Family Planning
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This document provides an overview of family planning, including its history and impact. It discusses how family planning has altered social and economic roles of women and was recognized as one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century. The document also outlines concepts related to family planning like fertility rates and birth control, and examines factors that influence family planning decisions around number and timing of children. Demographic trends showing global population growth are presented, demonstrating the need for family planning programs worldwide.
Family Planning
- 2. CDC rating: Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999 1. Vaccination 2. Motor-vehicle safety 3. Safer workplaces 4. Control of infectious diseases (has resulted from clean water and improved sanitation) 5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke 6. Safer and healthier foods 7. Healthier mothers and babies (have resulted from better hygiene and nutrition, availability of antibiotics, greater access to health care) 8. Family planning (has altered social and economic roles of women) 9. Fluoridation of drinking water 10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
- 3. Outline Family planning refers to the factors that may be considered by a couple in a committed relationship and each individual involved in deciding if and when to have children. Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility β Concepts β Measures β Programs
- 4. Space&Time Number (desired family size, stopping behavior) Time/age at birth (delay of the first birth, spacing of births)
- 5. Concepts β Fertility and its Determinants β Birth Control β Unmet Need in Family Planning
- 6. Davis&Blake (April 1956) β Factors affecting exposure to intercource (intercourse variables) β Those governing formation and dissolution of unions in reproductive ages β Those governing the exposure to intercourse within unions β Factors affecting exposure to conception (conception variables) β Factors affecting gestation and successful parturition (gestation variables)
- 7. intercourse variables formation and dissolution of unions β Age of entry into sexual unions β Permanent celibacy: proportion of women never entering sexual union β Amount of reproductive period spent after or between unions β When union is broken by divorce, separation, or desertion β When union is broken by death of husband exposure to intercourse within unions β Voluntary abstinence β Involuntary abstinence (from impotence, illness, unavoidable but temporary separation) β Coital frequency (excluding periods of abstinence)
- 8. conception variables β Fecundity or infertility as affected by involuntary causes β Use or non-use of contraception β By mechanical or chemical means β By other means (rhythm, withdrawal, simulated intercourse without penetration, other βperversionsβ) β Fecundity or infertility as affected by voluntary causes (sterilization, subincision, medical treatment, etc.)
- 9. gestation variables β Foetal mortality from involuntary causes β Foetal mortality from voluntary causes
- 10. Bongaartsβ model of proximate determinants (1978) Fertility is a function of β Length of union (nuptiality) β Contraception β Post-partum sterility (length of breastfeeding) β Induced abortion which squeeze fecundity Later he included pathological sterility
- 11. Need in Birth Control Appears in Demographic Transition
- 13. World Population Growth 1 billion β 1800 2 billion β 1927 3 billion β 1959 4 billion β 1974 5 billion β 1987 6 billion β 1998 7 billion β 2011
- 15. How to measure β MWRA (a number of married women in reproductive ages) β Contraceptive prevalence β Unmet need in family planning
- 16. MWRA β Population at risk β Denominator
- 17. Contraceptive Prevalence Contraceptive prevalence is the percentage of women who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is currently using, at least one method of contraception, regardless of the method used. It is usually reported for married or in-union women aged 15 to 49.
- 18. Unmet Need Also known as βKAP-gapβ Women with unmet need are those who are fecund and sexually active but are not using any method of contraception, and report not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the next child. The concept of unmet need points to the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behaviour. Unmet need worldwide data//MDG data
- 19. UN
- 20. CP (top) & UN (bottom)
- 21. Prevalence > < Unmet Need
- 22. Effectiveness of contraception The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method. It is a statistical estimation of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure Usually two Pearl Indexes are published from studies of birth control methods: β Actual use Pearl Index, which includes all pregnancies in a study and all months (or cycles) of exposure β Perfect use or Method Pearl Index, which includes only pregnancies that resulted from correct and consistent use of the method, and only includes months or cycles in which the method was correctly and consistently used
- 23. Trussel table
- 24. Trussel table 2 James Trussell, Contraceptive failure in the United States, Contraception 83 (2011) 397β404
- 25. βTypical useβ (Netherlands) Past six months
- 26. Programs Unfortunately I have no experience in programming family planning. It is a separate subject which requires a separate training course. The USSR opposed FP movement.
- 27. Reply to population growth
- 28. National Security Study Memorandum NSSM 200 Implications of Worldwide Population Growth For U.S. Security and Overseas Interests (THE KISSINGER REPORT) December 10, 1974 Declassified in 1989
- 29. Development of the USA role Global gag rule, since 1984, Reagan administration The Mexico City Policy is an intermittent United States government policy that required all non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that receive federal funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion services as a method of family planning with non-US government funds in other countries. Reagan>>Bush>>Clinton>>Bush>>Obama
- 30. Government policies to influence the level of fertility Percentage of countries in each group
- 31. Government support for family planning Percentage of countries in each group
- 32. International assistance RH is not FP
- 33. The end Thank you for attention
- 34. Exam Class sends me a link to the Google table, containing: β Name β Country β Title of presentation β Date of presentation β The topic student wish to discuss during the exam (mismatched with presentation), you will have five minutes I will add score results by May 25, the exam will adjust your score See you on May 26, at 3 p.m.