Evolution of processing capability
- 1. EVOLUTION OF PROCESSING CAPABILITY SUBMITTED TO : VIKRAM SIR SUBMITTED BY :AMAN BIRLA 11620074 IT-4
- 2. Evolution The gradual development of something is known as evolution Slow process of change from one form or level to a better or higher one, or that brings into being a superior or new order.
- 3. Processing Capability Processing capacity refers to the ability and speed of a processor. Number of operations it carry out in a given amount of time. Processor - A machine that processes something. A processor includes an arithmetical logic and control unit (CU), which measures capability in terms of the following: Ability to process instructions at a given time Maximum number of bits/instructions
- 4. Central Processing Unit The CPU is the heart and brain of a computer. It receives data input, executes instructions, and processes information. It communicates with input/output (I/O) devices , which send and receive data to and from the CPU. The clock rate, or speed of a CPU's internal parts, is measured in hertz (Hz). One GHz is one billion cycles per second.
- 5. Vacuum Tube It was developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. The type of tube used in early computers was called a triode and was invented by Lee De Forest in 1906. It was inefficient as a switch , consumed much power and gave off enormous heat
- 6. Vacuum Tube In larger systems, it failed in every couple of hours or so. Some First Generation Computer that used Vacuum Tube were UNIVAC IBM-701 IBM-650 And ENIAC.
- 7. First Digital Computer ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and Cliff Berry in 1937. It used more than 300 vacuum tubes for digital computation, it had no CPU . The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. It used about 18,000 vacuum tubes. There’s a debate between ENIAC and ABC as which was the First Computer.
- 8. Transistors The invention of the transistor was one of the most important develop- -ments leading to the personal computer revolution. The transistor was invented in 1947 by Bell Laboratory engineers John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley. All three jointly, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956.
- 9. Transistors Computer built using transistors was much efficient as compared to vacuum tubes All three jointly, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. Computer built using transistors was much efficient as compared to vacuum tubes. Some Second generation Computers that used Transistors were : IBM 7000, NCR 304 ,ATLAS , and Mark III.
- 10. Silicon Chip : Integrated Circuits The silicon chip was invented in 1961 by, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. The silicon chip is the most significant invention developed during the past 50 years, according to a poll of CNN. The creation of silicon revolutionized and miniaturized technology.
- 11. Silicon Chip : Integrated Circuits Earlier systems were developed using bulky, power- hungry vacuum tube technology. Silicon chip was basically a combination of separate components on an integrated circuit. Some third generation computers that used Integrated Circuits were: PDP-8 PDP-11 IBM 360, & IBM 370
- 12. Moore’s Law Moore's law is the observation that “the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.” Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel.
- 13. Moore’s Law
- 14. Microprocessor Microprocessor was developed by Intel in november 15,1971. It contain all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip. Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor chip developed. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 operations per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00.
- 15. Features of Microprocessor Features of microprocessor are : Small size hence portable Reliable Low power consumption Cost effective as available at low prices.
- 16. Examples of Microprocessor Some of the most familiar microprocessors are : Intel 8080 was introduced on April 1, 1974; the 8080 became a standard in the computer industry. The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor was released and was later chosen as the processor for the Apple Macintosh . AMD released the first single- core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.
- 17. Intel :Microprocessor Intel I-series is a familiar name in microprocessors, Intel has released three core processors namely i3,i5,i7 .Till now seven generations of I-series have been released. First generation : November, 2008. Second generation : early 2011. Third generation : mobile version april 2012, desktop versions september 2012.
- 18. Intel :Microprocessor Fourth generation : released in year 2013. Fifth generation: September ,2014. Sixth generation: august , 2015 Seventh generation : october 2016(mobile chips), january 2017 (desktop chips).
- 19. Performance of core processors Generally speaking, Core i7s are better than Core i5s, which are in turn better than Core i3s. Core i7 does not have seven cores nor does Core i3 have three cores. They indicate their relative processing powers. Their relative levels of processing power are based on a collection of criteria involving their number of cores, clock speed (in GHz), size of cache, as well as technologies like Turbo Boost 2.0 and Hyper- Threading.
- 20. Performance of core processors The more cores there are, the more tasks (known as threads) can be served at the same time. Starting from the 6th generation Core i5 and i7 desktop processors are quad core and i3 have dual core. The Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 allows a processor to dynamically increase its clock speed whenever the need arises. It is available on the 7th Generation Core i7 and Core i5 processors
- 21. Performance of core processors Whenever the CPU finds that it keeps on using the same data over and over, it stores that data in its cache. The 7th Generation Core i3 and Core i5 processors have either 3MB or 4MB of cache. Hyper-Threading enables a single core to serve multiple threads. else single core serve single thread.
- 22. THANK YOU