EVS FOR COLLEGE LEVEL_JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY_PART4
- 1. Environmental Studies (19B13BT211) Module 01: The Multidisciplinary nature of environment, Biodiversity (Definition, scope and importance, Need for public awareness, Types of Ecosystems, World Biomes, Ecosystem functioning, Diversity of flora and fauna, species and wild life diversity, Biodiversity hotspots, threats to biodiversity, Case studies)
- 2. EVS Lecture 1.4 Module - 1 Topic covered: Ecosystem functioning
- 3. What sustains life on earth?? 🠶 The one-way flow of energy 🠶 The cycling of matter/ nutrients 🠶 Gravity 🠶 Allows the earth to hold onto its atmosphere 🠶 Causes the downward movement of nutrients https://mio-ecsde.org/erasmus-IP-2014/trainers/day%2002-Ricard.pdf
- 4. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS These factors include the non-living physiochemical factors of the environment. Abiotic factors are as follows: •Inorganic substances: Inorganic substances like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water, carbon di-oxide, calcium, phosphorus and their inorganic compounds. These are available as free form or dissolved in water and may be adsorbed on the soil particles. •Organic compounds: These are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids etc. This material is present in dead organic matter. These are broken into the simple compounds by decomposers in ecosystem for recycling of matter. •Climatic factors: These are factors present in the environment such as temperature, humidity, light, wind, rainfall an atmospheric gaseous etc.
- 5. •Food chain – Path of energy exchange/A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. – Food webs – Interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem •Trophic level – Feeding relationships – Individuals position •Recyclers of biosphere: Decomposers- these are fungi/bacteria which decompose organic matter and convert it into inorganic matter that can be used as food by producers. Thus recycling the matter.
- 7. Flow of energy in an ecosystem 🠶 Energy flows through an ecosystem in only one direction. Energy is passed from organisms at one trophic level or energy level to organisms in the next trophic level. 🠶 Energy decreases as it moves up trophic levels because energy is lost as metabolic heat when the organisms from one trophic level are consumed by organisms from the next level. https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/flow-of-energy-in-ecosystems/lesson/Flow-of-Energy-in-Ecosystems-HS-ES/
- 8. Uni-directional flow of energy
- 9. Lindeman’s law of energy transfer 🠶 Lindeman outlined the fundamental ecological concepts of energy flow in ecosystems. 🠶 At any trophic level, from producer to consumer, energy flow is mediated throng the individual organism. 🠶 Energy is consumed, some is lost as feces, urine, or gas, and part is assimilated and respired or need for the production and growth of new biomass. During each transfer from a lower to a higher trophic level, ~10% of the consumed biomass is directly converted to new biomass; the balance is respired (Smith, 1996). https://www.cfc.umt.edu/research/biogeochemistry/files/publications/ehs.pdf http://ivaglobe.com/how-law-of-thermodynamics-supports-vegetarianism/
- 10. Ecosystem Productivity 🠶 Primary Productivity 🠶 Secondary productivity 🠶 GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) 🠶 NPP (Net Primary Productivity): The portion of GPP not used up by the respiration NPP = GPP – Rs 🠶 Rs (Respiration) 🠶 Biomass: Reflection of Secondary productivity https://mio-ecsde.org/erasmus-IP-2014/trainers/day%2002-Ricard.pdf
- 11. 🠶 Primary productivity: Production of organic compound by atmospheric CO2 (Productivity of autotrophs such as plants) 🠶 Secondary productivity: Productivity of heterotrophs such as animals 🠶 GPP (Gross Primary Productivity): Rate at which producers capture and store chemical energy (biomass) in a given time (The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem). About 48–60% of the GPP is consumed in plant respiration 🠶 NPP (Net Primary Productivity): GPP-Respiration: The portion of GPP not used up by the respiration
- 12. Ecological pyramid 🠶 Graphical representations of trophic structures in an ecosystem 🠶 Ecological pyramids show the relative amounts of various parameters (such as number of organisms, energy, and biomass) across trophic levels. Ecological pyramids can also be called trophic pyramids or energy pyramids 🠶 Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top. 🠶 Types of Pyramids: ⮚Pyramid of Biomass ⮚Pyramid of Energy ⮚Pyramid of Numbers More Energy Less Energy
- 13. Pyramid of number 🠶 Pyramids of numbers can be either upright or inverted, depending on the ecosystem. 🠶 Pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of organisms at each stage of a food chain 🠶 These are usually shaped like pyramids, as higher trophic levels cannot be sustained if there are more predators than prey 🠶 However, the shape may be distorted if a food source is disproportionately large in size / biomass compared to the feeder 🠶 For example, a large number of caterpillars may feed on a single oak tree and many fleas may feed off a single dog host • A pyramid of biomass shows the total mass of organisms at each stage of a food chain • These pyramids are almost always upright in shape, as biomass diminishes along food chains as CO2 and waste is released • An exception to this rule is found in marine ecosystems, where zooplankton have a large total biomass than phytoplankton • This is because phytoplankton replace their biomass at such a rapid rate and so can support a larger biomass of zooplankton Pyramid of Biomass • A pyramid of energy shows the amount of energy trapped per area in a given time period at each stage of a food chain • These pyramids are always upright in shape, as energy is lost along food chains (either used in respiration or lost as heat) • Each level in the pyramid will be roughly one tenth the size of the preceding level as energy transformations are ~10% efficient Pyramid of Energy https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-4-ecology/42-energy-flow/ecological-pyramids.html https://energy-101.org/biomass-pyramid/ https://www.pmfias.com/ecological-pyramids-pyramid-numbers-biomass-energy/
- 14. What is A Niche? Set of conditions within which an organism can maintain a viable population Multi-dimensional with as many dimensions as there are limiting conditions temperature light intensity okay salinity ecological niche https://mio-ecsde.org/erasmus-IP-2014/trainers/day%2002-Ricard.pdf
- 15. Habitat & Niche 🠶 Habitat: Place where a population (or an individual organism) typically lives 🠶 Characterized by physical conditions, e.g. salinity or temperature 🠶 Ecological niche: 🠶 The sum total of an organisms use of biotic & abiotic resources in its environment with unique ecological role 🠶 It is a term used for the position of a species within an ecosystem, describing both the range of conditions necessary for persistence of the species, and its ecological role in the ecosystem. 🠶 Fundamental Niche full potential range of physical, chemical and biological factors a species could use if there were no competition 🠶 Realized Niche The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies due to competition https://qforquestions.com/ecological-niche/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/ecological-niche