would I be comfortable telling my family about it? My clergy? My mentors? • Would I want my children to take my behavior as an example? • Is this decision one that a wise, informed, virtuous person would make? • Can I live with this decision?
- 40. Model 2: Clinical Ethics grid system This grid system helps construct a summary of the facts that must be considered along with ethical principles to guide ethical decisions in a clinical setting out lined as follows.
- 41. 1. Medical indications: • What is the patient medical problem? History? Diagnosis? Introduction to Professional Nursing and Ethics 86 • Is the problem acute? Chronic? Critical? Emergent? Reversible? • What are the goals of treatment etc?
- 42. 2. Patient preference: • What has the patient experienced about preferences for treatment? • Has the patient been informed of benefits and risk, understood, and given consent? etc.
- 43. 3. Quality of life: • What are the prospects with or with out treatment, for a return to the patient's normal life? • Are there biases that might prejudice the provider's evaluation of a patient's quality of life etc?
- 44. 4. Contextual factors: • Are there family issues that might influence treatment decisions?