Evaluation of coaching
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The document evaluates the effectiveness of training interventions in soccer, emphasizing the importance of fitness assessments to identify players' strengths and weaknesses. It discusses various aspects of aerobic fitness, muscular strength, anaerobic power, and body composition, outlining methods for testing and performance evaluation. Additionally, it highlights the need for tailored training programs based on individual fitness levels and the demands of the game.
Evaluation of coaching
- 1. Evaluation of Coaching BY: DR. HRISHIKESH PATEL
- 2. Introduction Training aims to prepare the individual for the demands of the game. It is important to know if the training intervention has been effective and whether all players engaged in it have benefited equally. Besides, new players may be entering a team squad, and others returning after a period of injury so it is necessary to establish how their fitness levels differ from the rest of the team.
- 3. Introduction Training in Individual sports is gauged (measured) by improvement in performance. Performance in soccer is not indicated so easily, the impact of training is evaluated by its direct effects on fitness measures. Many soccer teams now regularly assess the fitness of their players so that they can know whether fine adjustments to the training are called for.
- 4. Purposes of fitness assessments to establish baselines for each player in the squad; to identify individual strengths and weaknesses; to provide feedback to players on their physical fitness level; to evaluate the effect of specific training interventions.
- 5. Characteristics of test A test should have discrete characteristics if it is to be adopted and if it is to yield useful information. Reliability: should produce the same result if repeated soon after, at the same time of day and under the same conditions of testing. Objectivity: means that test performance is free of any subjective bias, usually on the part of the experimenter. Validity: must measure the functions that it purports to measure.
- 6. Adaptation of fitness test tools Battery or single test Battery test: comparisons between individuals and, with the use of normative ranges, individual weaknesses may be identified and remedial training prescribed. Regular fitness assessment - the appropriateness and progression of the training regimen (rule)-degree of adaptation – maladaptation (detraining)
- 7. Aerobic fitness: VO2max Aerobic fitness – Primary source of proving energy (Bangsbo;1994) - indicated both by physiological responses and metabolic characteristics of athlete’s muscle. VO2max indicates the upper limit of the body’s ability to consume oxygen, can be increased with training The VO2max represents an integrated physiological function of the lungs, heart, blood and active muscles single-breath spirometry has use in screening for any impairment or pulmonary restriction
- 8. Aerobic fitness: VO2max The maximal cardiac output and the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen determine the amount of oxygen delivered to the active muscle cells. The oxygen-carrying capacity is determined by the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, which affects the binding of O2 in red blood cells, and the blood volume. The total body haemoglobin is therefore highly correlated with the maximal oxygen uptake. 20% higher in endurance athlete than the non athlete.
- 9. Aerobic fitness: VO2max Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit (the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells) of soccer players generally lie towards the high end of the normal range. The cardiac output determines the amount of blood delivered to the active muscles during strenuous exercise HRmax not increased as result of training and is not a indicator of fitness itself. Training effect – hypertrophy-effective pump
- 10. Aerobic fitness: VO2max Training effect – greater stroke volume-large chamber which allow more blood to fill the chamber before it contract - lower HR at rest The slow heart rate allows extended relaxation time during diastole for the pressure to drop below the normal level of 80 mmHg. The pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, with an average value of 50 mmHg for the English League players, is larger than the normal 40 mmHg (Reilly, 1979)
- 11. Aerobic fitness: VO2max The VO2max is affected by pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, the O2- carrying capacity of the blood and the arteriovenous differences in the O2 concentrations. Elite athlete 50-70 ml kg-1min-1; Reilly and Doren (2003) found 59mlkg-1min-1 on 500 elite sports persons No positional adaptation in VO2max in Handball, in soccer the midfielders had significantly higher aerobic power values than those in other positions. Central defenders have significantly lower relative values than the other outfield players while the fullbacks and strikers have values that are intermediate (Reilly 1979; Hazza et.al.2001)
- 12. Anaerobic threshold The VO2max indicates the maximal ability to consume oxygen in strenuous exercise but it is not possible to sustain exercise for very long at an intensity that elicits (throw light) VO2max. The upper level at which exercise can be sustained for a prolonged period is thought to be indicated by the so-called ‘anaerobic threshold’: this variable is usually expressed as the work rate corresponding to a blood lactate concentration, the onset of accumulation of lactate in the blood
- 13. Anaerobic threshold (test) The lactate threshold is determined from responses to a sub-maximal test. The player runs at 4 different speeds on a treadmill, each for 4 min. A blood sample is drawn from a fingertip or ear lobe during short pauses between the progressive bouts. The relationship between blood lactate and running velocity is plotted.
- 14. Muscle Function Muscle strength: Assessment and measurements of strength and power has ranged from use from performance test squats and bench press. Strength in the lower limbs is clearly important in the game: the quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae groups must generate high forces for jumping, kicking, tackling, turning and changing pace.
- 15. Muscle Function for HB Dorsiflexors Planter flexors Hip flexors Ankle use most
- 16. Muscle Strength Isometric strength is also an important factor in maintaining a player’s balance on a slippery pitch and in controlling the ball. Upper-body strength is employed in throw-ins and the strength of the neck flexors are important in heading the ball forcefully. Strength in the upper body should help prevent the player from being knocked (snatch) off the ball. High levels of muscular strength are also important in reducing the risk of injury.
- 17. Muscle Strength In soccer – little above average isometric strength is needed Static strength may not truly reflect the ability to exert force in dynamic conditions and is also a poor predictor of muscle performance in the game. Isometric activity is important in stabilising the trunk and providing a platform for more dynamic muscular activity of the lower body to take place.
- 18. Muscle Strength Core muscle training – recognised world wide – provide stable base for muscular contraction causing motion. Screening and development of isometric muscle activity are integral to most rehabilitation and strength conditioning programmes. Positive correlation between leg strength and kicking ability- strength training improves kicking ability
- 19. Muscle Strength The angle of approach, the kicking style, the trajectory and other factors in addition to muscle strength all influence the performance of kicking. Positive r is witnessed between lower limb strength and ball velocity
- 20. Anaerobic Power During a soccer game, players must often generate high power output and sometimes have to maintain or repeat it with only a brief period for recovery. High power – anaerobic energy system Performance test- stair run test - Measurement is made of the time taken for the player to run between two steps on the stairs, the vertical distance between which is known.
- 21. Anaerobic Power VJ -the vertical distance through which body mass is moved and the flight time. VJ itself is a good measure. SBJ – affected by leg length repeatedly jump is also included – generally 60s Winget test – ergometer test
- 22. Performance test for soccer Generic (Similar in nature) test Fields test- can be performed without any complex monitoring equipment. Eurofit test battery- The tests utilise performance measures such as runs, jumps, throws and so on, but they are designed to assess motor functions such as strength, power, muscle endurance and aerobic power, albeit (though) indirectly. The main use of the battery may be with recreational teams and underage squads.
- 23. 1 Anthropometry and nine motor tests as employed in the Eurofit Test battery 1. Height, body mass, 4 skinfolds: (anthropometry) 2. Flamingo balance test: (balance) 3. Plate tapping: (speed of limb movement) 4. Sit-and-reach: (flexibility) 5. Standing broad jump: (‘explosive strength’) 6. Grip strength: (static strength) 7. Sit-ups: (trunk strength) 8. Bent-arm hang: (functional strength) 9. Shuttle run: 10 5 m: (running speed/agility) 10. Endurance shuttle run (20 m): (endurance)
- 24. Performance test for soccer The 20-m shuttle run test included in the Eurofit battery was first validated for estimating maximal oxygen uptake (Leger and Lambert, 1982) and represented a progressive step for sports science support programmes. 12 min run and walk for players and referees Shuttle run with alternation in distance an recovery time
- 25. Sprint test Performance of high-intensity exercise in training contexts is usually recorded by coaching staff from time trials over short distances 10 mtr – ability to accelerate 30mtr – running capacity during short sprints
- 26. Repeated Sprint test Soccer incorporates a cyclical patterns of movement, the intensity of exercise varying in a relatively unpredictable manner. On average, there is a call for an all-out sprint every 90 s and a run at effort at least every 30 s. The fitness requirements therefore are for quick movements, high speed, fast recovery and an ability to sustain activity.
- 27. Repeated Sprint test Seven sprints are recommended for determining peak acceleration (over 10 m) and speed (time over 30 m). A fatigue index can be calculated both for acceleration and speed over 30 m, based on the drop off in performance over the seven sprints. The mean time for the seven sprints is indicative of the ability to perform several short sprints within a short period of time within a game. Generally, the best performances are the first and second sprints, the poorest over the sixth and seventh.
- 28. Soccer specific test Soccer yo-yo test-mandatory for referees in Italy and Denmark The so-called ‘yo-yo’ tests were designed by Bangsbo (1994c) to determine an individual’s capability to tolerate high-intensity activity for a sustained period. In the tests, the player performs repeated 20-m shuttle runs interspersed with short recovery jogs. Time allowed for shuttle reduced progressively can be terminated if unable to perform. Score being number of shuttle
- 29. Soccer specific test 5s recovery between each shuttle total duration 10-20 min Recovery ability is tested from intense exercise – 10s jog is allowed Test at 2 level – first elite and second recreational level In soccer field – soccer boot- 30 can be tested once
- 30. Soccer dribble test Soccer-dribbling tests, can include a sprint as fast as possible over a zig-zag course whilst dribbling a ball – agility test. Obstacles comprise plastic conical skittles 91 cm high and with a base diameter of 23 cm. Two parallel lines, 1.57 m apart, are drawn as reference guides. Intervals of 1.83 m are marked along each line, and diagonal connections of alternate marks 4.89 m long are made. Five cones are placed on the course itself, and a sixth is positioned 7.3 m from the final cone, exactly opposite it and 9.14 m from the starting line. On command “go” . Recreational – straight line
- 31. Agility and flexibility Soccer requires players to possess not only speed but also agility. Agility refers to the capability to change the direction of the body abruptly. The ability to turn quickly, dodge and sidestep calls for good motor co-ordination and is reflected in a standardised agility run test. Joint flexibility is an important consideration in soccer players. Establishing the range of motion at a joint can be of benefit in screening for injury predisposition.
- 32. Body composition Body composition reflects the individual’s energy balance and is a health-related measure. It is also an important aspect of fitness for soccer as superfluous (unwanted) adipose tissue acts as dead weight in activities where body mass must be lifted repeatedly against gravity. players losing body fat are likely to increase their work-rate and endurance performance as a direct result.
- 33. Body composition Commonly most used model of Body composition – fat mass and fat free mass – alternate is muscle mass – tools – anthropometric – impedence – under water weight It may be estimated from chemical measures such as total body water or total body potassium – not easy available – medical based- MRI expensive – most easy – anthropometric- site of SF
- 34. Simulations for intervention studies The analysis of work rates during match-play has also been useful in evaluating training interventions (influence) during field games. Exercise protocols are then designed which mimic the exercise patterns observed during match-play and which can be employed for evaluating training or nutritional interventions.
- 35. Simulations for intervention studies Drust et al. (2000) designed a soccer-specific protocol consisting of reproducible 15-min cycles of activity in which the intensity is varied at least every 30 s, ranging from walking to sprinting. The protocol as a whole entails 2 X45- min period, separated by 15-min rest. It was used to examine the influence of pre-cooling the body on body temperature responses. It could be utilised to examine the physiological consequence of nutritional or other interventions.
- 36. ? Thanks