![What is a Biomaterial?
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical
device, intended to interact with biological systems
(Williams, 1987)
[OR]
Any material of natural or of synthetic origin that
comes in contact with tissue, blood or biological fluids,
and intended for use in prosthetic, diagnostic,
therapeutic or storage application without adversely
affecting the living organism and its components.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biomaterials41-190508172218/85/Evolution-of-Bio-materials-and-applications-5-320.jpg)
![Background
● Historically, biomaterials consisted of materials
common in the laboratories of physicians, with little
consideration of materials properties.
● Early Biomaterials:
– Gold: Malleable, inert metal (does not oxidize), used in
dentistry.
– Iron, Brass: High Strength Metals, rejoin fractured
femur
– Glass: Hard ceramic, used to replace eye [cosmetic]
– Wood: Natural composite, high strength to weight,
used for limb prostheses.
– Bone: Natural composite.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biomaterials41-190508172218/85/Evolution-of-Bio-materials-and-applications-11-320.jpg)
Evolution of Bio-materials and applications
- 1. DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WARANGAL
- 3. CONTENT 1)What is a Biomaterial 2)Need for Biomaterials 3)Background 4)Evolution of Biomaterials a)First generation Biomaterials b)Second generation Biomaterials c)Third generation Biomaterials 5)General criterion for Biomaterial selection
- 4. 6)Classification of Biomaterials 7)Production of Biomaterials 8)Host reactions to Biomaterials 9)Applications of Biomaterials 10)Conclusions 11)References
- 5. What is a Biomaterial? A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems (Williams, 1987) [OR] Any material of natural or of synthetic origin that comes in contact with tissue, blood or biological fluids, and intended for use in prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic or storage application without adversely affecting the living organism and its components.
- 6. This is how the Biomaterials reacts when placed in the damaged parts of Human
- 7. TYPES OF BIOMATERIALS USED IN GENERAL
- 9. BIOMATERIALS APPLICATION INCLUDES - Physical scientists - Engineers - Dentists - Biological scientists - Surgeons - Veterinary practitioner in Industries grove - Clinical specialties and academic settings
- 10. Need for biomaterials ● Millions of patients suffer end stage organ and tissue failure annually. – $400 billion annually for treatment. – 8 million surgical procedures. ● Treatment options include transplantation, reconstruction, mechanical devices.
- 11. Background ● Historically, biomaterials consisted of materials common in the laboratories of physicians, with little consideration of materials properties. ● Early Biomaterials: – Gold: Malleable, inert metal (does not oxidize), used in dentistry. – Iron, Brass: High Strength Metals, rejoin fractured femur – Glass: Hard ceramic, used to replace eye [cosmetic] – Wood: Natural composite, high strength to weight, used for limb prostheses. – Bone: Natural composite.
- 12. Evolution of biomaterials ● 1st generation (since 1950s) Goal: Bioinertness. ● 2nd generation (since 1980s) Goal: Bioactivity ● 3rd generation (since 2000s) Goal: Regenerate functional tissue
- 13. First Generation Biomaterials ● Ad-hoc’ (unplanned) Implants ● Specified by physicians using common and borrowed materials. ● Requirements were to find a suitable physical properties to match those of the replaced tissue with a minimal toxic response of the host, so biologically inert or nearly inert materials were used in order to reduce the corrosion and to minimise the immune response and foreign body reaction.This is known as “Bioinertness”
- 14. ● Examples – Gold fillings, wooden teeth, PMMA dental prosthesis – Steel, gold, ivory, bone plates etc. – Glass eyes and other body parts • Great success of the first generation of biomaterials in orthopedic area is the total hip replacement. • Inert polymeric materials developed in the first generation of biomaterials, are polyethylene, polyurethane, polypropylene, and silicone rubbers. • Currently these materials are used in temporary implants.
- 15. Second Generation of Biomaterials ● Engineered implants using common and borrowed materials. ● Developed through collaborations of physicians and engineers. Bioactivity: A bioactive material is one that elicits a specific biological response at the interface of the material, which results in the formation of a bond between tissues and the material. Examples: -Heart valves and Pacemakers.
- 16. Third Generation of Biomaterials • Introduces the idea of Regenerative medicine. • Biomaterials are capable of stimulating one or several functions of the cells forming tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage) rough proper signaling, to stimulate the regeneration of this tissue. • Examples: -Cell matrices for 3-D growth and tissue reconstruction. • Tissue engineering involves the use of molecular and cell biology technology, combining the advantages of materials science and processing in order to produce tissue regeneration in situations where the patient׳s cells lack the capacity to regenerate over time.
- 17. General criterion for biomaterial selection ● Mechanical and chemicals properties. -strength, elastic modulus,fatigue strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance. ● No undesirable biological effects – carcinogenic, toxic, allergenic or immunogenic. ● Possible to process, fabricate and sterilize with a good reproducibility. ● Acceptable cost/benefit ratio.
- 19. Metallic biomaterials • Metallic biomaterials are used almost exclusively for load bearing applications -Knee or hip implants, dental implants, fracture fixation. • Due to their excellent high strength, fracture toughness, relative ease of fabrication, good electrical conductivity made them to use in various applications. • Most commonly use metallic biomaterials are 1.Stainless steels(alloy of Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn) (316L grade – better corrosion resistance) 2.Cobalt-chromiumMolybdenum(COCRMO or CMM). 3.Titanium (Ti) or Ti alloys (Ti6Al4V is a very common variant)
- 20. Bio ceramics • Bioceramics are “specially designed and fabricated ceramics which can be used to repair and reconstruct the diseased, damaged or “worn out” parts of the body. • The resistance to -Micro organisms, -Temperature, -Solvents, -pH changes, -High pressures is the advantage in health and dental applications.
- 21. Alumina -Al2O3 Alumina as biomaterial was introduced in 1970 successfully as an alternative for metallic alloys. Advantages: • High hardness and wear resistive property, • Low coeff of friction, • Excellent corrosion resistance, • High chemical stability • Bioinert, •Non toxic to human body Limitations: • Intrinsic brittleness • Higher fracture rate • Minimal bone ingrowth • Non-adherent fibrous membrane • Interfacial failure and loss of implant can occur
- 22. • Orthopaedics: • Dental: - bone screws and plates -crowns -porous coatings for femoral stems -bridges -porous spacers - knee prosthesis Zirconia as Bioceramic 1. High Fracture Toughness, 2.Hardness and Wear resistance 3.Use temperatures up to 2400°C 4.Low thermal conductivity (20% that of alumina) 5.Less Toxic, Chemically inert 6. Allows larger Range of Design,
- 23. 7.Dimensionally stable 8.Lower modulus of elasticity and higher strength 9.Better bending strength Applications: • Orthopaedics: Total & partial hip and knee replacement components, artificial knee,bone screws and plates. • Dental: crowns and bridges • Coatings (of metal prostheses) for controlled implant/tissue interfacial response • Space filling of diseased bone
- 24. Calcium Phosphate -Bio degradable - Structure resembles bone mineral; thus used for bone replacement - Coating of metal implants to promote bone ingrowth. - Used in the form of: • Powders • Scaffolds • Coatings for implants – metals, heart valves to inhibit clotting • Self-Setting bone cement
- 25. • Uses: -void filling after resection of bone tumors -repair of dental defects
- 26. Polymeric Biomaterials A polymer is large molecule(macromolecule) composed of many repeated subunits called monomers. -Natural polymers and their derivatives are commonly used in medicines and pharmacy. -Particular attention has recently been paid to natural polymers, because they are biocompatible and biodegradable, so they can be hydrolized into removable and non toxic products. - Examples: - Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA),Polyvinyl- chloride(PVC),Polypropylene(PP),Polystyrene.
- 28. PROCESS OF REPLACEMENT TISSUES IN THE DAMAGED AREA
- 29. HOW THE HOST REACTS TO BIOMATERIALS THROMBOSIS HEMOLYSIS INFLAMMATION INFECTION AND STERILIZATION CARCINOGENESIS HYPERSENSITIVITY SYSTEMIC EFFECTS These are the various effect occurs when the host reacts with a Biomaterial.
- 30. APPLICATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS - Therapeutic devices - Dentistry - Cardiovascular system - Ophthalmology - Drugs delivery - Cosmetic applications - Medical devices
- 31. system Biomaterial used 1.joint replacement -Ti,SS,PE 2.bone plate - SS, Co-Cr alloy
- 32. 3. bone cement -PMMA 4.Heart valve -carbon,reprocessed tissue.
- 34. Conclusions • With time metallic biomaterials applications are replacing with bioceramics. • Development of material sciences helped in making materials having comparable properties with human body. • Every day thousands of surgical procedures are performed to replace or repair tissue and thus field of tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate damaged tissues is a great challenge and most advanced field.
- 35. References 1 .C.A.C. Zavaglia and M.H. Prado da Silva, Feature Article: Biomaterials, In Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier, 2016, Current as of 28 October 2015. 2. K. deGroo tClinical applications of calcium phosphate biomaterials: A review Ceram. Int., 19 (1993), pp. 363–366. 3. J.B. Park, J.D. Bronzino,Biomaterials: Principles and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2003). 4. L.L. Hench Bioactive materials, Ceram. Int., 22 (6) (1996), pp. 493–507. 5. S. Best, A.E. Porter, E.S. Thian, J. Huang, Bioceramics: Past, present and for the future, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 28 (7) (2008), pp. 1319–1327. 6. D. Campoccia, L. Montanaro, C. Arciola, The significance of infection related to orthopaedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistence, Biomaterials, 27 (11) (2006), pp. 2331–2339. 7. D.H. Hutmacher, J.T. Schantz, K.C. Tan, T.C. Lim,State of the art and future directions of scaffolds- based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective,J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med., 1 (14) (2007), pp. 245–260. 8. H. Matsumoto, S. Watanabe, and S. Hanada, “Strengthening of low Young's modulus beta Ti-Nb-Sn alloys by thermomechanical processing,” in Proceedings of the Materials and Processes for Medical Devices Conference (MPMD 06), ASM International, November 2006., pp. 9–14,. 9. M. Nakai, M. Niinomi, and T. Oneda, “Improvement in fatigue strength of biomedical β-type Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr alloy while maintaining low Young’s modulus through optimizing ω-phase precipitation,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. Submitted. 10. M. Niinomi, “Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 243, no. 1-2, 1998, pp. 231–236.