![Exploring interfaces 5
(4) Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC; Chomsky 2004: 108)
At the phase ZP containing phase HP, the domain of H is not accessi-
ble to operations, but only the edge of HP.
In essence this means that after the phase of some phase head PH1 is com-
plete (HP in (4)) and elements from the next higher phasal lexical array are
merged, that phase becomes inaccessible for further computation at the
point at which the next higher phase head PH2 is merged (ZP). To be more
precise, what becomes inaccessible, or impenetrable, is the domain of the
phase head, defined as its sister and everything contained (i.e. c-command)
– the so-called edge remains accessible, crucially so. The edge includes the
phase head itself and its specifiers, in a way recreating the kind of escape
hatch that became popular in the Barriers-framework (Chomsky 1986); con-
cerning (3c) and related issues, see Boeckx & Grohmann (2007) for recent
discussion and further references.
One immediate effect for the syntactic derivation is the necessity of
built-in ‘escape hatches’ (not unlike those from the Barriers-model of
Chomsky 1986), through which those syntactic objects must move that
need to get out of one phase to target a higher phase. As a simple way of
illustration, this can be sketched for wh-questions, as in (5):
(5) a. [vP John v [VP kiss who ]]
b. [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]]
c. will-T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]]
d. [TP John will-T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]]
e. C [TP John will-T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]]
f. [CP who will-C [TP John T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]]
Once all theta-roles are assigned within the vP (5a), V raises to v and the
wh-phrase moves into an outer specifier of v (5b). (Allowing such an addi-
tional Spec-position is referred to as the ‘P(eripheral)-feature’ (Chomsky
2000) or ‘EPP-property’ (Chomsky 2001 et seq.) of phase-heads – as many
as needed.) The usual T-insertion (5c) and subject raising applies (5d) be-
fore the next higher phase head, interrogative C, is merged into the struc-
ture (5e). Now the PIC (4) applies and the only way who can move to
[Spec,CP] is from the edge of the vP-phase, as in (5f). Had who not moved
to [Spec,vP] previously, it would now be frozen in place. That is, an analy-
sis as assumed in earlier versions of minimalism, according to which the
object wh-phrase moves straight from its base to [Spec,CP] is not available
anymore.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/97141-250504152824-40261e0f/85/Explorations-of-Phase-Theory-Interpretation-at-the-Interfaces-1st-Edition-Grohmann-17-320.jpg)
![6 Kleanthes K.Grohmann
Additional debate surrounds the details of (3b) – just what or which
operations exactly cannot apply over a lower phase? This question leads us
to another staple of phase-theoretic innovations of the Minimalist Program:
grammatical licensing mechanisms. Where in earlier instantiations, Move
took care of feature checking through Spec-Head configurations (Checking
Theory of Chomsky 1993) or Attract was responsible for displacement
(Chomsky 1995), current approaches employ a Probe-Goal system of fea-
ture checking known as Agree (Chomsky 2000). Agree checks features
between a Probe and a lower Goal with matching features through long-
distance, through c-command. Bošković (2007), for example, argues that
only Move is subject to the PIC, but not Agree Chomsky suggests. The
sister volume to the present collection addresses such issues in more detail.
(3a) seems to be the least controversial aspect of phases, unless one con-
siders the relation between NS and LEX in more detail, or from the per-
spective of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993 and much sub-
sequent research), for example, which may lead so quite a different charac-
terization. But this property was one of the core arguments in favour of a
cyclic, piecemeal derivation and has in public been discussed as early as
Wilder & Gärtner (1997) in the context of a proceedings volume for a con-
ference held in February 1995 – thus even predating any discussion of Mul-
tiple Spell-Out models or other aspects of dynamic computations. This
concerns data, such as the following:4
(6) a. There was [a rumor [that a mani was ti in the room]] in the air.
b. [A rumor [that there was a man in the room]]i was ti in the air.
This pair of examples offers an apparent case of optionality that is puzzling
for a single-numeration view of the derivation and the assumption that
Merge is more economical than Move. (6a) and (6b) are presumably derived
from the same lexical pre-selection. If now ‘Merge-over-Move’ were real
(the focus of Castillo et al. 1999), (6b) should always block the derivation
of (6a). If each phase has its own lexical pre-selection (the lexical array),
this problem is solved: there is in different lexical arrays (or sub-arrays) in
the two examples.
However, this now leads to yet another question not mentioned so far –
and arguably even more controversial than (3c), but certainly (3b) and es-
4
Apart from Wilder & Gärtner’s (1997) presentation and the one independently
arrived at in Uriagereka (1999), see also Castillo et al. (1999), Hornstein et al.
(2005), and references cited for further discussion.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/97141-250504152824-40261e0f/85/Explorations-of-Phase-Theory-Interpretation-at-the-Interfaces-1st-Edition-Grohmann-18-320.jpg)
Explorations of Phase Theory Interpretation at the Interfaces 1st Edition Grohmann
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- 5. Explorations of Phase Theory Interpretation at the Interfaces 1st Edition Grohmann Digital Instant Download Author(s): Grohmann, Kleanthes K., Kleanthes K. Grohmann ISBN(s): 9783110205213, 3110205211 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 2.12 MB Year: 2009 Language: english
- 6. Explorations of Phase Theory: Interpretation at the Interfaces edited by Kleanthes K. Grohmann Mouton de Gruyter
- 7. Explorations of Phase Theory: Interpretation at the Interfaces ≥
- 8. Interface Explorations 17 Editors Artemis Alexiadou T. Alan Hall Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York
- 9. Explorations of Phase Theory: Interpretation at the Interfaces edited by Kleanthes K. Grohmann Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York
- 10. Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. 앪 앝 Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Explorations of phase theory : interpretation at the interfaces / edited by Kleanthes K. Grohmann. p. cm. ⫺ (Interface explorations ; 17) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-020521-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Minimalist theory (Linguistics) 2. Generative grammar 3. Gram- mar, Comparative and general ⫺ Syntax. I. Grohmann, Kleanthes K. P158.28.E973 2009 4151.0182⫺dc22 2009002390 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-11-020521-3 ISSN 1861-4167 ” Copyright 2009 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan- ical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Laufen. Printed in Germany.
- 11. Contents Exploring interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Kleanthes K. Grohmann Intermodular argumentation and the word-spell-out-mystery . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Tobias Scheer On bare prosodic structure and the spell-out of features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Martin Haiden Spell out before you merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Hisao Tokizaki On the derivation of the relation between givenness and deaccentuation: A best-case model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Dalina Kallulli Phase theory, linearization, and zig-zag movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Carlo Geraci Surviving reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Thomas Stroik and Michael Putnam On the interface(s) between syntax and meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Anjum Saleemi Dynamic economy of derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Takashi Toyoshima The conceptual necessity of phases: Some remarks on the minimalist enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Dennis Ott Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
- 13. Exploring interfaces Kleanthes K.Grohmann 1. Introduction The InterPhases conference, held at Casteliotissa Hall in the Old Town of Nicosia, Cyprus 18–20 May 2006, was an attempt to bring together linguists working on all kinds of interface-related issues (the inter-part of the title) pertaining to current, generative syntactic theory (such as the eponymous phases). It was also many things beyond this narrow aim; in particular, the event sparked a lot of interest and discussion. At the conference, 25 papers were delivered orally (incl. Noam Chomsky’s keynote address and three in- vited lectures; see also Grohmann 2009b) and another 25 posters presented. All in all, close to 200 linguists got together, interacted lively, and ex- changed ideas for a good week, if the Edges in Syntax conference immedi- ately preceding is taken into consideration as well (on this combined Cyprus Syntaxfest, see the introduction to Grohmann & Panagiotidis 2009). Above all, the hope was that the conference was also successful intellectually. The present collection, and its sister volume Explorations of Phase Theory: Features and Arguments, is one effort to give testimony to that hope.1 The present compilation is assembled from work accepted for presenta- tion at the InterPhases conference. Selected oral (Kallulli, Stroik & Putnam, Tokizaki, Toyoshima) and poster presentations (Geraci), as well as two that unfortunately had to be canceled (Haiden, Saleemi), have been specially prepared for this volume by the authors, having benefited greatly from the feedback received at the conference and afterwards. In addition, two more chapters were solicited explicitly for this volume (Ott, who also partici- pated at InterPhases, and Scheer). The selection criterion for this collection is that each chapter explicitly address issues concerning Interpretation at the Interfaces – the sub-title of this volume – all framed within the leading 1 This ‘sister volume’ volume on “Explorations of Phase Theory” also derived from the InterPhases conference (Interface Explorations 18). Note that the two introductions share large parts, in particular sections 1 and 2 as well as the over- all arrangement, but, of course, differ in sections 3 and 4, the volume-specific thematic and contributions overviews.
- 14. 2 Kleanthes K.Grohmann theme of this volume (and the next, the above-mentioned sister volume), “Explorations of Phase Theory”. Before briefly presenting each contribution in turn, and putting it in perspective to this collection, I will introduce the volume with a sketch of the fundamental properties of Phase Theory and of what kind of interface interpretations might be interesting or relevant, also with respect to those contributions that take a more critical stance towards Phase Theory as un- derstood in current research. 2. Phase theory For the purposes of the present collection, I take ‘Phase Theory’ to be repre- sentative of the leading developments within the current, generative frame- work collectively referred to as the Minimalist Program, instigated by Noam Chomsky’s early minimalist work, then published as Chomsky (1995). Phase Theory – employed here sometimes in alternation with the term ‘phase- based approach’ and other synonyms – collectively refers to Chomsky’s (2000) proposal, originally circulated in 1998, his subsequent work over the past 10 years, and various extensions by other scholars, which I will briefly sketch in this section.2 Chomsky’s formulation of the syntactic derivation by phase addresses certain aspects of a ‘dynamic’ approach to the computation, originally ad- vanced by Uriagereka in the mid-1990s (published as Uriagereka 1997, 1999), the so-called ‘Multiple Spell-Out Hypothesis’ (see also next section). The major point of departure from earlier instantiations of the Minimalist Program here lies in the architecture of the grammar. While minimalism as conceived of in Chomsky (1993, 1995) adhered to a slightly modified form of the Y- or T-model from the GB era (Chomsky 1981, 1986), where the interpretive interface levels LF (Logical Form) and PF (Phonetic or Phonological Form) were accessed once through the single application of the operation Spell-Out, as in (1), 2 For textbook introductions, see Adger (2003: ch. 10), Radford (2004: ch. 10), and Hornstein et al. (2005: ch. 10), Lasnik & Uriagereka with Boeckx (2005: section 7.4), and Boeckx (2008: section 3.2), among others. More elaborate expositions, including interesting extensions, of Phase Theory include the recent dissertations by Richards (2004), Hiraiwa (2005), and Gallego (2007), to name but a few, and a host of research monographs and collected volumes (see also den Dikken 2007 and peer responses).
- 15. Exploring interfaces 3 (1) LEX (qua numeration or lexical array) Spell-Out PF (instructing the SM system) LF (instructing the C-I system) Phase Theory explores a more intricate view of Transfer. The major dif- ference lies in the (new) operation Transfer, that is, from narrow syntax (NS) to the interpretive interface levels LF and PF. Access on all other sides remains as conceived before, that is (finer details aside), NS starts off with some kind of pre-selection from the Lexicon (LEX) in the form of a numeration or, as it is now known in Phase Theory, lexical array and the interpretive – or, as used here (see Grohmann 2009a for discussion), modu- lar – interface levels still feed the linguistic interfaces known as the Sen- sorimotor (SM) system and Conceptual-Intentional (C-I) system, respec- tively. Transfer is the ‘super-operation’ (Lasnik & Uriagereka with Boeckx 2005) feeding the modular interfaces, made up of Transfer to LF (Interpret) and Transfer to PF (Spell-Out). Within Phase Theory, Transfer thus understood is assumed to apply more than once, throughout the derivation – which leads to a dynamic evaluation of NS, to use a popular term. This can be captured by the diagram in (2), adapted from Boeckx (2008). (2) lf pf lf pf lf pf . . . . . .
- 16. 4 Kleanthes K.Grohmann From such a dynamic conception of the derivation, several paths can be ex- plored – Uriagereka’s (1999) Multiple Spell-Out model is one, Grohmann’s (2003) framework based on Prolific Domains is another, and further alter- natives exist as well. But Chomsky’s (2000 et seq.) Phase Theory seems to be the dominant one these days and constitutes the focus of the present collection, at least as a benchmark or term of comparison. This means, applied to (2), that the relevant unit of the derivation subject to Transfer is the phase – simply put, each phase undergoes Transfer. To be more precise, Chomsky distinguishes strong and weak phases in that only the former are relevant for the computation (Transfer). A phase (ignoring weak phases from now on, this refers to ‘strong phase’) is thus the very local unit for computation from at least three per- spectives: (3) a. A phase contains only the lexical array that is needed for its assembly. b. A phase constitutes a local computational domain for narrow syntax. c. A phase undergoes Transfer as soon as possible after its completion. Again taking some shortcuts in the interest of a brief presentation, the Lexi- con thus pre-selects several numerations, namely, one lexical array per phase head. Each lexical array is then depleted by subsequent applications of the operation (External) Merge, providing the derivation with a narrow, local domain relevant for subsequent computation. Eventually, the phase acts as a Spell-Out domain of sorts, which means that it undergoes Transfer (to both LF and PF, actually) – and which means that it then becomes impenetrable for further computation, freezing the material contained within it. The freezing part – perhaps a remnant of pre-GB-theoretical concepts, as recently suggested3 – is formulated in terms of the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) in (4), taken from Chomsky (2004), updating earlier ver- sion (see also Nissenbaum 2000). 3 Scheer (2008), for example, classifies this condition as a ‘no look-back device’ and traces its history to the Strict Cycle Condition (Chomsky 1973) and its im- plementation in phonological theory, all the way up to Government Phonology (Kaye 1992, 1993) – but subsequently “forgotten in GB syntax” (see his contri- bution to this volume for more). Note also that Abels (2003) finds a precursor of the PIC in van Riemsdijk’s (1978) Head Constraint, in this way coinciding with Scheer’s assessment that it predates GB.
- 17. Exploring interfaces 5 (4) Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC; Chomsky 2004: 108) At the phase ZP containing phase HP, the domain of H is not accessi- ble to operations, but only the edge of HP. In essence this means that after the phase of some phase head PH1 is com- plete (HP in (4)) and elements from the next higher phasal lexical array are merged, that phase becomes inaccessible for further computation at the point at which the next higher phase head PH2 is merged (ZP). To be more precise, what becomes inaccessible, or impenetrable, is the domain of the phase head, defined as its sister and everything contained (i.e. c-command) – the so-called edge remains accessible, crucially so. The edge includes the phase head itself and its specifiers, in a way recreating the kind of escape hatch that became popular in the Barriers-framework (Chomsky 1986); con- cerning (3c) and related issues, see Boeckx & Grohmann (2007) for recent discussion and further references. One immediate effect for the syntactic derivation is the necessity of built-in ‘escape hatches’ (not unlike those from the Barriers-model of Chomsky 1986), through which those syntactic objects must move that need to get out of one phase to target a higher phase. As a simple way of illustration, this can be sketched for wh-questions, as in (5): (5) a. [vP John v [VP kiss who ]] b. [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]] c. will-T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]] d. [TP John will-T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]] e. C [TP John will-T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]] f. [CP who will-C [TP John T [vP who [vP John kiss-v [VP V who ]] Once all theta-roles are assigned within the vP (5a), V raises to v and the wh-phrase moves into an outer specifier of v (5b). (Allowing such an addi- tional Spec-position is referred to as the ‘P(eripheral)-feature’ (Chomsky 2000) or ‘EPP-property’ (Chomsky 2001 et seq.) of phase-heads – as many as needed.) The usual T-insertion (5c) and subject raising applies (5d) be- fore the next higher phase head, interrogative C, is merged into the struc- ture (5e). Now the PIC (4) applies and the only way who can move to [Spec,CP] is from the edge of the vP-phase, as in (5f). Had who not moved to [Spec,vP] previously, it would now be frozen in place. That is, an analy- sis as assumed in earlier versions of minimalism, according to which the object wh-phrase moves straight from its base to [Spec,CP] is not available anymore.
- 18. 6 Kleanthes K.Grohmann Additional debate surrounds the details of (3b) – just what or which operations exactly cannot apply over a lower phase? This question leads us to another staple of phase-theoretic innovations of the Minimalist Program: grammatical licensing mechanisms. Where in earlier instantiations, Move took care of feature checking through Spec-Head configurations (Checking Theory of Chomsky 1993) or Attract was responsible for displacement (Chomsky 1995), current approaches employ a Probe-Goal system of fea- ture checking known as Agree (Chomsky 2000). Agree checks features between a Probe and a lower Goal with matching features through long- distance, through c-command. Bošković (2007), for example, argues that only Move is subject to the PIC, but not Agree Chomsky suggests. The sister volume to the present collection addresses such issues in more detail. (3a) seems to be the least controversial aspect of phases, unless one con- siders the relation between NS and LEX in more detail, or from the per- spective of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993 and much sub- sequent research), for example, which may lead so quite a different charac- terization. But this property was one of the core arguments in favour of a cyclic, piecemeal derivation and has in public been discussed as early as Wilder & Gärtner (1997) in the context of a proceedings volume for a con- ference held in February 1995 – thus even predating any discussion of Mul- tiple Spell-Out models or other aspects of dynamic computations. This concerns data, such as the following:4 (6) a. There was [a rumor [that a mani was ti in the room]] in the air. b. [A rumor [that there was a man in the room]]i was ti in the air. This pair of examples offers an apparent case of optionality that is puzzling for a single-numeration view of the derivation and the assumption that Merge is more economical than Move. (6a) and (6b) are presumably derived from the same lexical pre-selection. If now ‘Merge-over-Move’ were real (the focus of Castillo et al. 1999), (6b) should always block the derivation of (6a). If each phase has its own lexical pre-selection (the lexical array), this problem is solved: there is in different lexical arrays (or sub-arrays) in the two examples. However, this now leads to yet another question not mentioned so far – and arguably even more controversial than (3c), but certainly (3b) and es- 4 Apart from Wilder & Gärtner’s (1997) presentation and the one independently arrived at in Uriagereka (1999), see also Castillo et al. (1999), Hornstein et al. (2005), and references cited for further discussion.
- 19. Exploring interfaces 7 pecially (3a): What constitutes a phase? I will only sketch this issue here.5 Chomsky (2000) originally suggested that v and C, but not V and T, are (strong) phase heads, and later, citing research by other scholars, alludes to the possibility that D (Chomsky 2008), perhaps even P, may also constitute phase heads. This is a hot item of contention within Phase Theory and with- out. Regarding the latter, for example, Grohmann (2003) suggests an alter- native dynamic framework in which vP, TP, and CP are relevant Spell-Out domains (although not subject to the PIC) and Uriagereka’s (1999) original model suggested so-called command units to be impenetrable and frozen (basically, left branches, but again without assuming a condition like the PIC). Within phase-theoretic approaches, Marušič (2005), for example, argues for the concept of ‘non-simultaneous Spell-Out’, where a given phase may undergo Transfer to one modular interface level (such as the phonological component PF) but not the other (such as the semantic com- ponent LF). Gallego (2007), to mention another such example, suggests the process of ‘phase sliding’, which may turn TP into a phase under given circumstances. The literature on the identity, and the properties, of phases – and prob- lems the standard view may face as well as solutions how these may be overcome – grows steadily. What all such dynamic approaches have in common is the search for local, economical, and computationally efficient mechanisms in the syntax. Some of these will be addressed throughout this collection (and its sister volume), others will have to be collected else- where. Let’s take a closer look at the theme of the present volume. 3. Interface interpretation The important role of the interfaces within Phase Theory has been alluded to above already (for further specific treatments along these lines, see also Grohmann 2007a–c, 2008, 2009a, but also many contributions in those respective volumes and many other current work). In fact, I would go so far as to say that the most interesting and computationally relevant aspects of syntax lie here, in the interfaces (as argued for in Grohmann 2008 and fol- low-up research). With respect to phases, one might want to investigate further, for example, what aspects of NS are relevant for LF and how this could help find a definition of ‘phasehood’ (as Ott does) and PF (see espe- 5 Again, I refer the reader to the critical discussion in Boeckx & Grohmann (2007), including the literature cited, beyond basic expositions elsewhere (see fn. 2).
- 20. 8 Kleanthes K.Grohmann cially the chapters by Haiden and Scheer); ultimately, this is what the present volume is concerned with. While this is not the only possible perspective, it (and many other alternatives) have recently been collected in Ramchand & Reiss (2007), paying tribute to the important role that the study of inter- faces plays for linguistic theorizing from more perspectives than the rather narrow ones pursued here, namely: How is LEX/NS to be mapped to the modular interfaces LF/PF? I already introduced my terms linguistic vs. modular interfaces, which are only new by name, not by concept (see Grohmann 2009a for more) – where the linguistic interfaces are those systems in the human brain that take the linguistic input and construe true interpretation (meaning and sound) and where the modular interfaces are those well-known modules within the language faculty linguists have explored for decades (LF and PF).6 But recall that under the dynamic approach to the computation, as understood here, it is not so clear anymore that LF and PF are ‘discrete’ levels of representations, and the interface levels used to be known. In fact, it is not at all clear that they are to be conceived as ‘levels’. In a series of works, Juan Uriagereka has suggested the term ‘component’ instead (Uria- gereka & Martin 1999 and other work from the late 1990s, some of which published in Uriagereka 2002, 2008) and he also makes the case for addi- tional components, specifically, one that interacts between LEX and NS, a kind of remnant or modern conception of the old D-structure level of repre- sentation (Uriagereka 2008). Another question arises as to what happens on the meaning side of the computation, and relating to ‘non-core semantic’ aspects, such as pragmatics or information structure; or, on the sound side, one may wonder how prosody, a typical syntax-phonology interface aspect of language, can be computed. Perhaps the relevant information can be read of a combination of NS, LF, and PF – or perhaps there are additional com- ponents involved. But the issue needs to be addressed (see, for example, Kallulli’s and Saleemi’s chapters). One (series) of many research questions surrounding this topic then, also addressed in some of the following chap- ters (though not necessarily in this context), can be formulated as follows: How many interface levels are there, what is the nature of these levels or components, and how are they accessed both before and after NS? The operation Spell-Out has also been introduced above. In Phase Theory its nature – and application, of course – has taken a slightly different form 6 On the biolinguistic program along these lines, see also Chomsky (2005, 2006, 2007a–b), although this aspect will not be developed here any further (but see many of the following contributions).
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- 22. taken too seriously; they are light, bright, and rapid, not to say slap-dash here and there, and they display, as is only to be expected, not a few of the defects of those attractive qualities.” + — Lond. Times. 4: 199. Je. 23, ‘05. 580w. N. Y. Times. 10: 361. Je. 3, ‘05. 200w. “The book is very interesting, and within the limits which we think we have found, is valuable as a study of some of the phases of subtropical America.” + + N. Y. Times. 10: 451. Jl. 8, ‘05. 1410w. “The pictures of negro types are full of character and individuality. The reproductions are unusually good. The text of the book consists of the observations of a traveler, chatty and genial, but not penetrating to any great depth.” + Outlook. 80: 696. Jl. 15, ‘05. 60w. * Henderson, R. S. Earthwork tables. 2 pts. $1.50. Eng. news. This useful book of tables is divided into two parts: Part I. Preliminary earthwork tables, giving cubic yards per 100 feet for level sections, to which is added a graphical method of estimating quantities from a profile. Part II. Earthwork tables, giving the volume in cubic yards of prismoids 100 feet long by the average end area method. * “The reviewer knows of no other similar table that equals it for range.” Halbert P. Gillette. + + + Engin. N. 54: 650. D. 14, ‘05. 640w.
- 23. Henderson, William James. Pipes and timbrels. $1.25. Badger, R: G. “A new volume of poems.... Pictures, music, dreams, and reminiscences of the classic world are the flowers that grow in Mr. Henderson’s garden, and from these he makes a most acceptable bouquet of the pretty old-time ‘mixed’ variety.”—N. Y. Times. “There are poems in blank verse, sonnets, songs, and in all the meter is good, in some excellent. There is thought in all the poems, and it is poetic thought.” Eltweed Pomeroy. + + + Arena. 34: 219. Ag. ‘05. 280w. “A certain compliance with the rules of prosody, a flavor of the sentiment of poetry, an inspiration toward the best, characterize these verses.” + Critic. 46: 566. Je. ‘05. 60w. Review by W: M. Payne. + + Dial. 39: 67. Ag. ‘05. 240w. “Contains many lovely lines and a few successful technical experiments.” + N. Y. Times. 10: 265. Ap. 22, ‘05. 300w. * Henry, Arthur. Lodgings in town. †$1.50. Barnes. “To interest yourself in others, to go with the tide of the great city and observe closely every possible condition, is Mr. Henry’s recipe for happiness. Add to this an especial care for one person in particular—like Nancy—and the picture is complete. The faith that kept firm hold of the youth who began his New
- 24. York life possessed of one clean collar and a poem must be the kind that moves mountains. Particularly good are the descriptions of the office where Nancy worked and the Baxter street lodgings where she and her poet lived.”—Outlook. * + Outlook. 81: 527. O. 28, ‘05. 120w. * + Pub. Opin. 39: 663. N. 18, ‘05. 350w. Henry, Arthur. Unwritten law. †$1.50. Barnes. The purpose of this book is to show how, in our modern social system, ignorance of the laws themselves and of the crime done in breaking them often leads to tragedy. A German engraver, who loses his savings thru the speculations of his banker, sets innocently to work to support his family by engraving bank notes for himself, the result is Sing Sing. One daughter, simple and unlearned, comes to grief, while her sophisticated and selfish sister marries well. The book treats of both the upper and the lower classes, and of the many problems of modern life. The setting is New York. “Handful of tragedies in the guise of a novel.” — Acad. 68: 759. Jl. 22, ‘05. 420w. “The book is animated by a fine seriousness, a single-minded sincerity, which pertain to the best and highest in American art and thought. It exhibits a certain crudeness, a certain toughness of fiber, which may militate against its right appreciation by the fastidious.” + — Ath. 1905, 1: 778. Je. 24. 750w. * “Is an encouraging example of that best sort of realism. The style is simple, at times almost to the point of baldness. It will
- 25. inevitably provoke discussion; it will arouse some antagonism; but it cannot fail to make people think.” Frederic Taber Cooper. + + Bookm. 21: 267. My. ‘05. 980w. “There is no kind of excuse for the excessively plain speaking in which this book indulges. It impresses one as the work of a reporter rather than that of a constructive novelist.” Wm. M. Payne. — — Dial. 39: 115. S. 1, ‘05. 200w. “The book has, perhaps, no merely literary merit, it is crude in plot and exhibits much bad taste in incident, but it has a certain sincerity in strength, and a vividness, too, in places.” + — N. Y. Times. 10: 220. Ap. 8, ‘05. 710w. Henry, O., pseud. (Sydney Porter). Cabbages and kings. $1.50. McClure. The author, who has lived many years among the people of the South American republics, draws upon his fund of experience in this breezy story which recounts the adventures of an energetic American in the land of popular revolutions. “The characters range from the native brown-skinned maiden to the daughter of an American banker, and from a peon to an absconding president. The game proceeds much like a rattling good comic opera—and the characters have many opportunities to spin yarns of the kind that have already made famous the name of ‘O. Henry.’” (Pub. note.). “A book of very unusual interest and cleverness. The general popularity will necessarily be limited by the fact that it is essentially a man’s book. A number of the chapters might be
- 26. taken bodily from the book and held up as admirable examples of short-story telling.” Stanhope Searles. + Bookm. 20: 561. F. ‘05. 530w. + Critic. 46: 189. F. ‘05. 90w. “The inimitably breezy style of story telling is retained in the main episodes. Has weakened the structure of the whole. The characters, so delightful in the original stories become less real, less convincing on their new stage.” — + Ind. 58: 328. F. 9, ‘05. 210w. “Pure burlesque, but lively, ingenious, and slangily humorous, South American intrigue, Yankee resource, the colossal impudence of the American fakir, and the romance of unusual love complications, are all worked together into a semi- connected story, parts of which have been already used as magazine tales.” + Outlook. 79: 94. Ja. 7, ‘05. 50w. Herbert, George. English works, newly arranged and annotated and considered in relation to his life, by G. Herbert Palmer. 3v. *$6. Houghton. “Herbert, though a minor poet, is established in English literature as are few minor poets of the seventeenth century. His poems have been constantly reprinted for general readers.... The form of this edition is altogether admirable. The print is clear and restful to the eye, the margins are wide ... and the volumes comfortable to hold. The notes to the poems are printed opposite to the poems, so that one has the poem on the right-hand page, the corresponding notes on the left- hand. The illustrations are interesting and apt. The portrait of
- 27. Herbert published here, for the first time as the frontispiece to volume I., is a notable addition to literary portraiture.”—Nation. * + Critic. 47: 574. D. ‘05. 30w. * “Of the more specific work of the editor one may say that it is at once scholarly and literary, minute in its exegesis yet mindful always that a poet and not a ‘corpus vile’ is under discussion.” + + Ind. 59: 1230. N. 23, ‘05. 870w. “The annotations are very thorough. The study of the matter and style is exhaustive.” + + + Nation. 81: 384. N. 9, ‘05. 1880w. “It will ever hold its place, as one of the triumphs of American scholarship in editing English classics, alongside such works as those of Furness and Child. These latter are bigger and on bigger subjects, but they are not better done.” Cameron Mann. + + + N. Y. Times. 10: 757. N. 11, ‘05. 2470w. “Has done his work as biographer and editor con amore.” + + Outlook. 81: 577. N. 4, ‘05. 50w. * “Every help to the reader’s eye and mind for the appreciation of Herbert will be found in these volumes, so great is the labor of love which Professor Palmer, with his own fine intelligence and training, has wrought for the most lovable and the most human of our religious poets.”
- 28. + + Outlook. 81: 827. D. 2, ‘05. 1480w. * Herford, Brooke. Eutychus and his relations. *70c. Am. Unitar. Under this profound title appear the witty old-time pulpit and pew papers written from a layman’s point of view, which were first published anonymously during the early years of their author’s ministry, 1860-1861. They include quaintly humorous disquisitions upon: A ‘lay’ view of sleeping in church; Some people who always come late; Praising God by proxy; Pews; A country tea party; Over-much discourse; Unsocial worship; Parsonic acid, and other kindred subjects. Herford, Charles Harold. Robert Browning. **$1. Dodd. “The biographical element is sufficient, but is subordinate to the exposition of the poet’s work in the order of its production. The true biography of Browning can be written in no other way.... A clear perception of this fact, and a definite though not a rigid application of this fact to his material, give Professor Herford’s study a true biographic as well as an interpretative quality.”—Outlook. “Prof. Herford’s study of Browning is in many respects complementary to that of Mr. Chesterton’s published last year. The style is, for the most part sober and balanced though there are occasional flashes of rather loose rhetoric, and the author has an odd habit of falling at intervals into comments which are banal or tasteless.” + + — Ath. 1905, 2: 14. Jl. 1, 1580w.
- 29. “In scale it stands midway between Mr. Chesterton’s and Prof. Dowden’s; in quality it is to be compared rather with the latter.” H. W. Boynton. + + Atlan. 96: 279. Ag. ‘05. 760w. “There could hardly be a better brief estimate of Browning’s genius than Professor Herford has given us.” Edward Fuller. + + + Critic. 47: 247. S. ‘05. 390w. “The commentator knows his Browning well, has availed himself of the best and latest authorities, and manifests a considerable degree of sympathetic appreciation; but he is hampered in his presentation by a clumsiness of expression. Numerous misquotations from the poems ... do not strengthen our confidence in Professor Herford or his book.” + — Dial. 39: 44. Jl. 16, ‘05. 400w. “The necessity to be poetic, to live up to his matter, has been too much for him.” — + Ind. 59: 457. Ag. 24, ‘05. 220w. “This is likely to stand as one of the best of the numerous short critical lives of its provocative poet.” + + — Nation. 80: 531. Je. 29, ‘05. 350w. “His treatment of Browning the poet and man shows considerable insight and unusual sanity.”
- 30. + + N. Y. Times. 10: 304. My. 6, ‘05. 280w. “His study of Browning is intelligent, sympathetic, and well balanced.” + + + Outlook. 79: 1015. Ap. 22, ‘05. 280w. “He has a gift of selection and juxtaposed selection which remarkably increases the pleasure of reading this sort of criticism. But the scheme of the book runs parallel with how many others.” + Sat. R. 99: 849. Je. 24, ‘05. 110w. “We are not wholly in agreement with his estimate of the poet. Our chief difference is in regard to Browning’s literary form. The criticism generally, we greatly admire.” + + — Spec. 94: 558. Ap. 15, ‘05. 580w. * Herrick, Christine Terhune, ed. Lewis Carroll birthday book. 75c. Wessels. A little birthday book that will delight “Alice in wonderland” admirers. * “As a birthday book, it is hardly a success, and the selections do more credit to the compiler’s familiarity with her author than to her sense of appropriateness.” + — Nation. 81: 490. D. 14, ‘05. 110w.
- 31. * “Mrs. Christine Terhune Herrick has made the selections for the volume and nobody could have done it with more sympathy and understanding.” + + N. Y. Times. 10: 895. D. 16, ‘05. 230w. Herrick, Francis Hobart. Home life of wild birds: a new method of the study and photography of birds. **$2. Putnam. The “new method” consists in carrying away the nest with its eggs or young birds and also its immediate surroundings and setting it up before a green tent where it may be watched and photographed at leisure. 150 photographs of thirty species of our common birds attest the value of this method. The author also gives the results of his close observation of the nests. + + Dial. 38: 396. Je. 1, ‘05. 80w. + + Ind. 58: 1152. Je. 1, ‘05. 180w. + + Nation. 81: 263. S. 28, ‘05. 320w. Reviewed by Mabel Osgood Wright. + — N. Y. Times. 10: 402. Je. 17, ‘05. 530w. “The volume is a valuable contribution to the scientific knowledge of bird habits.” + + Outlook. 80: 392. Je. 10, ‘05. 150w.
- 32. + Herrick, Robert. Common lot. $1.50. Macmillan. The story is of a young architect who has grown up in the belief that he is heir to his uncle’s millions. When the fortune is left to charity, he takes up the common lot of toil unwillingly and is weakly led away from his young ideals by the desire for money. When his personal and professional honor are compromised, he is held to his expiation by his young wife whose unflinching faith in him forces him to be the man she thinks he is. It is a vivid representation of business life in Chicago, and the philosophy of the book is summed up in the closing sentence—“Fortunately there are few things that do make any great difference to real men and women,—and one of the least is the casual judgment of their fellow-men.” “‘The common lot’ is worthy of wide circulation. It cannot fail to do good.” Amy C. Rich. + + Arena. 33: 450. Ap. ‘05. 460w. + + Ath. 1905, 1: 11. Ja. 7. 280w. “An interesting and impressive story.” + Engin. N. 53: 181. F. 16, ‘05. 230w. + + Reader. 5: 258. Ja. ‘05. 570w. “There is a good deal of character drawing in the book that is at once delicate and strong, and the story of how Francis Hart did not inherit the millions he hoped for, took up the common
- 33. lot of toil, and what came of it, is among the best in recent fiction.” + + R. of Rs. 31: 118. Ja. ‘05. 110w. Herrick, Robert. Memoirs of an American citizen. † $1.50. Macmillan. A country boy, tired of his lot runs away to Chicago to make his fortune. His autobiography follows with an unusually strong personal note even for a self-told tale of the career which starts with service as a grocery wagon driver and reaches the ranks of the Chicago capitalist. The way is made by “turning Texas steers into dressed beef and Iowa hogs into leaf lard and sausage,” which would seem honorable enough did not analysis of his methods of operation reveal a dulled sense of moral obligation to people at large, the city, and any competing organization. “No more absolute unswerving merger of the author in the character of his hero, of his self-effacement in the interest of good art, could ever be conceived of.” Frederic Taber Cooper. + + + Bookm. 22: 132. O. ‘05. 970w. “Professor Herrick does not appear to have a powerful imagination, and his literalness, and even his unusual power of penetration, do not in themselves suffice to carry a story otherwise deficient.” + — Critic. 47: 476. N. ‘05. 170w. “The story seems to be rooted in bitter cynicism and to embody the very philosophy of despair.” Wm. M. Payne.
- 34. + + — Dial. 39: 114. S. 1, ‘05. 510w. “Is not in so happy a vein. The author sees things too big, and he has not enough confidence in the virtue of the American people, which will outlast transient vices.” — Ind. 59: 1154. N. 16, ‘05. 70w. “This is not a book that we should care to see in the hands of youth.” + — Nation. 81: 205. S. 7, ‘05. 730w. N. Y. Times. 10: 395. Je. 17, ‘05. 130w. “Mr. Herrick’s book is a book among many and it comes nearer reflecting a certain kind of recognizable, contemporaneous American spirit than anybody has yet done.” + + N. Y. Times. 10: 482. Jl. 22, ‘05. 620w. “The story is worked out with extraordinary virility, realism, and truth. Deserves reading, not only because of its subject and its moral force, but because of the thorough, faithful, and even artistic way in which the material is handled.” + + Outlook. 80: 935. Ag. 12, ‘05. 290w. * “It is penetrated by genuine intensity of spirit, and shows the hand of a high-minded and accomplished workman.” + Outlook. 81: 707. N. 25, ‘05. 160w. “One of the most refreshing qualities of the story is its sanity.”
- 35. + + + Pub. Opin. 39: 220. Ag. 12, ‘05. 330w. * “But one thing Prof. Herrick has achieved in spite of himself; he has somehow put,—no, hammered,—together a rough image of the American self-made man.” — + R. of Rs. 32: 757. D. ‘05. 150w. Hess, Isabella R. St. Cecilia of the court. †$1.25. Revell. “In Flanery Court, where Cecilia (otherwise Angelina Sweeney) lives, poverty rules.... Miss Hess ... has told a pathetically pretty story of the life of a poor little red-haired saint—her struggles against the hardships of life, her drunken mother, her little brother Puddin’.... There is Jim Bellway, who taught the make-believe saint, quite unconsciously, how to become a real one; and there is Mr. Daniels, who Cecilia, quite unconsciously, brought back to the straight and narrow path—and so on; and though the story wades through tears, it nevertheless ends in a burst of sunshine.”—N. Y. Times. + N. Y. Times. 10: 648. S. 30, ‘05. 200w. “Touches portraying the generosity, loyalty, and cheerfully borne privations of the poor are the best feature of this story of New York tenement life.” + Outlook. 81: 136. S. 16, ‘05. 70w. Hewett, Rev. G. M. A. The rat. *$2. Macmillan. Having arrived at the old age of three years, this hoary rat sits down to write his memoirs, recounting his many adventures in English mills and cornfields. He discourses on his wives and
- 36. gives his conclusions upon boys, men, ferrets, and women. He also gives an exhaustive treatment of traps. There is much delineation of rat-character, and the experiences of a traveled friend who had lived in the sewers of London and Paris are given. The book is illustrated with colored pictures. “A work which we commend to young and old alike.” + Ath. 1905, 1: 404. Ap. 1. 160w. “It is a very English story of a very English rat intended primarily for English children and supposed to be told by the rat himself.” + N. Y. Times. 10: 43. Ja. 21, ‘05. 520w. * Hewlett, Maurice. Works. Ed. de luxe. IIV. ea. *$3. Macmillan. The five hundred numbered sets of this edition de luxe are sold by subscription only. The volumes are appearing one a month in the following order: The forest lovers; Richard Yea- and-Nay; Little novels of Italy; New Canterbury tales; The queen’s quair; The fool errant; The road in Tuscany in two volumes; Earthwork out of Tuscany; Pan and the young shepherd and songs and meditations in one volume; Fond adventures. * + Nation. 81: 426. N. 23, ‘05. 280w. (Review of v. 1-3.) Reviewed by Christian Gauss. * + N. Y. Times. 10: 844. D. 2, ‘05. 2450w. (Review of v. 1-3.) * + Outlook. 81: 525. O. 28, ‘05. 80w. (Review of v. 1.)
- 37. Hewlett, Maurice Henry. Fond adventures: tales of the youth of the world. †$1.50. Harper. Four short stories of mediaeval romance, The heart’s key, Brazenhead the Great, Buondelmonte’s saga, and The love chase. “Knowing well the possibilities of Mr. Hewlett’s fine ability, we lay down this latest volume with great disappointment.” + — Acad. 68: 419. Ap. 15, ‘05. 520w. + + — Ath. 1905, 1: 716. Je. 10. 220w. “One feels that in these few crowded, tumultuous pages there is more of the real essence of Florentine life than in the whole length and breadth of George Eliot’s ‘Romola.’” Frederic Taber Cooper. + + Bookm. 21: 515. Jl. ‘05. 600w. “Mr. Hewlett is at his best in these short stories.” + + Critic. 47: 93. Jl. ‘05. 70w. “Taken as a whole, the impression remains that the book is made up of work done early in Mr. Hewlett’s literary career, and denied publication until now.” — Dial. 38: 393. Je. 1, ‘05. 190w. “Not one of these stories is lacking in intrinsic interest, yet one’s dominant impression in closing the book is not of any of the characters or events, but of the cleverness of Mr. Hewlett.” Herbert W. Horwill.
- 38. + + — Forum. 37: 111. Jl. ‘05. 230w. “But it is ‘The love chase,’ the last story of the series, in which Mr. Hewlett probably surpasses anything he has ever written.” + + Ind. 58: 1309. Je. 8, ‘05. 820w. “A volume of stories, splendid stories, full of action and passion, with an undercurrent of laughter, all carried off with great spirit and style. They are told in wonderful words, so apt and abundant.” + + Nation. 80: 440. Je. 1, ‘05. 1130w. “These four stories of Mr. Hewlett’s are as rich in imagery and as glowing in color as any that he has ever written.” + + N. Y. Times. 10: 342. My. 27, ‘05. 810w. + + N. Y. Times. 10: 389. Je. 17, ‘05. 170w. “These stories are remarkable rather for atmospheric quality than for construction or force of characterization.” + Outlook. 80: 139. My. 13, ‘05. 200w. Pub. Opin. 38: 871. Je. 3, ‘05. 190w. “The tales are medieval; rich in quality, decorative in effect and fascinating always.” + + Reader. 6: 92. Je. ‘05. 180w.
- 39. “The quaint and pleasing title of Mr. Hewlett’s new book serves as a preface for tales more deserving of the first adjective than the last, except in so far as artistic work is, in a sense, always deserving of the term ‘pleasing.’” + — Reader. 6: 360. Ag. ‘05. 340w. “His style, his vision, his passion—these are always there.” + + R. of Rs. 31: 756. Je. ‘05. 250w. + Spec. 94: 680. My. 6, ‘05. 830w. Hewlett, Maurice. Fool errant. †$1.50. Macmillan. The “fool” of Mr. Hewlett’s new story is an English youth with a very ardent temperament who goes abroad to complete his studies. He is guilty of many hot-headed indiscretions, chief among which is his boyish passion for the wife of his stern tutor. A pilgrimage of expiation follows his declaration of love for her. Much of the interest of the tale centers in the phases of Italian life of high and low degree which he encounters. “He has in his journeyings a quick-witted companion, who rescues him alike from rash promptings of his ‘daemon’ and from foes from without.” (N. Y. Times.) “Mr. Maurice Hewlett, it may be said at once, has achieved a notable success in the latest of his books.” + + — Acad. 68: 750. Jl. 22, ‘05. 1440w. “‘The fool errant’ will not make so wide an appeal to the general public as several earlier volumes of Mr. Hewlett’s. It
- 40. lacks the tumultuous passion of ‘Richard yea-and-nay’, the epic bigness of the ‘Queen’s quair.’” + Bookm. 22: 36. S. ‘05. 800w. “The novel shows, on the whole, an advance over its predecessors. Has proved, by the charm and animation of his tale, that imagination and a sense of style need not, under favourable circumstances, seriously interfere with the writing of a good novel.” Edith Wharton. + + — Bookm. 22: 64. S. ‘05. 1660w. “It is possible, though the statement is not to be made dogmatically, that Mr. Maurice Hewlett, in all his succession of legitimately showy triumphs, has done nothing better than this history of a ‘fool.’” Olivia Howard Dunbar. + + + Critic. 47: 451. N. ‘05. 370w. “We feel that he is simply saturated with the life of the time and the color of the environment and that he has reproduced these things with marvelous fidelity. This is the chief title of the book to praise, and a high title it is.” Wm. M. Payne. + + Dial. 39: 113. S. 1, ‘05. 510w. + — Ind. 59: 1153. N. 16, ‘05. 60w. “Told with sureness of touch and undeniable brilliance.” + + Lond. Times. 4: 225. Jl. 14, ‘05. 430w.
- 41. “A story of intense interest and a literary achievement of a very high order.” + + N. Y. Times. 10: 511. Ag. 5, ‘05. 1180w. “As a faithfully wrought and vigorous piece of fiction-writing the book is unusual.” + + — Outlook. 80: 883. Ag. 5, ‘05. 240w. * “May be counted among the notable books of the second half of the year.” + + — Outlook. 81: 708. N. 25, ‘05. 190w. “Mr. Hewlett draws a brilliant picture of a decadent period.” + + Pub. Opin. 39: 283. Ag. 26, ‘05. 260w. “A book very subtly conceived and very admirably written.” + + Sat. R. 100: 218. Ag. 12, ‘05. 580w. “This brilliant study in the picaresque seems to us one of the most successful of Mr. Hewlett’s works.” + + + Spec. 95: 359. S. 9, ‘05. 310w. Hewlett, Maurice Henry. Road in Tuscany. **$6. Macmillan.
- 42. Mr. Hewlett’s own words are perhaps best descriptive of the freshness of his view of life and art in Tuscany. He calls it “a companion of travel and leisurely, sententious commentary of the country,” and he strikes its key-note in his opening remarks. “His plan for the book has the freshness which marks its rendering of details. ‘Let the history, fine arts, monuments and institutions of a country be as fine as you please, its best product will always be the people of it, who themselves produced those other pleasant spectacles. I have always preferred a road to a church, always a man to a masterpiece, a singer to his song; and I have never opened a book when I could read what I wanted on the hillside or by the river bank.’” (Reader). He consistently subordinates art galleries to peasants, but gives legends, history, and piquant references to the art and literature of the country, with a lavish hand. “Is one of those rare books having charm, and one which gives no less insight into Mr. Hewlett than into the hearts of all the dead and living Tuscans of whom he writes. Mr. Hewlett’s one fault, regarded as a cicerone, is that he gives us life in superabundance; he gives it to us often at the cost of other things which we are loth to sacrifice. Now guidebooks the very best of them, while they make excellent servants, are bad masters, Mr. Hewlett’s not excepted. Flippant he is, at times, perverse, even arrogant: but he understands the Tuscans, and he loves them. Whoever goes to Florence without ‘The road in Tuscany’ goes but half equipped.” Frederic Taber Cooper. + + — Bookm. 20: 557. F. ‘05. 1860w. + + Critic. 46: 479. My. ‘05. 150w.
- 43. + — Nation. 80: 179. Mr. 2, ‘05. 920w. + + Reader. 5: 500. Mr. ‘05. 830w. “One of those genial, leisurely, charming books, with a touch of infinite knowledge, that we find in the combination of the artist and traveler. It reveals the real Italy, with its color and fragrance, which is known only to those who get away from the towns and cities. Typographically, the work is elegant, and the pictures really illustrate.” + + R. of Rs. 31: 123. Ja. ‘05. 130w. “His artistic suggestiveness never fails; his ideas and conclusions especially with regard to such unfamiliar places as Volterra, Cortona, Arezzo, and many more, seem almost invariably right.” + + — Spec. 94: 88. Ja. 21, ‘05. 1870w. Heywood, William. Palio and Ponte. Methuen, London. This “account of the sports of central Italy from the age of Dante to the XXth century” dwells upon a phase of Italian history almost unknown to literature. The Italian idea of sports was closely allied to the Greek idea of games, and they often grew out of rivalry in neighboring communities or celebrated some historic or civic event. Mr. Heywood shows their importance in the life of the mediæval Italian city, and pictures Lorenzo de’Medici, Sodoma, the painter, and Caesar Borgia racing their horses at Sienese pali.
- 44. “The style throughout is clear and simple,—in general not of marked quality, but occasionally showing such vigor and even beauty that one is tempted to wish for more such pages even at the sacrifice of some of the by-paths of erudition.” Ellen Giles. + + Dial. 39: 107. S. 1, ‘05. 1490w. “Mr. Heywood has undertaken his study of these sports in the spirit of a true historian, and his researches have revealed a new side of Italy to English readers. But our author is more than a student of archives. He has bursts of eloquence in his style. He has interwoven a vast amount of local history, especially Sienese, since no Anglican, save perhaps Mr. Langton Douglas, knows his Siena better. Mr. Heywood tastes what he describes. He has gone to sources not merely in his facts, but in his inspiration. He has not compiled a book, but has written one for which all lovers of Italy can only be grateful.” + + Nation. 80: 119. F. 9, ‘05. 940w. “Without a real love of Italy, and an unusually deep understanding of Italian character, this book could not have been written.” + + Spec. 94: 19. Ja. 7, ‘05. 1970w. Hibben, John Grier. Logic, deductive and inductive. $1.40. Scribner. “Logic, so far as merely formal, is proverbially dry. In its application to living interests it becomes a succulent source of intellectual pleasure. Professor Hibben has aimed to invest it
- 45. with this attractiveness, especially in his illustrations of inductive knowledge.”—Outlook. “These are not only modern, but fresh in a degree as welcome to the student as it is unusual, and they are drawn from a wide range of science.” + + Outlook. 79: 605. Mr. 4, ‘05. 100w. “It is comprehensive and accurate in statement, systematic and free from trifling and irrelevant subtleties. On the other hand, the discussions of the early chapters seem to me somewhat too difficult and technical to afford the beginner the guidance he needs.” J. E. C. + + — Philos. R. 16: 725. N. ‘05. 1120w. Hibbert, Walter. Life and energy; an attempt at a new definition of life; with applications to morals and religion. $1. Longmans. “The thesis of these four addresses—originally delivered at the Polytechnic institute, London—is that life is not matter, is not energy, but an unceasing nonfactorial directive control of energy and its transformations.”—Nature. “Mr. Hibbert puts most of his points clearly, and much of what he says has considerable force. But it is doubtful if the range of ideas within which the book moves is adequate to the problem. The main position is not unassailable, and the deductions from it in regard to morals and religion are occasionally fanciful.” + — Nature. 71: 271. Ja. 19, ‘05. 340w.
- 46. “Neither the method of treatment nor the style of the book seems to us particularly happy.” + — Outlook. 79: 400. F. 11, ‘05. 170w. * Hichens, Robert Smythe. Black spaniel and other stories. (†)$1.50. Stokes. The story of the black spaniel is an uncanny tale of a man who lost a dog-friend at the hands of a vivisectionist, of a doctor who met his death thru the bite of another spaniel on which he was cruelly experimenting, and of the awful revenge which the dog lover took upon this dead doctor reincarnated in a third black spaniel. The creepy atmosphere is well sustained thruout. The volume also contains eleven shorter stories, most of which have the Arabian desert for a background, and all of which are most original in theme. * “Mr. Hichens, thorough decadent as he is, can make his decadence big; and it is wrong of him to make it as petty as this.” + — Acad. 68: 1079. O. 14, ‘05. 640w. * “To our thinking, ‘Mr. Greyne’ is the pick of the book.” + Ath. 1905, 2: 608. N. 4. 220w. * “‘The black spaniel’ occupies only the first third of the book, but nothing that follows has the least power to blur the effect of the spaniel’s whine. The following eight stories ... are slight things, episodes rather artfully and artistically told. They will be read with pleasure and forgotten without difficulty, while ‘The black spaniel’ will be read with terror and forgotten never!” + Lond. Times. 4: 340. O. 13, ‘05. 550w.
- 47. * “Not worthy of the genius of the author of ‘The garden of Allah.’” + — Outlook. 81: 833. D. 2, ‘05. 90w. * “The title-story is of the gruesome kind most tediously spun out, the second ‘The mission of Mr. Eustace Greyne’ is funny and satirical and the best in the book.” + — Sat. R. 100: 600. N. 4, ‘05. 130w. * “Few modern story tellers are more expert in their art, and this book would be well worth reading for the workmanship alone, had it not also something of the charm of unfamiliar and unhackneyed material.” + + Spec. 95: 658. O. 28. ‘05. 270w. Hichens, Robert. Garden of Allah. $1.50. Stokes. A woman, longing for peace, and a renegade monk seeking refuge from himself and filled with remorse at his desertion of his high calling, meet and seek rest and happiness in the “Garden of Allah,” the African desert. The story is one of passion, struggle, and renunciation, the woman finally leading the monk, who has become her husband, back to his monastery. “In brilliancy falls short of ‘The woman with the fan,’ on the other hand, the intensity with which he reproduces an atmosphere of beauty creates an almost physical sense of well- being. In addition to a very genuine gift of imagination, he has learned how to tell his story.” — + Atlan. 95: 697. My. ‘05. 190w.
- 48. “The book, from the point of view of writing, is decidedly heavy. The immorality of the book is, to our minds ... gross. Is not a worthy nor an artistic creation; it is a reeking monstrosity.” — — — Cath. World. 81: 545. Jl. ‘05. 830w. “In this striking novel Mr. Hickens immeasurably surpasses all his previous work.... Is a wonderfully handled tragedy, advancing with masterly logic from premise to conclusion.... Very rarely in an English book is there to be found such an exhibition of descriptive skill.” Olivia Howard Dunbar. + + + Critic. 46: 474. My. ‘05. 400w. “In all the three essentials of invention, style and thought, this performance is highly commendable, and entitles Mr. Hichens to more serious consideration than ever before.” W: M. Payne. + + Dial. 38: 388. Je. 1, ‘05. 420w. “Mr. Hichens has written his masterpiece.” + + Ind. 58: 787. Ap. 6, ‘05. 230w. * Ind. 59: 1153. N. 16, ‘05. 50w. “The critics have seemed to agree that in this novel Mr. Robert Hichens has done something big, strong and lasting.” + + N. Y. Times. 10: 394. Je. 17, ‘05. 170w.
- 49. “A singular but powerful story, in many respects the best work of this author. An absence of the morbidity that is too common with him. There are, however, a plain speaking ... that sometimes, it will seem to many readers, overstep the limits of taste. In manner the romance is in an intense style, sometimes a little exalté, but never, or rarely, falling into mere high-flown ‘fine writing,’ although single passages, taken out of their connection might give that impression. Brilliant with color and bathed in African atmosphere.” + — Outlook. 79: 502. F. 25, ‘05. 130w. “Mr. Hichens has taken a great stride forward in this unusual story.” + + Outlook. 79: 772. Ap. 1, ‘05. 170w. “It is useless to attempt to describe Mr. Hichens’s word- pictures of the beauties of the deserts and the emotional paroxysms of Domini and Boris. They must be read to be appreciated.” + Pub. Opin. 38: 214. F. 11, ‘05. 430w. (Outlines plot.) * “Beauty and power,—these are nobly conspicuous in Mr. Hichens’ tale, so loftily free from the small or paltry, so fervently reciting a grievous fault, a great love, a grand renunciation.” + R. of Rs. 32: 759. D. ‘05. 80w. Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, ed. Hawthorne centenary celebration at the Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts, July 4- 7, 1904. **$1.25. Houghton.
- 50. The addresses and letters delivered and read at the centenary celebration, including a speech by Charles T. Copeland. Papers by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Charles Francis Adams, Mrs. Maud Howe Elliot, Julian Hawthorne, and Moncure D. Conway, and contributions from John S. Keyes, Frank Preston Stearns, F. B. Sanborn, Mrs. Rose Hawthorne Lothrop, Dr. Richard Garnett, Edmund Clarence Stedman, Miss Beatrix Hawthorne, John D. Long, Henry Cabot Lodge, Mrs. Harriet Prescott Spofford, Robert S. Rantoul, Judge Robert Grant, Mrs. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, Dr. Edward Everett Hale, John Hay, and Mrs. James T. Fields. + Critic. 47: 96. Jl. ‘05. 70w. “The book is a worthy memorial of an important event in our literary annals.” + + Dial. 38: 240. Ap. 1, ‘05. 290w. N. Y. Times 10: 105. F. 18, ‘05. 370w. (Outline of contents). + + N. Y. Times. 10: 207. Ap. 1, ‘05. 520w. + + Spec. 94: 520. Ap. 8, ‘05. 210w. * Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Part of a man’s life. **$2.50. Houghton. “Very enjoyable chapters of reminiscence, observation and reflection, that have of late been enlivening the pages of the ‘Atlantic.’ Two chapters have been added ... as also many portraits and facsimile copies of letters.” (Dial.) The volume
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