EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF BODY MECHANICS IN IMPROVING POSTURE IN STUDENTS

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 440
EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF BODY MECHANICS IN IMPROVING
POSTURE IN STUDENTS
Dr. Sapna Dinesh1
1Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science, Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru,
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Abnormal body postures can lead to
musculoskeletal disorders over a period of time if not
corrected at an early age. Proper alignment of body parts
while at work and at rest is very essential especially during
this pandemic where onlineclasseshasbecomeinevitable. This
study focus on making the students understand the difference
between good posture and bad posture by creating an
awareness on the principles of body mechanics in students in
order to improve their quality of life. An interview schedule
was used to collect the data. The samplesconsistedof50under
graduate students of Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru. The
results of the study revealed that majority (80%) of the
students were not aware of their bad body posture they
adopted from their early years while doing work. Upon
statistical analysis the evaluation of the awareness session on
proper body alignment, good posture and principles of body
mechanics proved greatefficacyin improvingthebodyposture
of students.
Key Words: Body Alignment, Body Mechanics, Posture,
Quality of life.
1. INTRODUCTION
Body mechanics is the principle of carrying out
activities with less energy and exertion. Proper way of
coordinating muscles, nerves and bones will help the
individual to maintain good posture, right alignmentof body
parts thereby preventing musculoskeletal disorders and
other related injuries. (Perry et al., 2014)
Ergonomics is setting up the work environment
according to the needs and capacity of the worker. The
principle behind ergonomicallydesigned productsisthat the
workers can adapt the task well. Ergonomic risk factor
occurs when the individual useswrongposturesandforceful
exertions, and it results in injuries and other disorders. The
relation between body mechanics and ergonomics is that
proper application of the principles is possible if the work
environment is designed in an ergonomic way. (Phillips,
2022).
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are injuries or
disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage,
and spinal discs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
Department of Labor defines MSDs as musculoskeletal
system and connective tissue diseases and disorders when
the event or exposure leading to the case is bodily reaction
(e.g., bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting),
overexertion, or repetitive motion. (Centre for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2020). Poor way of doing activities,
unhealthy lifestyle, poor rest, lack of propersleep,sedentary
lifestyle, poor hydration, bad body posture while at doing
activities and while at rest are factors which lead to MSD
over time.
Body alignment is obtained by placing body parts
like joints, ligaments and muscles in line with one another
while sitting, standing, lifting, pulling, lying down etc.
According to body mechanics, the center of weight of an
object or person is the center of gravity. So only if the center
of gravity is stable individual can position his body in
alignment in vertical and horizontal line thereby reducing
the risk of injuries. (WorkSafeBC, 2013). Proper body
alignment of body parts by following the principles of body
mechanics will lead to good posture which would help the
individual in maintaining balance, reduce fatigue, and avoid
muscle pain and injuries.
In the prevailing pandemic situation, online classes
and self-study have disturbed the student community
physically, emotionally and psychologically. During these
days of lock down and covid situations, they experienced
tremendous change in their lifestyle in terms of eating
habits, sleeping pattern, activity pattern, social and mental
health. (Kunal.et. al, 2021).Similarresultsweresuggested by
a study done among college students in China that negative
effects on student health was noticedduetoperceivedstress
caused as a result of academic workload, separation from
school, and fears of contagion.(Yang, 2021).
There are several studies to prove thatourstudents
have adapted bad posture while sitting, standing and while
doing other activities. The prevalence of incorrect posture
was noted in students aged 10–15 years and >15 years.
(Yang, 2020). The study also found out that bad posture in
adulthood is which formed during their childhood. It was
reported in an article in Times of India (Hussain, 2020), that
in Bengaluru, online classes cause pain in the neck for
students due to bad posture and lack of physical activity. A
study on ‘Posture Analysis of Students doing Online Class at
Home during COVID-19 Pandemic’ also proved that the
highest score of students were 7 in RULA and 5 in REBA
where there was medium risk in their posture. The study
also highlights the need for students andparents/guardians’
to become aware about applying the principleof ergonomics

at home to tackle the postural risk and body discomfort in
children which may lead to risk factors and injuries.
(Vallespin et. al. 2020).
After understandingtheissuesfacedbythestudents
community due to online classes and prolonged use of
gadgets, this study focus on posture analysis of
undergraduate students and guide them differentiate
between good posture and bad posture. The study also
intends to give awareness on the principles of body
mechanics in improving their posture in order to lead a
better quality life.
1.1 Objectives
 To analyze the postureandrelatedriskfactorsinstudents
 To createawarenessongoodpostureandbodymechanics
in students.
 To evaluatethe efficiency of body mechanicsinpostureof
students.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
In a study done on “Association between the sitting
posture and back pain in college students (Sebastian, 2016),
it was found that majority of the respondents had neck pain
which was mainly because of their sitting posture with
rounded back, feet supported on another chair, crossed legs
and screen time at the computer.
According to the Hazard Identification Risk
Assessment and Risk Control study (Nurul, 2009),twoofthe
variables that had an impact on musculoskeletal pain in
children were poor furniture design and incorrect sitting
posture. Awkward body position while sitting or lifting will
have an impact on the musculoskeletal system. (Bygrave,
2004). When the awareness of good working posture and
computer ergonomics was evaluated among medical
students of Isra University, Hyderabad, it was seenthat55%
students never had their posture assessed. (Hussain, 2015).
It was also noted in a research article that older
women experienced forward head, pronated foot and
thoracic kyphosis which were associated with prolonged
sitting and reduced flexibility. (Kiruthika et. al, 2018). Life
today has adverse effect on human motor behavior due to
sedentary lifestyle. (Minoo, 2013). Higher prevalence of
postural problems were noted among female college
students. Therefore they need to be educated on postural
defects and risk factors associated with poor body posture.
(Kiruthika et. al, 2018).
Kaur in his article on ‘How to Sit While Studying for
Long Hours in College’ (2021), stated that lower back pain is
the major problems students face these days. Both students
and professors are not able to maintain good posture.
According to him, hunched back posture and rounded
shoulders seen in students these days are a result of the
slouched posture they adapted in their childhood days.
People develop poor postural habits during their
childhood years itself. Just because these habits were left
unnoticed and untreated, the symptoms of injuries and
musculoskeletal disorders become striking during early
adulthood itself. Therefore it is essential that individuals be
made aware of the principles of body mechanics and
implement good postural habits at their early age itself.
(Kratěnová, ŽEjglicová, Malý & Filipová, 2007; Murphy,
Buckle & Stubbs, 2004; Boyle, Milne & Singer, 2002; Milne &
Williamson, 1983).
A. Concept of Body Mechanics
Good body mechanics are based on good posture.
Good posture means the spine is in a "neutral" position - not
too rounded forward and not arched back too far. (Spine
Institute, 2016). The study of body mechanics will guide
individuals to move their body in such a way that their
bones, muscles and nervous system be in coordination with
their structure so as to maintain balance, posture and
alignment. It is not only advisable to avoid forceful stress or
pressure into the body and but also to maintain control of
the body.
B. Principles of body mechanics
 Maintain Centre of Gravity and line of gravity vertically
and horizontally.
 Keep low center of gravity to improve balance.
 Keep spine straight.
 Keep the object close to the body while lifting
objects
 Bend knees.
 Maintain an open base of support for stability while
lifting.
 Keep feet apart.
 Place one foot slightly ahead of the other.
 Bend knees slightly to absorb jolts.
 Maintain Proper Body Alignment.
 Tuck in abdomen and buttocks.
 Keep back straight, head up, chin in and shoulder
parallel to ears.

 Use largest and strongest muscle of hands and legs
while pushing, pulling, lifting objects.
 Imagine vertical line passing throughcenterof body
while at work
 (Nursing Fundamentals, 2015; Body Mechanics,
Kent State University)
C. Good Posture and Bad Posture
Good Posture is holding the body in a right way for
long term health, to prevent injuries and other related
disorders. Poor Posture can become a habit which would
lead to chronic back pain, neck pain, spine injuries andother
nervous issues. Therefore it is essential that one should be
able to self – control to not get into the habit of poor posture
and also self-assess to correct being in good posture.
Posture is defined as the attitude assumed by the
body either with support during the course of muscular
activity, or as a result of the coordinated action performed
by a group of muscles working to maintain the stability.
Posture is classified as Dynamic Posture(positioningofbody
when in movement) e.g. pushing, pulling, lifting,walking etc.
and Static Posture (positioning of body when not in
movement) e.g. sleeping, standing, sitting etc. (Gardiner,
1957; Levangie et. al; Howorth 1956).
D. Awareness of postures while Sitting, Standing, Lifting,
Pulling, Pushing, Getting into bed, Getting off bed and
Sleeping.
 Do not Slouch while sitting and standing. Keep body
straight.
 Head and neck should be tucked in and not forward,
backward or sideways. Body follows head so there is a
tendency for body to lean forward if head and neck is
held forward (Tech Neck and poked chin posture).
 Maintain natural S curve of spine (lordosis) by sitting
erect. Pillow or back support can be used to support the
curve. Avoid exaggerated outward curve of lower back
(hyper lordosis) or inward curve of lower back (Donald
Duck posture).
 Stretch to relax muscles or walk often to avoid longer
sitting hours
 Shoulders should be pulled back and relaxed and not be
rounded.
 Shoulders should be parallel to ears.
 Hands and elbow to be kept closer to the body while
sitting and hung down at sides of body while standing.
 Tuck in abdomen.
 Feet should be wide apart, comfortably touching the
floor, ankles to be in front of knees.
 Avoid sitting crossed legged to prevent misalignment of
spine and hips.
 Distribute weight of body equally on to both feet and
Invest on good quality foot wear
 Shoulder width and Feet with should be same.
 Maintain ideal body weight and stay active
 When lifting and setting down get the load close to body,
feet wide apart, bend knees, head up, stomach in and
body in alignment.
 When pushing and pulling, bend knee keeping in line
ears, shoulders and hips, lean near to the object, and use
body weight to push or pull object. Preferable to walk
backward while pulling.
 While sleeping, keep a pillow in between thighs for hips,
pelvis and spine to be in alignment.
 In between sleep, switch to sides time to time to balance.
 Use pillows as support to maintain natural curve of the
spine.
 While getting out of bed turn on to side, sit up by pushing
oneself with hands, and bring down both legs.
 While getting into bed, roll to sides, raiseupperbodyfirst
followed by swinging legs to floor. Move the whole body
and avoid unnecessary twists and turns.
 (Medline, 2021; Brace ability, 2021; NHS, 2019; Health
Encyclopedia, 2022; Health line, 2020; Cleveland Clinic,
2019).
In the challenge to reduce MSD prevalenceresearch
has focused on how pushing and pulling task intensity is
related to these internal strain factors at injury-prone body
locations such as the knees, the shoulders, and the lower
back. (Malchaire er. al, 1996)
Students who received the ergonomic intervention reported
significant improvements in their sitting posture in a
classroom environment and reduction of schoolbag weight
as compared with the controls. According to our results, the
EHPP intervention program was able to reduce
musculoskeletal pain significantly in students in the
experimental group. (Syazwan et. al, 2011)
This study is an attempt to shed light on students,
parents and teachers about incorrect postures and how to
practice the right way of doing activities by proper
alignment of their body parts. Theystudyalsointendstofind

out the problems the students face due to bad posture and
guide them to overcome the stress in order to prevent them
from injuries, musculoskeletal disorders and anxiety. This
study would definitely helpthemtorealisetheimportanceof
good posture by which they can enhance their quality of life
in a healthy manner.
3. METHODOLGY
The study aims to analyze the posture and related
risk factors in students, create awareness on good posture
and body mechanics in students and evaluate the efficiency
of body mechanics in posture of students.
50 under graduate students of Mount Carmel
College, Bengaluru of age group 18 to 22 yearswereselected
for the study. Classes were happening in hybridmode where
mostly it was online classes. An interview schedule was
formulated with data regarding the uses of gadgets, hoursof
use, type of device used, and way of using etc. The interview
schedule also contained information about the posture they
maintain while sitting, standing, pulling and pushing, lifting,
getting into and getting out of bed, and sleeping. Data on the
risk factors- physical,emotional andpsychological problems,
they faced were also collected to understand if they faced
any stress and strain due to postural issues.
Later after analysis, awarenesssessionsfora period
of one month were conducted to make the students realize
the harmful effects of long term usage of bad posture. They
were taught the right way of keeping the body in alignment
when at work and at rest.
After one month, an assessment was made to check
for any improvements in the problemstheyfacedearlierand
also if there was improvement in their quality of life.Forthis
assessment, a rating scale was used.
All data were consolidated, tabulated and
interpreted which is discussed below. Few statistical
analysis was done using SPSS software, version 21, to know
the effectiveness of the awareness programanditsimpactin
improving their quality of life.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Use of gadgets
Of the 50 student respondents, only 22% of them
spend less than five hours with gadgets. Rest of them fall
under the major category of using gadgets for more than 8 to
15 hours a day. Apart from the classes, they use for surfing,
listening to music, videos, chatting, calls and playing games
etc. Among these 50 respondents, 87% of them also use their
mobile phone 30 minutes to one hour prior to bed time.
Table I. Description on use of gadgets
The duration of online classes for majority of them
(72%) was five to eight hours per day. 50% of them used
mobile phone to attend classes, 36% used laptop and 18%
used tab for attending classes. A key point to note here was
that 88% of the students placed laptop on their lap or onbed,
or holding mobile in their hand while in class. Only38%used
proper table to place their device and chair to sit and attend
classes. This itself proves that the most of the students are
already in the habit of poor posture which they aren’t aware
of and need proper guidance to change to proper body
postures. They chose to lie down slouch or use improper
postures to while using mobiles and laptops.
When enquired about their peak time in terms of
their energy level in studies or other activities, 52% of the
students said they were fully energetic and focused in
mornings from 8 .00 to 11.00 AM and for 56% the peak time
was 7.00 to 12.00 PM. It was clear from the study that the
energy levels were at the peak to take up the work load, both
academic and non-academic during mornings and late
evenings.
An important finding to be noted in the study was
60% of the students faced fatigue both physically and
psychologically particularly during mid-mornings and after
noon. This was mainlybecauseofthepoorposture,sedentary
lifestyle and online classes pertaining to the Covid pandemic
situation. They reported tiredness due to prolonged sitting,
staying indoorsandlesssocializingconsideringthepandemic
situation.
In a study conducted on effect of excessive usage of
electronic gadgets during COVID-19 lockdown n health of
Hours %
>5 10
5 to 8 72
<8 26
Device %
Mobile 50
Laptop 36
Tab 18
Placing devices while in use %
Lap 42
Bed 46
Table 38
Duration of class Hours
Device used
Device placed while class

college students, it was noted that the average time spent on
gadgets increased from 4.75hrs/day before lockdown to
11.36hrs/day during lockdown among participants. It was
also clear from the study that health issues like headaches,
insomnia, eye complaints, tiredness and restlessness were
associated with excessive use of gadgets. The study also
recommended to create awareness and interventions to
control and manage the excessive use of gadgets among
college students in order to improve their quality of life.
(Pachiyappan, et.al, 2021)
The results of the resent study suggested that the
average time spent on gadgets increased from 4.75 hrs/day
beforelockdownto11.36hours/dayduringlockdownamong
participants. Most health complaints like headaches,
insomnia, eye complaints, tiredness and restlessness were
associated with gadget use during the lockdown. The
percentage of participants experiencing these complaints
during lockdown was also significantly higher than before
lockdown. By understanding the effects of gadget use, it
would be possible to create interventions and suggest ways
to manage the excessive use of gadgets. It is of prime
importance to handle the issue considering the quality of life
and wellbeing of students.
Fig -1:
Percentage of respondents with risk factors
B. Risk factors due to poor posture
With regard to their physical ailments, more than
80% of the students in the study suffered from headache,
muscle stiffness, neck and shoulder pain. It was very evident
that they developed the habit of slouching over a period of
time being unaware of ailments associated with it. Lower
back pain, shoulder stiffness, hand pain and numbness, feet
pain, disrupted bowel and disturbed/abnormal sleep were
other physical problems mentionedby50%to75%students.
Also, theyunderwentemotionalproblemslikefrequentmood
swings, sadness, depression and anxiety. Few of them also
complained of issues like watery eyes, blurred vision, puffy
eyes, pot belly and inflammation in feet.
Other potentialrisksfortheadolescentsmayinclude
cyberbullying, trolling, isolation, posting of inappropriate
materials, and getting into inappropriate relationships with
other people.
In an educational study conducted on gadget
addiction and mental health amongsttheyoungergeneration
in Malaysia, it was seen that their gadget addiction had fair
significance with their levels of depression, anxiety, stress
and sleep quality. The study concluded that the gadget
addiction in the users will definitely interfere with their
psychological status and mental health and hence need to be
controlled. (Surat, et. al, 2021)
C. Effectiveness of awareness program on Body Mechanics
A general assessment of the students with regard to
their lifestyle was observed and was explored that Covid 19
had immensely affected life, health and academics of the
students. It was evident from the present study as well as
from previous researches that overuse of digital media,
anxiety, musculoskeletal disorders associated withbadbody
postureare the major outcomeof the pandemicinastudent’s
life.
Understanding the problematic situationandlackof
knowledge among the students about good posture while
using gadgets, sitting, standing, walking, sleeping, an
awareness session was conductedamong the respondentsin
the form a short term course. The information made clear
that the students were aware of the good posture but did not
have the knowledge on the principles of body mechanicsand
its application to maintain good posture.
The awareness program wasfound to be effectiveto
the students in the study in understanding the significanceof
good posture while doing activities. The results of the
evaluation is shown below in table 2.

Table II. Distribution of percentage on the
effectiveness of the awareness program
On completion of the awareness program, the
impact of it on the problems facedearlierbytherespondents
was also analyzed. The results are depicted in figure 2.
Fig -2:
Impact of awareness program on the respondents
5. CONCLUSIONS
Poor posture can put stress and strain on specific
body parts such as the spine, which can lead to pain. It can
also cause your body to feel more fatigued. It's especially
important for children to be aware of good posture because
the habits they develop can go on for a lifetime. Online
education and homeschool programs that require a
significant amount of time in front of a computer or on a
tablet can cause notable damage to our students’ posture
and thus hinder their education. An incorrectseatedposture
can quickly lead to fatigue, neck and back strains and
consequently a decline in focus and comfort. Further
research need to focus on the studentsto minimizetheuse of
gadgets to improve their health and also train them on body
posture and fitness at a regular basis from the school level
itself.
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Strongly
Agree Agree Neutral Disagree
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BIOGRAPHY
Dr, Sapna Dinesh
Assistant Professor
Department of Home Science
Mount Carmel College
Bangalore, Karnataka
hor
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