Fastoframadaan

The Strategic Significance of
The Fast ofRamadan
& Isra' and Miraj
Imran N. Hosein
Masjid Dar al-Qur'an
New York

© Imran N. Hosein 1997
ISBN 983-9541-19-6
First published 1997
Reprint 2001 by
Masjid Dar al-Qur'an
1514 East Third Avenue, Bayshore
New York 11706, USA.
Tel: (516) 6659462
Printed in Malaysia
by
CS Multi Print Sdn Bhd
Kuala Lumpur

ANSARI MEMORIAL SERIES
The Ansari Memorial Series is published in honor ofthe eminent
Islamic Scholar, Sufi Shailih, and former Shailihal-Islam of the
Muslim community of Trinidad and Tobago, Maulana Dr.
Muhammad FadlurRahman Ansari (1914-1974), and itcommemorates
the 25th. anniversary ofhis death. It comprises, so far, the
following seven books:
1. Dreams in Islam - A Window to Truth and to the Heart;
2. The'Religion ofAbraham and the State ofIsrael - A View
from the Qur 'an;
3. The Importance ofthe Prohibition ofRiba in Islam;
4. The Prohibition ofRiba in the Qur'an and Sunnah;
5. The Caliphate the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi NationState;
6. One Jama'at - One Ameer: The Organization ofa Muslim
Community in the Age ofFitan;
7. The Strategic Significance ofThe Fast ofRamadan and
Isra' and Mi 'raj.
These books were all written by Imran N. Hosein, student of
Mau/ana Ansari, and were published by Masjid Dar a/-Qur 'an,
Long Island, New York, U.S.A., Masjid a/-Ansari, Montrose,
Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago..
Mau/ana Ansari was a graduate of Aligarh Muslim University,
India, where he studied Philosophy and Religion. He derived his
Islamic philosophical and spiritual thought from the greatest Islamic
scholar ofthis age, Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal was
.the author of that masterpiece of Islamic scholarship: 'The Re-vii

construction ofReligious Thought in Islam'. Maulana Ansari's
great work of Islamic scholarship, the two-volume: 'Qur 'anic
Foundations andStructure ofMuslim Society' whichwas his Ph.D.
thesis for his doctorate in Philosophy, itself represents the most
outstanding contribution to Islamic scholarship by any ofthe students
ofIqbal.
Maulana Ansari received his spiritual training from Maulana
Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqui, a renowned Islamic scholar,
Sufi Shaikh, and roving missionary ofIslam. He received the sufi
epistemology from bothAllama Iqbal and Maulana Siddiqui, and
passed it on to his own students. That sufi epistemology is emphatic
that the process ofknowledge commences with the pursuit
of Truth through the study of the written word and the critical
observation ofthe external world. Allah, the Most High, is Truth
(al-Haq), and Truth comes from Allah. Uncorrupted Truth now
exists in the world only in Islam. When Truth is discovered it must
be embraced with sincerity, and must be applied to the totality of
life. The Truth will then be internalized, i. e. it will enter into the
heart. Allah, the Most High, puts it Himselfinto the heart, and He
refers to this when He says in the hadith al-Qudsi: My heavens
and My earth are too small to contain me, but the heart ofMy
faithful servant can contain Me.
When Truth enters into the heart, then the heart is given a divine
light (nurullah) which permits the believer's powers of observation
and intuitive insight to penetrate beyond the externalform to
reach internal substance. It is only with that inner light of the
discerning heart ofa true believer that the world can be correctly
read. The Ansari Memorial Series is devoted to an effort ofunderstanding
the world today, explaining it accurately, and responding
to its unprecedented challenges appropriately. That effort, of
course, is always subject to critical evaluation.
viii

Allah, the Most High, has provided the believers with a medium
through which they can receive confirmation that they have been
blessed with that capacity for intuitive knowledge (i.e., knowledge
which the heart sees). That medium is 'true and good dreams,
and visions', an experience which constitutes the last part .of
prophethood still remaining in the world after the death of the
Prophet (s). The Ansari Memorial Series therefore includes a pioneering
work in that forgotten branch ofknowledge, i.e. Dreams
in Islam. Intuitive knowledge is also indispensable for penetrating
such subjects of strategic contemporary relevance as: 'The
Prohibition ofRiba in Islam' and 'The Religion ofAbraham and
the State ofIsrael - A View from the Qur'an', and so these subjects
have received attention in the series.
It is with intuitive knowledge alone (firasa) that one can achieve
confirmation that we now live in the age ofjitan, the last stage of
the historical process. Empirical and discursive knowledge and
thought can only suggest, but cannot directly perceive the true
nature of the age in which we now live. The implication of the
confirmation (of the age ofjitan) is that the authentic jama 'ah
with the authentic Imam/Ameer must now be established, and sustained,
with greater urgency than ever before, and all believers
must hold fast to them with as-sam 'u wa-ta 'atu (listening and
obeying), for that was the command of the Prophet (s). One
Jama 'at - One Ameer: The Organization ofa Muslim Community
in the Age ofFitan directs attention to this important subject.
It is significant that Maulana Ansari was the Shaikh aI-Islam of
the Muslim community of Trinidad and Tobago from 1964 until
he died in 1974 and, indeed, the leadership of the Dar ai-Islam
Islamic movement amongst African-American Muslims in North
America gave him the bai 'ah (pledge ofobedience) in 1969, and
accepted him as their leader as well. Dar ai-Islam was established
ix

in Brooklyn; New York,· in 1962, and was led by Imam Yahya
Abd al-Kareem. It is now led byImam Jameel al-Amin (the former
H. Rapp Brown).
The next two books to be published in this series are still to be
written. They will, Insha Allah, be devoted to the topics: The
Return ofJesus - A View from Islam; and Surah al-Kahfand the
Modern Age.
Maulana Dr. Ansari honored his own Shaikh, Maulana Abdul
Aleem Siddiqui, by establishing the Aleemiyah Institute ofIslamic
Studies in Pakistan, and by publishing the Aleemiyah Memorial
Series. The Ansari Memorial Series represents a humble effort to
follow in that noble tradition.
x

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Imran N. Hosein was born in Trinidad, West Indies, in 1942. He
studied Islam under the guidance of the distinguished Islamic
scholar and Sufi Shaikh, Maulana Dr. Muhammad Fadlur Rahman
Ansari (AI-Qaderi), at the Aleemiyah Institute ofIslamic Studies,
Karachi, Pakistan. He also did post-graduate studies in Philosophy
at Karachi University, and in International Relations at the
University of the West Indies, Trinidad, and the Graduate Institute
ofInternational Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.
A former Foreign Service Officer in the Trinidad and Tobago
Foreign Service, he resigned his job in 1985 to devote his life to
the mission ofIslam. He was appointed Principal ofthe Aleemiyah
Institute ofIslamic Studies, Pakistan, a position he held until 1988.
In 1989 he migrated to USA and was appointed Director of the
Institute for Islamic Education and Research in Miami, Florida.
Since 1991 he has worked in New York as Director of Islamic
Studies for the Joint Committee of Muslim Organizations of
Greater New York. This included the Islamic Community ofthe
United Nations at the UN headquarters in Manhattan, NY, where
he has conducted the Friday congregational prayers once monthly
for six years. In December 1996 he was appointed by Dr. Israr
Ahmad as Director of Da'wah for Tanzeem-e-Islami of North
America.
He has traveled extensively in the cause of Islam visiting South
East Asia, for example, seven times since 1988 on Islamic lecture
tours. He has recently completed a full year of service to the
cause of Islam in the Caribbean islands of Grenada, Tobago and
Trinidad.
xi

As aft-author in Comparative Religion he has produced a seminal
work on 'Islam and Buddhism in the Modem World', published in
Pakistan in 1972. His works on Islam and International Relations
include 'Diplomacy in Islam - An Analysis of the Treaty of
Hudaibiyah'. A collection ofhis writings was published in Singapore
in 1991 under the title'Islam and the Changing World Order' .
His mostrecenfworks, published in 1997 in the Ansari Memorial
Series (which commemorate the?5th. death anniversary of
Dr.Ansari),are:- 'The Importance of the Prohibition of Riba in
Islam', 'The Prohibition ofRiba in the Qur'an and Sunnah', 'The
Religion of Abraham and the State of Israel - A View from the
Qur'an', 'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and~the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-
State', and 'One Jama'at One Ameer - The Organization of
a Muslim-€ommunity in the AgeofFitan'. He hopes to complete
two more books in the Ansari Memorial Series on the topics:'
Suratul Kahfand the Modem Age' , and 'An Islamic View ofthe
Return of Jesus'.
xii

Chapter 1:
Chapter 2:
Chapter 3:
Chapter 4:
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1
RAMADAN
Introduction 1
Fasting in Islam - Its Basic Objective 5
Fasting and Power
Religion and the State
Morality and Religion
Fasting in Islam - Laws and Linkages 19
The Link with Judaism
Link with Sex and Chastity
Link with Charity
Link with Human Freedom and Dignity
Between the Two Nights .33
Fasting and the Physical Body .37
Fasting and Creativity
Sharing Hunger with the Destitute
Fasting and the Value of Food
The Last Word 41
xiii

SECTION 2
ISRA' AND MIRAJ
Introduction 45
The Event 46
The Journey - Real or Dream : 51
The Pshycological Significance 52
The Epistemological Significance 55
The Scientific Significance 56
The Theological Significance 58
The Political Significance 61
The Spiritual Significance 64
xiv

CHAPTERl
INTRODUCTION
This booklet, on the subject of fasting in Islam, comprises four
sections. In the first section we discuss the basic objective ofthe
institution of fasting in Islam as one of the development of 'values'.
We argue the point that values are an indispensable foundation
of 'power' . In the second section we seek to explain the linkages
which exist between fasting, on the one hand, and such specific
values as charity, chastity, and freedom, on the other. In the
third section there is an attempt to demonstrate a certain chronological
sequence through which the compulsory fast in Islam can
lead the believer to spiritual or religious experiencse. We then
proceed to demonstrate the link which must always exist between
moral and spiritual values, or between morality and religion and,
hence, between religion and power. And finally, in the fourth section
we examine the effect offasting on the physical body and on
physical health. Physical health and strength are a vital requirement,
materially and psychologically, for the development of
power.
1

THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FAST OF RAMADAN
Some of the analysis presented in this booklet is derived from a
series oflectures on fasting in Islam which were first delivered in
numerous mosques in Trinidad, in the West Indies, during the
month of Ramadan in 1984, and subsequently repeated in other
parts ofthe world, including New York. The power dimension of
fasting was developed during Ramadan 1993 and was articulated
during my Islamic lecture tour of Malaysia and Singapore in the
summer of 1993.
We must enter a note ofwarning concerning the increasing number
of secularized Muslims emerging in our midst who are either
careless or indifferent with regards to the fast of Ramadan, or
who do not consider it necessary to observe the fast at all. That
phenomenon, which is far advanced in Trinidad, is al~o present
here in the United States ofAmerica, and is now emerging in
Singapore and Malaysia (a region ofthe world which I have been
privileged to visit seven times in the last ten years).
Such Muslims should understand, before it is too late, that it is in
the nature ofthe secular society to dilute, to weaken, and to eventually
render irrelevant, the distinction between 'Truth' (Al- Haqq)
and 'Falsehood' (Al-Batii), between that which is 'Permitted by
Allah' (Al-Halal).and that which is 'Prohibited by Allah'
(Al-Haram), between conduct which is virtuous (Al- Maaruf) and
conduct which is sinful (Al-Munkar). Without being fully aware
ofit, the secularized Muslim eventually lives a life whichis in no
way moulded and conditioned by the rewards of heaven
(Al-Jannah) and the punishmts of hell (Jahannam). Indeed,
secl!1arized Muslims eventually lose consciousness of what is
'sin' .
In the secular society it is not the Word of Allah which is the
measure of all things. Rather man, himself, positions himself at
2

INTRODUCTION
the centre of his universe, and he becomes the measure of all
things. He determines what is right and what is wrong. His reason
sits in judgment on anything which claims to be the Word of
God. And when the Word ofGod does not appear to conform to
man's rational predilections, then the Word of God must either
be rejected or, worse, subjected to a progressive interpretation!
This is called the secularization ofreligion. And this is the terrible
fate which has befallen Judaism and Christianity in the U.S.A.
It was inevitable for them because they had distorted the revealed
Truth. It is inexcusable for Muslims because the revealed Truth
in the Qur'an is protected by Allah HimselfAnd the basic understanding
of that Truth is located in the explanations provided by
the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh), in his personal example (sunnah),
and the model of a sacred society which he created!
In order to protect themselves from being com.pletely absorbed
and integrated into the new sophisticated secular Jahiliyah (Le.
Ignorance ofTruth revealed by Allah), such secularized Muslims
should make haste to learn the lesson that Islam presents to humanity:
an alternative model oflife and ofsociety, a model which is a
rival to today's secular model. Islam's model is the 'sacred' model.
In the sacred model this world acquires meaning only with reference
to that 'transcendental' world from which emerges Al-Haqq,
Al-Halal and Al-Maaruf When we understand how this world
relates to that world then this world, also, becomes sacred. Life
becomes 'sacred' . And through fasting we enhance our state of
harmony with the sacred life and the sacred world! The sacred
life is a life which is lived for the purpose of pleasing Allah!
I pray that the reader may benefit from the information and analysis
presented here and, in particular, that secularized Muslims who
have stopped fasting may be persuaded to return to the life ofthe
sacred and to the institution of fasting which does so much to
3

remind us of the ~nseen world and to fortify us with the values
which come from that unseen world. Without values the only
future mankind can expect is one of unhappiness and frustration,
and tragedy after tragedy!
May IAllah accept our humble service in the cause of His Revealed
Truth - Truth which can bring peace and contentment, fulfilment
and success to human existence. Ameen!
4

CHAPTER 2
FASTING IN ISLAM - ITS BASIC OBJECTIVE
In its second chapter 1 the Qur'an addresses those who believe in
it (i.e. the Qur'an) as a Divine revelation and informs them ofthe
promulgation of the compulsory fast for them. Verse 183 then
goes on to point out that fasting was made compulsory not only
for the Muslims who believe in the Word ofAllah revealed in the
Qur'an and who are followers ofthe Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh),
but for all those religious communities which preceded this community
of believers. Thus the compulsory fast is to be found
Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and others.2 The verse
then ends by indicating that the objective for which the compulsory
fast was promulgated is the acquisition of piety and godliness
(taqwa).
The Qur'anic viewpoint, the~efore, is that fasting has always been
an obligatory feature of the religious way of life. By instituting
the compulsory fast for the religious community which followed
the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh), the Qur'an was simply bringing
5

that Muslim community into a state of conformity with an essential
requirement ofthe religious way of life.
When the Qur'an went on to point out that the basic objective of
fasting was the acquisition of piety and holiness (taqwa), it followed
that this must also have been the basic objective offasting
in all previous religious communities established by the thousands
of Prophets and guides sent by Allah to every nation and
tribe. (Qur'an 13:7)
An immediate implication of this conclusion is that no religion
which claims to be founded on the One Truth can or should condone
the exploitation of the institution of fasting as a political
weapon or a form ofprotest. And yet, in 1986, the Foreign Minister
of Nicaragua, who was a Catholic priest, completed three
weeks of his fast-unto-death in a protest against the policies of
the government of the United States of America towards the
Sandanista government in Nicaragua. In much the same way the
Indian leader, Mahatma Gandhi, who was a devout Hindu and a
role-model ofmodem reformed Hinduism, used fasting as a political
weapon in his struggle against British rule in India.
Piety and Godliness, therefore, is the criterion with which we
judge the institution of fasting as it functions, not only in the
religious community established by Muhammad (pbuh), but in
all other religions and religious communities. When fasting inculcates
piety and godliness then it is functioning in accordance
with its original purpose. When it does not or, rather,' no longer
does, then a deviation has occurred. And it behoves the followers
of the deviant religion to struggle to retrieve the original objective
of fasting.
Now while the majority ofMuslims, the world over, observe the
compulsory fast ofRamadan, we find in this age the unique phe-
6

FASTING IN ISLAM -ITS BASIC OBJECTIVE
nOJnenon of large numbers of Muslims who do not fast. When
we inquire into this phenomenon what we find is that it has
emerged almost exclusively as a result of a considerable impact
ofmodem western civilization on such Muslims.
This is not surprising since modem western civilization, which is
largely constructed on secular and materialistic foundations, does
not attach much practical value to piety and Godliness. As a consequence
one comes across people who find it inconvenient to
fast because it interferes with the efficient fulfilment of their
professional obligations. Indeed a former President of Tunisia
attempted to prohibit the compulsory Islamic fast because he
claimed that it had a negative impact on productivity and thus
constituted an obstacle to economic growth and prosperity. Others,
who have imprisoned themselves in the comforts and luxuries
ofmodem sensate culture (which is a feature ofwestern rather
than Christian civilization), find fasting to be either too rigorous,
or just plain inconvenient.
While we shall be attempting a rational exposition ofthe benefits
to be derived from fasting, we should also urge such Muslims to
take serious note ofthe fact that fasting was made compulsory by
Allah Himself. Any Muslim who challenges this and holds the
view that he is under no obligation to fast is, in fact, in a state of
defiance and rebellion against Allah. And since Islam connotes
'submission' to the Will of Allah, it should be obvious that such
a person is not in Islam. Indeed such a Muslim places himself
outside the religious way of life altogether since the Qur'an declares:
"Andwhosoever desires a religion other than Islam, never
will it be acceptedfrom him. . "(Qur 'an 3:85)
7

On the other hand, the Muslim who recognizes the obligatory
nature of fasting and yet does not observe the compulsory fast
because oflaziness, inconvenience or whatever reason is, in fact,
committing a sin and must expect to be punished by Allah for it.
Similarly, since fasting was made compulsory for those religious
communities which preceded the advent ofthe Prophet (pbuh), it
follows that the followers of those religions will also incur Allah's
punishment if they, too, fail to observe their compulsory
fast.
FASTING AND POWER
Now taqwa possesses both a moral and a spiritual dimension. In
respect of its moral dimension it connotes moral rectitude which
is the fruit ofa divinely-grounded vigilance, on the one hand, and
the purification of the heart (tazkiyah) on the other. Moral recti.;.
tude manifests itself in acts of commission (awamir) and omission
(nawahi), i.e. performing virtuous acts required by the moral
code such as 'giving alms to the poor', on the one hand, and
refraining from evil acts (also prohibited by the ~oral code) such
as acts of bribery and corruption on the other.
Almighty Allah declares in the Qur'an:
"Whosoever purifies (the nafs) has achieved success. And
whosoever corrupts it has failed. " (Qur 'an, 91:9)
The implication ofthis verse ofthe Qur'an is that values must be
recognized as one of the foundations of power. Indeed there is a
specific confirmation of such in the chronological sequence of
the revelation of the Qur'an.
8

After the migration from Makkah to Madinah had been effected,
and shortly after victory over the Quraish at Badr, Allah revealed
the Surah entitled AI-Anfal (the spoils of war) in which He recalled
the road which had been travelled:
"Call to mind (that time) when you were a small (band),
weak, helpless (and vulnerable) in (your) territory, and
. afraid that (hostile) people would finish youofJ Then
(Allah) provided you with (a way to) safety and refuge,
and empoweredyou with His aid, andprovidedyou with
wholesome resources that you might be grateful. "
(Qur 'an, 8:26)
The power to which Allah refers vas, of course, manifest in the
battle of Badr. And the manifestation of that power was of such
strategic importance in the Divine scheme that Allah went on to
describe it as the 'Furqan', or criterion, through which truth was
distinguished from falsehood (verse 29). He also says:
"That it (the demonstration ofpower) might serve to
confirm Truth and expose Falsehood, distasteful though
it be to those in guilt. " (Qur 'an 8:8)
What is of critical importance for our topic is the fact that Allah
chose a moment shortly before the month of Ramadan, in which
the battle of Badr was fought, to reveal the verses of the Qur'an
which promulgated the compulsory fast of Ramadan. It should
be clear as daylight that the fast of Ramadan was instituted to
function as a means through which the community may be empowered.
If not, how can we possibly explain the long delay in
promulgating the institution of fasting? Would it not have been
9

beneficial to the oppressed Muslims ofMakkah to have been given
the fast of.Ramadan? Would it not have enhanced their fortitude
to r~sist the kuffar? The fact that Allah waited more than fourteen
years, after the commencement of the revelation of the
Qur'an, to reveal the verses relating to the compulsory fast of
Ramadan, is a direct indication of the relationship which exists
between fasting and power.
There is a link between fasting and power. The link is that fasting
not only builds, but also, reinforces and consolidates values, and
values form an indispensable foundation of power.
Also, since no nation, society or civilization can ever rise to greatness
without establishing and sustaining the moral health of its
people, it follows that the institution offasting in religion plays a
role of crucial importance in nation-building and in the process
ofestablishing a healthy and enduring society and civilization. In
fact the Qur'an goes beyond this to claim that survival, in the
historical process, depends upon moral health. It does so when it
declares that those who purify themselves and permit the proper
growth and development of their moral being will succeed (in
history as well as in the Divine scheme ofthings). Those, on the
other hand, who corrupt themselves and, in the process, obstruct
the growth and development oftheir moral being, will eventually
perish. (Qur'an, 91:9-10) This holds true as much for the social
order, the nation and civilization, as for the individual.
The Qur'an does not merely state this thesis as a fact. It does
more than that. It seeks to demonstrate the validity of the thesis
by inviting attention to the historical process at work in the rise
and fall of nations and civilizations. And, in order to facilitate
that inquiry it narrates· the history of certain nations and tribes
which perished because ofmoral corruption consequent upon the
collapse of values.
10

RELIGION AND THE STATE
Now the very survival of a nation or civilization is dependent on
the establishment and preservation of values and the development
of moral health.· Religion, through its belief system of the
transcendental world, is the only source of values. There are no
such things as secular values. Religion, also, through such institutions
as fasting, has a glorious record of achievement in the
moral struggle. As a consequence there is an essential linkage
between religion and the State, a linkage which the State can only
ignore at its peril.
The modem nation-state, built on the dual foundations ofsecularism
and nationalism, is incapable pfredefining secularism in such
a way as would permit religion to function as an effective moral
force in the establishment of a healthy social order. Similarly it
finds itself increasingly incapable oftranscending narrow nationalisms
to embrace the concept of the unity and fraternity of all
mankind in order that it may be able to digest the claim of religion
that moral values are not only universal and absolute, but
require a non-discriminatory application amongst the many different
peoples in the world.
MORALITY AND RELIGION
Now although moral rectitude is an essential dimension oftaqwa
we should note that it does not function as an 'end in itself' , nor
does it function independently. Rather it depends on metaphysics
and serves goals which are essentially transcendental. It is the
spiritual dimension of taqwa which is really dominant, This is
clear from the opening statement of the second chapter of the
Qur'an which declares that the Qur'an provides (consequential)
guidance for those who possess taqwa. It then goes on to identify
the constituent elements of taqwa and singles out, as first in im-
11

portance, belief in the unseen transcendental world (al-ghaib).
Next comes the establishment of continuous communion with
God through regular prayer (iq mah al- sal t) and spending freely
to assist the needy and under privileged with the recognition of
wealth as a gift from God (infaq). Taqwa requires belief, not only
in the Qur'an, but also in all other revealed religious scriptures.
And since the Qur'an does not name all those scriptures, the true
religious way of life cultivates respect for all religious scriptures
in the world which claim a Divine origin, and requires belief in
those scriptures to the extent that one can recognize Truth in them.
And then the last constituent element of taqwa is 'unshakable'
faith in a life 'here-after' (al- akhirah). (Qur'an, 2:3-4)
Taqwa, therefore, is initially dependent on the recognition that
this world in which we live is not the only world. There is another
world beside and beyond this world. Indeed, in comparison
with that world, which is permanent and abiding, this world is
temporary, ·transient and fleeting. (Qur'an,29:64) It will not last
forever. It will one day come to an end and be transformed by its
Creator into another world which will be quite different from this
one. (Qur'an,14:48)
Taqwa is dependent on the recognition that human beings will
survive their physical death and will, upon the transformation of
the world, be roused from the slumber of their graves to be subjected
to accountability for their conduct. That day of accountability
will witness the truth of all that religion stood for, and
hence it is called 'the Day of Religion' (yaum ai-din). On that
day Almighty Allah will sit in Judgment over humanity and will
reward and punish as appropriate. Heaven exists for reward while
hell exists for punishment
Finally taqwa is dependent on belief in the transcendent unity of
religious Truth (AI-Din) since it requires belief in all divine scrip-
12

tures and in all the Prophets. There can only be One Truth since
Truth is God, and God is One! This belief in the unity and universality
of Truth engenders a spirit of profound respect for 'Truth'
which is located in a religious community and scripture other
than one's own, - even ifit be a mere remnant of the Truth!
When we study the history of the evolution of religion what we
find is that at its earliest stage religion was basically concerned
with the organization of society and the rules of conduct conducive
to the emergence ofmoral consciousness. This appears to be
the basic purpose fulfilled in the story of Adam and Eve in the
Garden. The historical record indicates that symbolism played a
significant role in the pursuit of both these objectives. Mythology
was, perhaps, a failure to understand the true meaning of
religious symbolisms. At the next stage religion concentrated on
the development ofa religious psychology conducive to the proper
growth and development ofmoral consciousness. At a still higher
stage religion turned mati's attention away from this world to an
almost exclusive devotion of things mystical and other-worldly.
In its final form, however, with the revelation of the Qur'an, it
achieves a harmonious balance in pursuing the goals of the social,
moral and mystic dimensions ofhuman consciousness. The
conception, however, ofa life hereafter, of accountability, and of
wor~hipofa single Deity who was both immanent and transcendent,
always formed part of religious truth even when it was only
implicitly stated. This was the 'substance' of Truth.
The final standpoint of religion regarding man's earthly life is
that it should not be lived as an end-in-itself. Live in this world,
says religion, but live for the next world. Live in this world in the
manner of a traveller who is continuously conscious of the fact
that his destination lies in the next world.
13

Living for the next world implies, in fact, living for Allah. And
this brings us to yet another way at which the Qur'an looks at
taqwa. Religion, it would appear, evaluates all human conduct
on the basis of what will 'reach' Allah and what will not. It is
only the 'substance' of religion which reaches Allah.
Thus the Qur'an declares:
"It is not thejlesh and blood (ofthe·animals ofsacrifice)
which reach Allah. Rather it is the Taqwa ofyour hearts
which reaches Him... " (Qur 'an 22:37)
And thus the basic objective of fasting is nothing less than the
penetration of the very substance and soul of religion.
The taqwa which the believer acquires while fasting is, therefore,
something which reaches Allah. But before this can be
achieved the human 'self' must travel on a road which progressively
elevates it from the physical, to the moral and, finally, to
the spiritual dimensions ofits existence. It must, first ofall, come
to grips with the purely carnal self (nafs al- ammarah). This rebellious
'wild beast' in man has to be tamed and disciplined. And
fasting is one of the most effective means of controlling it.
It is in sexual immorality that the wild beast in man is at its wildest
and most destructive and for this reason religion uses fasting
for a direct attack on lust and carnal passion. This is achieved in
Islam though the prohibition of sexual relations during the period
ofthe fast each day and then virtually recommending sexual
relations during the night which follovs the day of fasting.
(Qur'an, 2:187) The partners would thus bring to bear on their
sexual conduct the moral and spiritual refinement acquired during
the day of fasting.
14

FASTING IN ISLAM -ITS BASIC OBJECTIVE
As the self turns away form the unbridled fulfilment of all the
demands ofthe 'wild beast' in man and turns towards that which
can reach Allah, it is filled with regret for its past conduct and
reproaches itself in this respect. This stage inthe development of
the self is termed 'nafs al-lawwamah' by the Qur'an.
Finally, as the self purifies itself and turns to Allah, it acquires
taqwa which reaches Allah. This is the stage ofthe beatified self
(nafs al-mutmainnah). This, indeed, is the stage ofspiritual excellence
and it is here that religion really exists.
The beatified self, throughout history, has only tolerated its own
existence in this world. It really lived in a world which transcended
this world. This 'turning away' from the mundane towards the
sacred, away from the spatio-temporal towards the transcendental,
has been the fundamental objective of all religions.
But the Qur'andid not encourage 'turning away' from this world.
Rather it transformed this world into a sacred world. It transformed
sex into something sacred. Work, also, became something
sacred The believer was expected to live fully in this world
and to strive to make a success ofhis life in this world. There was
to be n~ incompatibility between living in this world and living
for that world!
One cannot, however, really embark upon ajourney through which
the true consciousness of living for that world can be nurtured
without mobilizing the ascetic element in human nature. Fasting,
with its denial of that which is otherwise lawful, provides the
perfect entree to the ascetic life and this,.in turn, provokes the
turning ofthe face to Allah.
Our conclusion is that power cannot be sustained without values.
And values all emerge from Truth! Therefore values cannot be
15

established or sustained without religion. For it is religion, and
religion alone, which can provide the metaphysical or spiritual
requirements which make morality possible!
When Muslims fast they should be constantly conscious of the
fact that religion is at work building and sustaining values which,
in turn, permit power to be established and sustained. That power,
in turn, functions as a historical force which validates Truth.
(Qur'an, 8:8)
NOTES OF CHAPTER 2
1. It is interesting to observe that after the opening chapter
ofthe Holy Qur 'an, which is itselfnamed 'Opening Chapter "
the next chapter ofthe Qur 'an is entitled the Chapter ofthe 'Cow
, (al-Baqarah). While the choice ofthis name is attributed to the
parable of the 'cow ' in Jewish history which is found in the
chapter (Qur 'an, 2:67-71), it also has great significance for Hindus
who consider the cow to be a holy animal. Now the choice of
the cow, which performs the wondrous feat ofeating grass and
producing milk, as a holy ani"3al, can be considered to have been
'a preliminary step in the evolution of the religious consciousness,
- leading eventually to the recognition of all animals as
sacred. Similarly the choice ofthe Ganges as a holy river and
Bharat as a holy land would lead eventually to the recognition of
everything in this universe as holy andsacred. Andthis is a position
which can only truly be sustained with the recognition ofthe
world as real and as Gods creation. Secondly, the world and all
i,t contains must be refognized to be functioning as a medium
which leads the developed religious consciousness to God HimselfAnd
this, ofcourse, is the position ofIslam itselfwhich em-
16

FASTING IN ISLAM - FASTING IN ISLAM
braces a spiritual interpretation ofthe universe, a universe which
overflows with the 'Signs ofALLAH' (the ayatullah). AndJhe
Signs ofALLAH lead directly to Allah Himself.
2. David is mentioned in the Bible as havingfastedfor seven
days (Samuel 12:16-7). Moses fasted in order to show gratitude
to Allah for the deliverance ofAI-Israelites from Pharaoh and
also for the Day ofAtonement (Leviticus 16:29). Jesus Christ not
only keptfasts but also commanded hisfollowers to fast (Mathew
6:15-7, Luke 5:33- 5, Acts 13:23). May Allah sblessings be upon
them all).
17

CHAPTER 3
FASTING IN ISLAM - LAWS AND LINKAGES
The compulsory fast of Islam is to be observed during a fixed
period oftime (ayyaam maduda) (Qur'an 2:184), and the Qur'an
identifies this fixed time as the lunar month of Ramadan in the
hijri calendar. (Qur'an, 2:185)
The compulsory fast commences when the new crescent moon of
Ramadan is visible, or when the month of Sha'ban (which precedes
Ramadan) has completed its thirtieth day, whichever is first.
The fast is observed daily from dawn to sunset. During this time
one must refrain from eating or drinking anything. One must also
refrain from sexual intercourse. After the sun has set and the daily
fast has ended one may partake of food and drink, and may engage
in sexual relations. The month-long fast ends when the new
crescent moon of Shawwal is visible or the month of Ramadan
has completed its thirtieth day, whichever is first.
In the very process of instituting fasting with an imperishable
link with the lunar month -a span oftime determined by nature of
19

which Allah is the author, the Qur'an provided a built-in mechanism
in religion which safeguarded against the process of the
secularization oftime.
The Qur'an itself claims that it was revealed in the month of
Ramadan, and this was so momentous an occasion that the believers
were required to fast for the entire month in order to show
their gratitude to Almighty Allah. And so Islam forged an imperishable
link between the revealed scripture (the Qur'an) and fasting.
Now this is a matter of great importance for, as we have
already noted, the goal of fasting is taqwa and taqwa 'reaches'
Allah. The Qur'an, on the other hand~ is an unbroken link between
man and Allah. It is the 'word' of Allah and hence possesses
the Divine quality of uncreated eternity. Yet it exists in a
living human language, Arabic, and is thus readily accessible.
The Qur'an is, therefore, a 'rope' from Allah by holding on to
which man can either ascend to Allah, or be drawn to Allah.
(Qur'an, 3:101)
In the secular society the fast of Ramadan plays the strategically
important role ofrestoring the consciousness ofthe existence ofthe
unseen world and ofthe revelations which have been sent from that
world as guidance for mankind. When once such revelations are
accepted by man he is obliged to submit to its authority.
We are also informed that the Qur'an was revealed (or sent down)
on a single night in Ramadan, namely the 'night ofpower' (lailatul
qadr). Now this is a matter oftremendous importance. Ramadan
is the month of the compulsory fast, and Ramadan is also the
month in which exists the night the Qur'an was revealed. That
night is the night of power. There is, therefore, a clear link between
fasting and power, a link determined by Allah Himself
Who chose Ramadan for the compulsory month-long fast.
20

FASTING IN ISLAM -LAWS AND L1NKAGE~
Historically, however, it is clear that the Qur'an actually reached
the Prophet (through the medium of the arch-angel Gabriel) in
bits and pieces over a period oftwenty-three years. The explanation
for this appearance of contradiction is that when Allah said
that He sent down the Qur'an in Ramadan, what He meant was
that the Qur'an was sent down to the lowest heaven (sam a1duniyah)
in Ramadan during the 'night ofpower'. Indeed it still
exists there where its verses (ayats) adorn the lowest heaven as
lamps. (Qur'an, 67:5) Like all the other revealed scriptures the
Qur'an is described as a 'light' from Allah and therefore each
verse of the Qur'an is a 'light'. (Qur'an, 64:8) It was, therefore,
from the lowest heaven that the angel Gabriel brought the Qur'an
piecemeal to the heart ofthe Prophet (Allah's blessings be upon
him) over a period oftwenty three years. The first revelation came
to the Prophet (Pbuh) on that 'night ofpower' when he was meditating
in the cave of Hira! Allah chose to give to the night ofthe
first revelation the name 'night ofpower' . He could have named
it the night of 'Truth',or of 'Peace',or of'Din' (religion). He did
not! Since He named it the 'night of power', the implication is
that the Qur'an contains within it that through which power can
be acquired. We thus have linkages between fasting and power,
and between the Qur'an and power.
In the establishment ofa direct link between the month-long com- .
pulsory fast ofRamadan and the continuous recitation and study
ofthe revealed scripture (Qur'an), religion has, in fact, reached a
stage in its development never reached before. No other religious
community was ordered to fast for as long a period as one month
every year. Nor was fasting so organically linked to the recitation
of the revealed scripture in any previous religious community.
Muslims, indeed are so fond ofreciting the Qur'an while fasting
that the writer was amazed when, as a young student just arrived
in Cairo, he found so many people reciting the Qur'an while trav-
21

elling in crowded buses to work in the mornings of Ramadan.
Some, in fact, were standing in those packed buses with one hand
clasping the Qur'an and the other holding the rail. Not only do
Muslims recite the Qur'an while fasting but, in addition, they
perform during the nights of Ramadan, the prayers of the 'night
vigil' (qiyam al-IaU or taraweeh) in which the entire Qur'an is
sometimes recited. This recitation, like all others in salaat, is always
performed in the original Arabic text ofthe Qur'an.
Now although the Qur'an recognizes that other religious scriptures
also possess light (Qur'an, 5:47-49) and.hence can be used
in conjunction with fasting for achieving spiritual nobility, the
problem which non-Muslims face is that they are seldom in a
position to recite their scriptures in the original language in which
they were revealed, and. in which language alone they possess
light. Most scriptures no .longer exist in their original language,
and when they do, the language is either dead or archaic and hence
not readily accessible to the believing masses. Only a very tiny
fraction ofChristians today have ever read the Hebrew Bible, for
example.
In a very real sense, the Qur'an is, perhaps, the only revealed
scripture which is readily accessible today to the overwhelming
majority ofthose who believe in it, accessible, that is, in the originallanguage.
and text in which it was revealed.
This lends itselfto further support for the claim ofthe book to be
the revealed word of God!
FASTING IN ISLAM - THE LINK WITH JUDAISM
Ramadan is the monthofspiritual retreat for Muslims. They are
permitted to eat and drink until the break of dawn and must abstain
from food, drink and sex until sunset. (Qur'an, 2:187)
22

FASTING IN ISLAM -LAWSAND UNKAGES
Prior to the revelation ofthe Qur'anic verses relating to fasting,
it would appear that the Muslims fasted without taking an early
morning meal. Ibn Abbas has commented on those Qur'anic
verses as follows: "When the people offered the night prayer,
they were asked to abstain from food and drink and (intercourse
with) women. They kept fast till the next night." [SunanAbuDaud,
Kitab al-Siyam] This was the way that the Jews and Christians
fasted,. for the Prophet (Pbuh) has said: "The difference between
our fasting and that ofthe recipients ofprevious scriptures (Jews
and Christians being specifically referred to) is eating shortly before
dawn." [Mishkat al-Masabih, Kitab al-Siyam.] The fact that
the Muslims fasted the way Christians and Jews fasted is not
only indicative ofthe original Islamic attitude towards Christianity
and Judaism but, also, provides invaluable evidence of how
Christians and Jews fasted in those early days.
With the revelation of the new shari'ah (sacred law) the Muslims
were now required to fast from dawn to sunset for the entire
month ofRamadan. The change from the previous law offasting
to the new (as well as other such changes) is referred to in the
Qur'an as 'Naskh' (abrogation or supercession):
"We do not abrogate any Ayah (revelation) or cause it to
be forgotten but (that) We (replace it) with that which is
superior to it or similar to it". (Qur 'an, 2: 106)
No verse of the Qur'an itself was ever abrogated. Abrogation
was always with reference to previous revelations. Secondly, even
when a shari 'ah was abrogated for the Muslims, it still re~ained
operationally valid for those on whom it was enforced, until, of
course, they chose to enter into the ummah ofMuhammad (Pbuh).
23

LINK OF FASTING TO SEX AND CHASTITY
In their month-long retreat during the fast ofRamadan Muslims
are specifically permitted, as we noted earlier, to approach their
wives during the night which foll~ws the day of fasting. This
union ofhusband and wife during the nights ofRamadan injects
a spiritual content into sexual relations and then elevates that
spiritualized sex to a status worthy of participation in a spiritual
retreat. Now what Islam achieves here is nothing less than revolutionary,
for the satisfaction of the sexual needs of man have
almost universally been held to be incompatible with his highest
spiritual strivings. The religious mind through the ages has maintained
an aloofness from sexuality which it has either held in
contempt or reluctantly tolerated. Islam makes a break with the
immediate past and works for the integration of man's sex life
into the period ofhis most intense and sustained spiritual mobilization
In doing so it spiritualized the sex bond and establishes a
philosophy ofsex which is the sine qua non for the emancipation
ofwoman in this modem age.
So long as sex is considered to be incompatible with man's spiritual
strivings woman's status in society will always be problematic.
Such a philosophy of sex, which excludes sexual life from
the world ofthe sacred, and which recognizes noreality for woman
beyond her material reality, almost naturally causes man to eventually
approach woman for the satisfaction of lust and base carnal
passion. Whensoever this occurs the mind creates an image
ofwoman as a toy, a plaything and an object to be used and abused;
and herein lies the explanation for the continued exploitation of
woman in the modem world. The feminist movement in the western
world seems to have completely overlooked this aspect ofthe
problem.
24

FASTING IN ISLAM -LAWS ANDliNKAGES
As soon as sex is spiritualized, as it is in the fast ofRamadan, man
approaches woman with light rather than lust. And in the flame of
spiritual illumination sex attains a status which is truly sacred, a
gift from God through which a man and woman attain peace, tranquillity,
intense pleasure and contentment and most important of
all, a union and unity which facilitates the approach to The One. It
is in this context that we can properly examine the statement of
the Prophet (Pbuh): ' Three (things) have been made dear to me
(by Allah) in this world ofyours - women, and fragrance (of perfume),
and prayer has been the cooling ofmy eyes."
Ibn Arabi, in his famous work Fusus al- Hikam, comments on
this saying of the Prophet (Pbuh) in some detail:
"Then Goddrewforth from him (namely man) a being in his own
image, called woman, and because she appears in his own image,
man feels a deep longing for her, as something yearns for
Itself.. Thus, women were made beloved to him, for God loves
that which He has created in His own image... ,,1
For Ibn Arabi the love for woman is founded on the conception
of woman as a being who emerged from man. Now whatever
may be the merits of this conception of woman (which is basically
a Christian conception) on which Ibn Arabi bases his explanation
of the statement of the Prophet (pbuh), it does not appear
to be supported by the Qur'an which speaks of spiritual·creation
of the male and the female from the same nafs (self). From that
single nafs did Allah create its mate. (Qur'an 4: 1) No gender has
been specifically recognized for that original nafs.
In so far as biological creation is concerned the Qur'an says that
Allah has caused (all) mankind to emerge from the earth in the
manner of trees and plants. (Qur'an 71: 17) It also states that the
25

nutfa (sperm) becomes an alaq (fertilized embryo which clings to
the wall of the womb). And it is at this stage that Allah causes
either the male or the female to emerge. (Qur'an, 75:37-9)
Ibn Arabi is more convincing when he speaks of woman as a
.medium in which, and through which, man can contemplate God:
"When a man loves a woman, he seeks union with her, that is to
say the most complete union possible in love. And there is in the
elemental sphere no greater union than that between the sexes. It
is precisely because such desire pervades all hisparts thatman is
commanded to perform the major ablution (i. e. to take a bath
after sexual intercourse). Thus the purification is total, just as
his annihilation in her was total at the moment ofconsummation.
God isjealous ofHis servant that he shouldfind pleasure in any
but Him, so He Purifies him by the ablution, so that he might
once again behold Him in the one in whom he was annihilated,
since it is none other than He whom he sees in her. "
[p.274J1
Indeed woman is the most perfect such medium, according to Ibn
Arabi:
"Contemplationofthe Reality withoutformal support is notpossible,
since God in His Essence, is far beyond all need of the
Cosmos. Since, therefore, some form ofsupport is necessary, the
best andmostperfect kind isthe contemplation ofGodin women. "
[p.275J2
It is important that we should note that the Prophet (Pbuh) said:
"Three things have been made dear to me . . ". He did not say:
26

FASTING IN ISLAM -LAWS AND LINKAGES
"Three things did I love." The implication is that it was the Divine
will which ordained that women be loved more than all the world.
The reason, as Ibn Arabi explains, is that ofall the Ayat (signs and
symbols) ofAllah which exist in the world, woman is the closest
Ayatullah (symbol ofAllah) to man. She is the closest 'window'
to heaven! Hence man should approach woman with the respect
which is due to the sacred. And, through woman, he should seek
to approach his Lord.
Yet another approach to the subject is to be found in Dr. P.R.
Ansari's observations that "the satisfaction of the sexual need
bears a certain relationship with an expansion in man's spiritual
release."3 This is not to say that the celibate is incapable of spiritual
progress. It is rather a view to the effect that in negating sex
in order to pursue spiritual growth, man is, in fact, disregarding
an in-built mechanism in his own nature which constantly balances
the physical and the spiritual.
Finally we may note that the spiritualization of sex, which is initiated
in fasting, makes a significant impact on sexual morality
since it establishes the firmest possible foundations for chastity.
It is in the context ofthe permission to approach wives during the
nights ofRamadan that the Qur'an finds it appropriate to observe
that: "They (your wives) are apparel for you, and so are you for
them." (Qur'an 2:187) Thus when a husband goes to a woman
other than his wife for his sexual satisfaction, he is, in fact, depriving
his wife of her clothing and thus. subjecting her to a certain
kind ofnakedness with all its attendant vulnerability, embarrassment
and shame. Chastity is an imperative for stable and happy
family life. And this is the foundation of the stable family unit
without which an enduring civilization cannot be established.
27

LINK BETWEEN FASTING AND CHASTITY
In much the same way that the Qur'anic stamp of approval for
sexual relations during the nights which follow the days offasting
leads to the spiritualization of sex and chastity, so too, does the
Qur'anic exemptions from the compulsory fast for those who are
ill or on a journey, permitting them to make up for the 'missed'
days after Ramadan, lead to a certain religious pragmatism, realism
and moderation. When religion ceases to be realistic and practical
it soon loses its appeal to the masses It is precisely for this
reason that the Qur'an comments, in the context of the exemptions:
"God intends every facility for you: He does not want to
put you to difficulties." (Qur'an 2:185)
Those, on the other hand, who are permanently incapable offasting
either because of the nature of their illness or because of the
disabilities of old age, are permitted to feed the poor in lieu of
fasting. And this reference to charity brings us to the social dimension
of fasting. Ramadan is the month when God is most charitable
to His creatures. Thus the Prophet is reported to have said:
"When Ramadan begins the gates of heaven are opened...The
gates of mercy are opened...The gates of hell are locked and the
devils are chained." Indeed during Ramadan: "...some are freed
from hell by God, and that happens every night. This generosity
and charity fron1 (, above' also found expression in the life ofthe
Prophet who, according to Ibn Abbas:
"When the month ofRamadan began, set every prisonerfree and
gave to every beggar. "
As a consequence, spending freely of one's substance in charity
is an integral part ofthe institution offasting in Islam. It is significant
that the compulsory fast of Ramadan was not promulgated
28

FASTING IN ISLAM -LAWSAND LINKAGES
by the Qur'an until the Muslims had migrated from Makkah and
had settled themselves as an organized community in Madinah.
This was so precisely because fasting in Islam is not a strictly
private affair but has a social function to perform in alleviating
the condition ofthe poor, the destitute, the under- privileged and
the weak in the society. So integral is this care for the poor and
needy to the religious way of life that the Qur'an considers its
neglect to be a repudiation of religion:
"Seest thou one who repudiates religion? Then such is
the (man) who repulses the orphan (with harshness) and
encourages not the feeding ofthe indigent. So woe to the
worshippers who are neglectful oftheir prayers. Those
who want (but) to be seen (ofmen) but refuse (to supply)
(even) neighbourly needs. " (Qur 'an, 107:1-7)
It should be clear that the institution of fasting in Islam makes a
vitally important contribution to Islam's championing ofthat noble
cause. Indeed what Islam accomplishes in fasting is nothing
less that the spiritualization of charity, for this is the implication
ofthe linking of charity with fasting.
The momentum generated in the month ofRamadan in respect of
the spiritualization ofcharity, 'is enhanced at no less a place than
the house ofGod itself(the Kaaba in Makkah), when during Hajj
and Umrah, the pilgrim who is forced by illness to shave his hair
before the completion of the rites, is required to compensate for
this either by fasting or by feeding the poor. (Qur'an, 2: 196) Thus
even in the House of God Himself, fasting and charity have the
same status.
In a contemporary world in which 'aid' as a form of'imperialism'
is so common, Islam's spiritualization of charity is sorely
needed.
29

LINK BETWEEN FASTING AND HUMAN FREEDOM
AND DIGNITY
The Qur'an states that the divine compensation which is exacted
for accidental homicide by a Muslim ofa Muslim includes "freeing
of a believing slave" or, for those who find this beyond their
means, "fasting for two months continuously." (Qur'an 4:92)
Hence the freeing of slaves is invested with a special degree of
spirituality in Islam since it is equivalent in status to prolonged
fasting. Now this is an achievement of great significance indeed
for it permits the process of the dismantling of the institution of
slavery to proceed in a manner which ensures the full rehabilitation
ofthe freed slaves.
The negative after-effects of slavery and, in particular, the damage
to the human personality, are still very visible in the western
hemisphere more than a century after the abolition of slavery in
western civilization. The descendants offreed slaves in the United
States ofAmerica are yet to be successfully integrated into American
society. The explanation of this pathetic situation lies in the
fact that slavery was abolished in response to basically economic
compulsions. Humanitarianism appears to a have played a minor
role in the whole affair. No evidence exists of any significant
spiritual motivation in the dismantling of the institution of slavery.
4
We wish to suggest that this is the basic reason why western civilization
has been able to live with, or at least to tolerate western-
imposed apartheid on the soil ofthe very continent from which
the West enriched itselfby enslaving a free people. In other words,
apartheid is a manifestationofthe spiritual bankruptcy ofsecular
western civilization.
30

FASTING IN ISLAM· LAWS AND LINKAGES
In India, on the other hand, the caste system imposes a very real
form ofslavery on millions ofpeople in that hapless country. It is
of crucial importance to note that there is a form of colour discrimination
which is involved in the caste system. The fair-skinned
Aryan is never at the bottom ofthe social order. That is reserved
for the dark-skinned indigenous Indians. Althoughthe caste system
has been denounced by many great Hindu spiritual and religious
leaders and Hindu reform movements, as well as being made
illegal by the Indian constitution, it continues to survive and to
impose terrible sufferings on low caste and caste-less Hindus to
this day. In Christianity as in Hinduism, there appears to be a no
basic linkage between fasting on the one hand, and the recognition
of human freedom and dignity on the other. And it is the
consequent inability to mobilize the spiritual consciousness and
bring it to bear on such social problems as caste in India, apartheid
in South Africa, and the integration of the descendants of
freed slaves into American society which explains the continued
existence of these manifestations of social cancer.
Islam's basic achievement really lies in the functional linkage it
has established between fasting, on the one hand, and charity,
chastity and recognition of human freedom and dignity, on the
other. The one envelops the others in a spiritual embrace of profound
practical consequences.
1. Ibn Arabi - The Bezels of Wisdom, translated by
R. WJ.Austin, SPCK, London, 1980, pg. 274
2 Ibidp275
3 Answer to a question posed to Dr. Ansari by the author.
4. See the excellent work ofDr. Eric WIlliams 'Capitalism
and Slavery '.
31

CHAPTER 4
BETWEEN THE TWO NIGHTS
The Mi 'raj or ascension ofthe Prophet to the special Divine presence
took place on27 Rajab. This date appears to be linked in the
Islamic calendar to 27 Ramadan, the likely day of the 'night of
power' (lailatul qadr)~
It seems that this period of two months is a special season in
which the collective spirituality is progressively enhanced until
fmally the individual effort of even the average worshipper elevates
him to eligibility for some form of religious experience.
This, in turn, launches him on a path·of spiritual growth.
The progressive enhancement begins on 27 Rajab when the worshipper
refreshes his memory about the Prophet's Mi'raj and reminds
himself that the five d~ily prayers (Sa/at) which were
brought 'down' from 'above' in the Mi'raj, are the vehicle for
his personal Mi'raj. He thus pay serious attention to improving
tJie quality of his salat. This involves, most of all, developing a
'devout' frame ofmind.
33

In the month of Shaban he follows the example of the Prophet
and fasts - a trial run, really, to prepare the body and the mind for
the rigors of the fast of Ramadan Thus the preliminary fast of
Shaban is added to (salat) and worship moves into a higher gear.
On 1 Ramadan not only does the compulsory fast for all (adult)
Muslims begin but, also, there· is qiyam al-Iai/ or the prayers of
the night-vigil, when it is customarY for the entire Qur'an to be
recited. Fasting, the night-time prayer vigil and the recitation of
the Qur'an have a dramatic impact in effecting a substantial qualitative
improvement ofworship.
When on 21 Ramadan the withdrawal from worldly affairs and
seclusion in the Masjid (' itikaj) for ten days commences, the worshippers
reach a pitch or intensity of worship which makes this
period mostconducive (spiritually) for religious experience.
Finally comes 27 Ramadan, the night ofpower (Iailatul qadr) when
Allah sends downthe angels and Gabriel for 'every errand', (Qur'an,
97:4) - i.e. to bestow, among other things, the supreme gift ofMiraj
to all those who have deserved it or who have earned it.
When the Qur'an asserts that 'the night ofpower (Iai/tul qadr) is
superior to a thousand months', (Qur'an 97:3) the implication is
that that which can best be experienced on that night (namely
spiritual experience which launches spiritual growth) is better
than an entire life-span (a thousand months standing for an average
lifespan) lived without it.
There are profound psychological and sociological lessons to be
learnt from Islam's fast of Ramadan. The enhanced collective
-'
spirituality of Ramadan, for example, literally reaches down to
embrace even the weakest of the believers and to assist and
strengthen his resolve to observe the fast.
34

BETWEEN THE TWO NIGHTS
Secondly, with the institution of the fast of Ramadan and its attendant
charity, prayers, and the recitation of the Qur'an, Islam
takes the believer to the third stage of the process of religious
development, the stage oftotal conformity and harmony with the
externally imposed sacred law.
In the first stage, we should recall, the individual was invited to
enter into Islam and to submit pu~licly to the Truth. In the second
stage, on the other hand, the process witnessed the internalization
of the externally proclaimed belief. This was the stage of
faith (al Iman). With the fulfilment of stage three, or total conformity
with the sacred law, the stage is now set for that spiritual
growth (through al-Shariah, al-Tariqah, al- Ma 'arifah and
al-Haqiqah) which is the true goal of the religious way of life.
35

CHAPTERS
FASTING AND THE PHYSICAL BODY
We eat and drink for energy, which we then burn up when working
or playing. When we generate greater amounts ofenergy than
we actually use we then end up with excess energy and this is
stored in the body as fat.
There are two ways through which we can get rid of fat, and that
is either by rigorous exercise, which bums up a lot ofenergy rapidly,
or by fasting. When we are fasting we still need energy to
meet our daily requirements. When the source ofenergy through
food and drink is limited the body uses its stored energy. In this
way we get rid of excess fat.
By reducing or eliminating excess body fat every year during the
fast ofRamadan fasting makes an important contribution to physical
health.
37

It should be obvious, however, that this elimination ofexcess fat
will not be achieved ifone fasts for the whole day and then, at the
time of breaking the fast, eats three times as much food as one
would normally eat. In fact this overeating after a long day of
fasting can have a distinctly negative impaot on health. The human
body, like a motor car, needs to be serviced at regular intervals.
by changing spark plugs, points, condenser, oil, oil filter,
etc. and then 'tuning' the engine, the car works better and more
efficiently. There is, in addition, an increase in the life ofthe car.
Similarly the human body needs to be serviced and Islam achieves
the servicing ofthe body during the fast ofRamadan. While fasting,
a number of bodily organs (in particular the stomach) are
rested and thus serviced. This servicing restores human health
and increases man's longevity.
Physical strength cannot be sustained without good health, and
fasting is essential for the maintenance and the preservation of
good health. Indeed fasting helps in the cure of many illnesses!
The question is: does Islam establish a link between physical
strength and power? And the answer is: Yes, it does!
When Ai-Israelites questioned the Divine choice of Saul as their
king on the grounds that he was not a man of wealth, Allah responded
and pointed out that Saul was eligible for the status conferred
upon him because he possessed 'knowledge' and (physical)
strength. (Qur'an, 2:247)
FASTING AND CREATIVITY
In order to realize his potential man must achieve in his life-pattern
a balance between continuity and change.
38

FASTING AND THE PHYSICAL BODY
As soon as he becomes stuck in a permanent syndrome ofroutine
and habits he shuts out from his life fresh and new vistas, and
thilt expansion ofthe mind and the spirit which exists within him
as a potential realization.
A temporary change from daily routine to something different
can release creative energy, refresh the mind and restore strength
and vitality to a body which may have become tired and stuck in
a daily routine.
In the fast ofRamadan the believer experiences just such a change.
The change is effected in the realm ofman's biological existence
and interferes with the daily routine in respect offood, drink and
sex. The change is so fundamental, so disruptive ofdaily routine,
that the believer lives a different life in Ramadan. This movement
from routine, not only refreshes the body and restores vitality
but, more importantly, releases creative forces with the potential
of penetrating worlds that were hitherto inexperienced and
unexplored by the believer, worlds which transcend his normal
experience.
SHARING HUNGER WITH THE DESTITUTE
Abstinence from food and drink from dawn to sunset forces on
the believer the personal experience of hunger and thirst. In the
crucible of personal experience he learns of what suffering the
poor and destitute must bear. As a consequence ofthe acquisition
ofthis understanding ofpoverty, the believer's heart and mind is
opened for the development ofgreater sympathy for the poor and
greater feelings of charity, kindness and generosity. And these
surely are virtues which lift menand societies to honour and greatness
in the march ofhistory.
39

FASTING AND THE VALUE OF FOOD
Abstinence from food and drink from dawn to sunset and the
consequent experience ofthe pangs ofhunger and thirst impresses
upon the consciousness ofthe believer the value offood and drink.
Food and drink or sustenance is not a thing to be taken- for
granted, not a thing to be wasted. Rather it is providence (rizq)
and hence sacred. The spirituality generated during the long day
offasting invests the food and drink with which the fast is broken
with what can most appropriately be termed 'sacramental value'.
Respect for food and drink in turn protects one from the abuse of
food and drink - as well as over-indulgence in either or both.
That the world is in need of proper respect for food is demonstrated
year after year in some of the most aftluent countries in
the world where food is destroyed in order to prevent prices from
tumbling in a market which is flooded.
Even among Muslims the respect for food is now sometimes lacking'
a thing unknown in the past in Islamic civilizations. The writer
recalls with horror the spectacle of Arab students dining in the
common hall ofthe Karachi University students hostels and, upon
the completion of their meal, wiping their hands clean with the
soft flat bread which was prepared for their meals.
40

CHAPTER 6
THE LAST WORD
The ummah of the Prophet (pbuh) is in a very sorry state today.
Despite the Divine command to build power to the maximum
extent possible the ummah is weak and helpless - as weak helpless
and vulnerable as it was in Makkah. At that time the Prophet
(Pbuh) led the community, with Allah's help, to that state ofpower
with which they succeeded in defeating the enemy at Badr.
Today's ummah has a primary obligation to restore power! There
is no other subject more important to Muslims today than the
restoration of power, that power which can function as an effective
deterrent to the enemy, which can be used for responding to
aggression and for liberating the oppressed and tyrannized, and
through which 'Truth' can be seen more clearly by mankind to be
'Truth'. These are the functions of power as established in various
verses of the Qur'an. If that power is not restored then the
consequence for the world of Islam will be more Bosnias,
Kashmirs, and Palestines. There will be universal fasad (corruption
and disarray) on earth and the misery will fall on all, not just
on the guilty. Muslims, however, will face the brunt ofthe suffer-
41

ing. To avert that fate which is already at our doorstep, we need
to restore power.
We learn from the seerah that the foundations ofpower must first
be established before we can actually take the battlefield.
This is the significance ofthe thirteen years in Makkah, the Hijrah,
and the first year in Madinah. The foundations ofpower are FREEDOM,
KNOWLEDGE, VALUES, FAITH, UNITY (and Fraternity),
LEADERSHIP and DISCIPLINE. A study of the main
points made in this paper reveal that the institution of the collective
fast of Ramadan makes a significant contribution towards
developing and sustaining ALL those foundations of power.
Our appeal to the intellectual, moral and spiritual guides of the
contemporary ummah is to direct urgent attention to the followmg:
* Articulate the relationship between fasting and power; why else,
indeed, did Allah delay the promulgation of the new shariah regarding
fasting until after the first Ramadan in Madinah?
* Work for the recognition ofthe strategic input which the fast of
Ramadan is supposed to make in the development ofpower; this
input being described in the development of values, in winning
inner freedom, in facilitating the penetration of the transcendental
foundations of.knowledge, in strengthening faith, in uniting
the community, in developing a life of self-discipline etc.
* Mobilize Muslims in such a way that the fast of Ramadan may
actually result in that input for power being achieved individually
and collectively. Ameen!
42

SECTION TWO
THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE
OF ISRA AND MIRAJ
43

THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE
OF ISRA' AND MIRAJ
INTRODUCTION
Any proper examination and analysis of the life of the Prophet
Muhammad (divinely blessed is he and in eternal peace), when
vie'fed in its totality, would surely reveal that his miraculous journey
by night from Makkah to Jerusalem and thence, through the
heavens, to the special divine presence (Isra' and Miraj), was the
most important event in his entire life. Not only was it his personal
summum bonum, and the turning point in his historical mission,
btlt it is clear from the guidance which he imparted and from
his own way of life that this event was a crucially important element
- Nay! - the very substance ofthe prophetic paradigm. And
since the Qur'an declares that the believers have in the Messenger
of Allah the very best example and model (of conduct and
behavior), the Miraj thus constitutes a supreme personal goal for
which all his true followers should continuously strive.
45

THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ISRAAND MIRAJ
As a consequence it is important for M~slims to have a clear understanding
of the totality of the event and an equally clear perception
ofthat journey (Miraj) and spiritual goal for which individual
worshippers should strive.
We propose, inthis booklet, first to explain the event ofthe journey
(lsra and Miraj) and its mechanics, namely: What happened?
- When did it happen? - and How did it happen? And then, in an
attempt to explain the dynamics of the event of the journey,
namely: Why did it happen? - we propose to undertake an analysis
ofthe subject from the perspective ofpsychology, epistemology,
comparative religion, theology, politics and spirituality.
Finally we shall attempt to provide some guidance for the individual
believer in quest ofhis or her own personal experience of
Miraj.'
THE EVENT
Chapter 17 ofthe Qur'an is entitled AI-Isra (The Night Journey)
and is so named on account ofthe first verse ofthe chapter:
"Glory be to Him (Allah) who made His servant
(Muhammad) go by night from the sacred Mosque (in
Makkah) to the farthest Mosque (in Jerusalem) whose
precincts We have blessed, that We mightshow him (some)
ofOur signs. He is the Hearer, the Seer.,,-
This journey was necessary in order that Allah could show certain
of His Signs to His Messenger. The journey from Makkah to
Jerusalem and back to Makkahis known as al-Isra.
Later in the same chapter the Qur'an declares (verse 161) that alIsra
was (and still is) a test and a trial for mankind:
46

THE EVENT
And We refrain from giving signs only because the ancients
disbelieved them. To Thamoud, We gave the shecamel
as a visible sign, yet they laid violent hands on her.
We give signs only by way ofwarning.
We have told you (Muhammad) that your Lord encompasses
all men. We have made the vision which We
showed to you only as a testfor men :so faith, and likewise
the tree accursed in the Qur'an. We seek to put fear in
their hearts but it only increases their wickedness.
In Chapter 53, which is entitled AI-Najm (the Star), the
Qur'an refers (in Verses 8-18) to al-Miraj or ascent into
the heavens:
.. He (Allah) revealed to His servant (Muhammad) that
which He revealed. His heart did not deny that which it
·saw. How can you (unbelievers) then question that which
he sees?
He beheld Him once again at the farthest lote-tree.
Near it is the Garden ofAbode (Paradise). When that
tree was covered with what covered it, his eyes did not
wander, nor did they turn aside: for he saw some ofthe
Greatest signs ofhis Lord
This ascent into the heavens culminated with the audience in the
special presence of Allah, Who then revealed to His Messenger
''what He revealed", and "his heart did not disbelieve that which
he saw". The second stage ofthe journey from Jerusalem to the
heavens and back is known as al-Miraj.
47

The Hadith .literature, which records the sayings of the Prophet
(Pbuh), provides us with an abundance ofinformation relating to
the journey. Firstly, we are told that the entire journey took place
within such a short span oftime that the spot on which the Prophet
(Pbuh) was sleeping was still warm when he returned to it. He
was transported on a heavenly animal named Buraq which was "a
w~te beast, between a mule and an ass, with wings at his sides
wherewith he moved his legs; and his every stride was as far as
his eye could see." It was an animal used by others (Prophets,
perhaps) for celestial transcendental journeys.
Secondly, the Prophet (Pbuh) was transported from Makkah to
Mt Sinai (where Moses had the vision of Allah), and thence to
Bethlehem (where the virgin birth of Jesus took place),before
being taken to the ruins ofMasjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem. At Masjid
al-Aqsa, which was the original 'temple' built by Prophet Solomon
(Pbuh), he led the congregational prayer in which numerous
Prophets participated - among them Abraham, Moses and Jesus
whom he saw in their terrestrial forms. Gabriel then offered him
two cups, one with milk and the other with wine. He chose the
milk and drank it. Gabriel commented that he had chosen rightly,
and that both he and his followers would be rightly guided.
According to the Seerah ofIbn Ishaq, the Prophet then ascended
into the heavens by climbing a heavenly ladder made of light. In
other versions ofthe Seerah, the journey was resumed with Buraq,
which he mounted by stepping on the sacred rock sakhrah at the
centre ofthe site ofthe temple.
Different Prophets greeted him in different heavens. Their greeting
was always: "Welcome my brother!" He marveled at the difference
in the terrestrial form in which he had just seen Abraham,
Jesus, Moses etc., .at Masjid al-Aqsa, and the new transcendental
48

T~EEVENT
form or celestial reality in whiqh they now appeared. In the highest
heaven he was greeted by Abraham with the words: "Welcome
my son!" (and He was later to comment while describing
to his companions the features of that Prophet, that he himself
resembled Abraham).
During the journey he saw many strange sights - men sitting before
two plates of meat, one which had rotten stinking meat and
the other fresh well-cooked meat, and they were eating from the
rotten meat. "Who are these men?" he asked Gabriel, "and why
are they eating the rotten meat?" "These are the adulterers who
turned away from the wives Allah had provided them, and committed
adultery with other women", said Gabriel. The Prophet
(Pbuh) then saw women who had also committed such sins and
whose punishment was "hanging by their breasts from the roof."
As for those who had indulged in usury or interest, they were
seen eating balls of fire which were being passed out through
their extremities and then reconsumed.
The Prophet saw an extraordinarily beautiful girl in heaven. Her
eyes were (shaped) like eggs (in the sheer beauty oftheir shape).
Gabriel explained that she was the reward which Allah had been
pleased to confer on Zaid bin Haritha, the adopted son of the
Prophet (Pbuh). More than ten years later Zaid would die as a
martyr fighting in the cause of Islam.
At his request the Prophet was shown hell by the never- smiling
Angel who guarded hell. Not even for Muhammad (Pbuh) did he
smile. When the cover was removed huge terrifying flames shot
out from hell. In hell, ofwhich he was given a glimpse, he found
that the majority of those incarcerated were women-folk (a possible
explanation for this is the facet that the woman, as wife and
mother, exercises enormous influence within the home and is there-
49

fore capable of inflicting incalculable damage on her family and
home if she holds false beliefs or if she is evil in her conduct).
Uponthe conclusion ofhis special audience with Allah, the Prophet
(Pbuh) received the gift ofthe congregational prayers (salaah alJuma
'ah). It was originally prescribed to be performed fifty times
a day. Moses kept on sending the Prophet (Pbuh) back to Allah to
get it decreased since he, Moses, already had significant experience
with his own community and was skeptical about the capacity
ofthe followers ofthe Prophet (Pbuh) to pray so many times a
day. It was finally decreased to five times a day, a number with
which Moses was still unhappy but which the Prophet (Pbuh) accepted
"because he was too embarrassed to seek any further reduction."
On his return to Makkah (Le., the morning after the event) the
Prophet (Pbuh) informed the· public of what had transpired the
previous night. The disbelievers were openly skeptical and sum..
marily dismissed his claim. Even some ofthose who were Muslims
were also affected in the same way and decided to leave
Islam. Abu Bakr (RA) displayed such faith on this occasion that
he was rewarded by the Prophet (Pbuh) with the title al-Siddiq.
The Prophet (Pbuh) did make an effort to provide evidence to
support his claim of the miraculous journey. For example, he
claimed that he had stopped on the way to help retrieve a runaway
camel for a caravan which was then camped some distance
out ofMakkah."The lead camel ofthat caravan", he declared, "
had different hues (which be described) and was transporting such
and such merchandise." At another stop where another caravan
was camped and all the travelers were asleep, the Prophet (Pbuh)
claimed that he uncovered a container ofwater, drank the water,
and replaced the cover, before continuing with his journey. Both
so

THE JOURNEY
these claims were validated when the caravans subsequently arrived
in Makkah and confirmed what had happened. The Prophet
(pbuh) was able to provide proof of his journey to 'doubting
Thomases' by describing Jerusalem to the disbelieving Quraish
while it was held raised by Allah before his very eyes (an event
which should have suggested the possibility of television long
before its actual discovery).
The angel Gabriel accompanied him throughout this entire journey
but himself stopped at the 'farthest lote tree' (sidrah almuntaha),
beyond which only Muhammad (Pbuh) advanced to
the meeting with his Lord.
THE JOURNEY - REAL OR DREAM?
Having described the event we must now tum to the not un-important
matter of an explanation of how it took place. Was it a
dream or a vision in which something manifested itself before
the
inner eye, or was it, in fact, a real journey? It is only if it was a
real journey that it would become necessary to explain how it
took place.
Now all the companions of the Prophet (Pbuh) believed that it
was a real and, therefore, miraculous journey. Only two, Aisha
(the Prophet's youngest wife) and Muawiyah (the son of Abu
Sufyan) believed that it was a dream or vision. At the time ofthe
event, ho~ever, Aisha was still a little girl ofnine or ten years of
age, and Muawiya was not only a little boy but he was in a family
or household which was leading the opposition to the Prophet
(Pbuh) and which openly ridiculed his claim that it was an actual
journey.
51

It would, therefore, be quite proper to say that at the time when
the event took place there was a unanimity of view amongst the
companions of the Prophet (Pbuh) that it was a real journey and
not a dream (which would imply an imaginary journey), or a vision
(which would imply a spiritual journey). Such a situation of
unanimity could never have developed had the Prophet (Pbuh)
himself not described the event as they interpreted it.
We must reject the interpretation that the journey was a vision or
a dream for two additional reasons apart from the fact that the
Qur'anic introduction "Glory be to Him" (Subhan al-lazee) and
the reference to 'His Servant' (abdihi) being transported lend themselves
to the interpretation of a real journey rather than a dream.
Firstly, it is only in the context of a real journey (albeit a miraculous
journey) that we can possibly understand the statement that
the spot where the Prophet (pbtih) was lying was still warm when
he returned from the journey, or the claims regarding the water
which he drank and the runaway catnel which he helped retrieve.
Secondly we cannot explain the demand for proof nor the taunts
and doubts ofthe Quraish nor, most of all, the apostasy of some
Muslims except in the context of a claim by the Prophet (Pbuh)
that it was a real and, hence, miraculous journey.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
In order to appreciate the psychological or strategic significance
ofthe miraculous event we must look to the exact moment when
it took place. The most authentic sources indicate that this event
took place ofthe night of27th Rajab in the eleventh year after the
commencement ofhis mission, when the Prophet (pbuh) was 51
years of age. Shortly before this event the Prophet (pbuh) had, at
age fifty, suffered the two greatest blows he had ever suffered
since the announcement ofhis prophethood ten years earlier.
52

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Firstly, Abu Talib who, because of his position as leader of an
important clan ofthe tribe ofQuraish (Banu Hashim) and as the
Patriach of Makkah, was able to offer security and protection to
the Prophet (pbuh), now died, and the Prophet (PBUH) was left
in a position of grave insecurity. Shortly before this the Prophet
(pbuh) suffered another serious blow when his beloved wife and
life-long companion, Khadija (RA), died. To the intense grief
and the loneliness of a widower were now added the grave burden
of the Prophet's (pbuh) insecurity.
But the darkest day ofhis life and ofhis mission was yet to come
when, shortly after, he ventured to the city of Taif with the hope
ofextracting some form of support from Banu Saad Bin Bakr (in
which tribe he was suckled) and other tribes in that city which
would alleviate his perilous insecurity. The tribal chiefs not only
rejected his approach but ordered the street urchins to stone him
out of the city. With blood flowing from his wounds, his heart
lonely and forlorn with grief, and his enemies closing the noose
around him and his small band offollowers, it appeared as though
the end was in sight.
Not once, not even at such a hopeless moment, did the faith of
the Prophet waver. He relied on none but Allah. He turned
to non~ but Allah. Regardless of the hopelessness of the objective
situation in which he now found himself, there was no thought
of any compromise with the forces ranged against him and his
followers.
It was at precisely this moment, not sooner and not later, that the
miraculous journey (Miraj) took place. And it marked the turning
point in his mission (apart from being the greatest honour
ever bestowed by Almighty God onany ofHis creation). Through
his steadfast commitment to 'Truth' and to the mission of strug-
53

gle for establishing the supremacy of 'Truth',and through his noble
patience in the face of unrelenting adversity, the Prophet (Pbuh)
earned the Grace ofdivine intervention (af-Isra waf Mira}) which
then charted a course to victory.
Four and a half months after the Mira} (i.e. the month of Zil Ha)
in the same 11 th year ofthe Call) the tide began to turn and a way
was provided for the Prophet (Pbuh) and his followers to escape
from the perils of Makkah. The opening was from the city of
Yathrib (later to renamed Madina) and was grasped in the first
pledge ofAqaba. By the time ofthe second pledge ofAqaba one
year later (Zil Ha) in the 12thyear of the Call) the way was clear
for the migration to Madina (Hijrah) which took place three
months later (Rabi af-awwaf in the 13th year of the Prophet's
(Pbuh) mission). Hijrah was followed by the successful establishment
by the Muslims of the city-State of Madina with the
Prophet (pbuh) as supreme authority. This was followed by military
victory at Badr and diplomatic and political victory at
Hudaibiyah until, finally, complete victory over the Quraish at
Makkah in the year 8 A.H. (eight after Hijrah).
Thus af-Isra and Mira}, in marking the turning point in the Prophet's
(P~uh) mission, also ordained a psychology ofda 'wah (inviting
people to God), to the effect that it is the obligation of the
believers to persevere in the mission of truth despite all adversities,
and no matter how long the struggle may last (the Prophet
was aged 51 and had, by then, pursued the mission for 11 long
years), and to be steadfast and patient until Divine intervention
charts the course ofvictory. Thus the strategic factor for success
in the process of the Islamic revolution lies in the spiritual domain
of Divine Grace. Revolutionary forces cannot invoke this
Grace. They must earn it.
54

THE ~PISTEMOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Allah has explained in the Qur'an that the purpose of the af-Isra
was "to show him (i.e. the Prophet) ofOur Signs". Now since the
Signs of Allah are basically pregnant with knowledge, which is
intended for the benefit ofmankind (and this is why the verses of
the Qur'an are also called Signs or Ayat), it should be obvious that
Allah showed those Signs fof. the purpose of imparting some
special knowledge to the Prophet (Pbuh). This fact is clearly reinforced
by the use, at the end ofthe verse, ofthe divine attributes
af-Sami (He Who hears) and al-Basir (He Who Sees).
Since it is He, Allah, Who really Sees and Really Hears, Real
knowledge is with Him. Al-Miraj, therefore, was to the world of
Real knowledge.
This is a matter ofsuch supreme importance for the modem world
that it could usher an intellectual revolution. The modem scientific
method insists that only that which can be an object of observation
and experimentation can be admitted into scientific
knowledge. That which cannot be observed cannot be admitted
as knowledge, because only scientific knowledge is real knowledge.
Everything else belongs to 'disneyland'. The result has been
that the secularization ofknowledge has delinked knowledge from
the sacred and the transcendental. And since the essence ofthings
are located in their transcendental substance, modem scientific
man can sees things only as they 'appear' to him. As a consequence
he is like a ship without a pilot, sailing the wide sees
without a clue as to where he is going.
All human knowledge comes to man through the medium ofthe
senses and the intellect, both operating inter-dependently within
the framework ofspace andtime. Man is, under normal circum-
55

stances, imprisoned within this framework ofthinking and living.
But through the Prophet's (Pbuh) Mira} Allah demonstrated, in
as spectacular a manner as possible, that there is another world of
knowledge which transcends space and time. Man can partake of
that knowledge if he can pierce the spatiotemporal barrier. If
and when he does, he will be able to acquire the knowledge of
things 'as they are' in contrast to the prevailing knowledge of
things 'as they appear to us' .
The Mira}, therefore, established the existence oftranscendental
knowledge, and the learned man (A lim) is he whose knowledge is
enriched with transcendental knowledge. But the further significance
ofthe Mira} into the world oftranscendental knowledge is
that it did not take place until the Prophet (Pbuh) had first spent
long years learning from the Signs ofAllah here-below. Transcendental
knowledge thus appears to be the fruit which is earned
after prolonged struggle in the quest for knowledge.
The epistemological significance ofthe Mira}, therefore, is that it
affirms the existence of, and draws our attention to transcendental
knowledge. It also provides us with the methodology which
must be adopted ifthe acquisition ofthat knowledge is to be possible~
THE SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE
Since the Al-Isra and Mira} involved a real journey (rather than a
vision or a dream) it is important that we should seek to understand
how the journey was effected. How was it possible for the
Prophet (Pbuh) to be transported from Makkah to Jerusalem and
back to Makkah in a matter of a fleeting J1loment? Also, how
was it possible for the physical being ofthe Prophet to be transported
into the transcendental realms and to return to this spatiotemporal
dimension ofexistence?
56

THE SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE
We are, in fact, faced here with a situation which is virtually identical
to that ofthe ascent ofJesus (pbuh) - ifwe accept the majority
Muslim view that Jesus (Pbuh) was transported bodily into the
heavens and will return to this world before the end ofthe world.
Now since the physical body occupies space, one cannot, in terms
ofthe Qur'anic Guidance, conceive ofa physical approach to Allah
Who is non-spatial and Who is also "with you wherever you
are" and is "closer to (man) than his jugular vein". The only way,
therefore, that we can understand this journey is by postulating
the transformation of the physical body into its transcendental
form which, by definition, pertains to that domain of existence
which transcends space and time. Although the majority opinion
in the time ofthe Prophet (pbuh) and up to this day has been that
the physical body made the entire journey, we noted earlier that
there was a minority opinion to the effect that the body did not
participate in the journey. It is important that we remember that
the Prophet himself did not explicitly confirm the participation
ofthe physical body in the physical form. Indeed he se~med to be
deliberately vague on the subject.
Dr. Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari, the learned authorof"The
Qur'anic Foundations and Structure of Muslim Society", (World
Federation ofIslamic Missions, Karachi, 1973) supports the thesis
of ,transformation' :
"The holy Prophet's Miraj was. hovever, an event of unique nature
in which it should be accepted that his sacred personality
had been transformed by God from the physical to the transcendental
dimension of existence ..." (Vol. 1. pS8)
Now both the physical and the transcendental are dimensions of
the self-same human personality. Al-Isra and Miraj involved move-
57

ment within the individual person ofthe Prophet (Pbuh) from one
dimension ofexistence to another.
Para-psychologists have conclusively demonstrated that out-ofbody
travel over long distances in very short periods of time is
possible and actually happens. The transformation of the physical
being has, however, eluded para-psychology. The secret explanation
for this probably lies in the Sufi view of the origin of
matter - that it is light which generates energy and gradually transforms
itself into matter. The first thing which God created was a
particle of light in intense motion, and from this original light
emerged all creation. Matter, therefore, is at its origin, light. If
scientific research can discover how to reverse the transformation
of light into matter it will be possible for the physical being
to be transformed - and herein lies the primary scientific significance
ofthe Prophet's (Pbuh) miraculousjoumey.
One cannot commence the effort of seeking to discover the process
ofreverse transformation, however, until one has first understood
the original process ofcreation through transformation. Nor
can one penetrate the knowledge ofthe original process oftransformation
without turning to the divine guidance on the subject
revealed through the Word ofAllah (the Qur'an). For this reason
also, therefore, the Qur'an remains a book of supreme scientific
importance advent ofMuhammad (pbuh).
THE THEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Nearly all, if not all the Prophets of Allah recognised by Jews
and Christians at the time of the were in some way or another
connected with Palestine and Jerusalem. Indeed many had their
roots in that holy land. The Christians and Jews considered it a
holy land because ofSolomon's (Pbuh) temple which was built in
58

THE THEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Jerusalem, because of the Sakhrah or holy rock close to Solomon's
(Pbuh) temple to which they turned in prayer, and because
David (Pbuh) had established his kingdom there. Abraham (Pbuh)
lived there and the Jews and Christians believed that the trial of
the sacrifice ofhis son took place there. Therefore, none could, at
that time, claim to be a Prophet ofGod and hope to have his claim
accepted by the Jews and Christians unless he could demonstrate
a powerful personal link with the holy land.
Now Muhammad (pbuh) was born of Arab parents in the city of
Makkah in Arabia - a land which, to that time, had produced no
Prophets of god. He spent his entire life in Makkah and Madina
and never even once traveled to Jerusalem. It was very likely,
therefore, that the majority of Jews and Christians would have
very serious reservations about his claim to Prophethood despite
the fact that he recognised and venerated the previous Prophets
and claimed to be imparting the same guidance which the world
received through them.
It was, perhaps, with the specific objective of enhancing the legitimacy
of his claim of prophethood in the eyes of those who
associated prophethood with Jerusalem that the Sakhrah (Holy
Rock) of Jerusalem'had been ordained as the direction to which
he and the Muslims should turn in prayer (Qibla).
Shortly, however, before the Prophet's (pbuh) migration (Hijrah)
to Madina where, unlike Makkah, there was a large and influential
community of Jews and Christians, Allah strengthened his
credentials in dealing with those two groups by taking him on a
miraculous journey to Jerusalem and to the temple of Solomon
(pbuh) (referred to in the Qur'an as Masjid al-Aqsa) so that he,
too, could be physically linked to that holy land as were Prophets
who preceded him. Indeed the Prophet (pbuh) had an added and
59

unique honour in the fact that whereas other Prophets had themselves
to travel to Jerusalem (Jesus (Pbuh) went on a donkey),
Muhammad (Pbuh) was taken there by God Himself.
Nineteen months before he actually confronted the Jews and Christians
of Madina with his physical presence, the powerful impact
(and implications) ofA/-Mira} was beamed to that city and to the
Christian and Jewish worlds by the Prophet from Makkah. Here
was tangible and incontrovertible evidence ofthe truthfulness of
his claim that he was the Prophet ofGod and that he was imparting
the same guidance as was taught by the Prophets who preceded
him.
The Prophet's (Pbuh) Mira} is an indispensable strategic instrument
for the projection of the Qur'anic guidance in the lands of
Christians and Jews.
The second important theological significance of A/-Isra and Mira}
is to be found in the fact that he, Muhammad (Pbuh) led the congregational
prayers at Masjid al-Aqsa in which participated all the
Prophets ofGod. This amply demonstrates his status as leader of
.the Prophets.
In addition, the fact that, in so far as we are aware, he Muhammad
(Pbuh) was the only one in the entire history of creation, to be
honoured by Allah with an approach to Him closer than even
Gabriel was permitted, is demonstrative ofhis added status (clearly
established in the Qur'an) ofbeing unique in all creation.
Finally, we must note the important fact of theological significance
that, as a consequence ofAI-Isra and Mira} God's Messenger
could invite the people to believe in the hereafter - in the
world ofunseen verities, ofangels, heaven and hell, etc., not only
on the basis of what was communicated to him by Gabriel, but
60

THE POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE
also on the basis of his direct experience ofthese verities. That
direct experience was, for him, a confirmation of that which he
had previ<?usly been taught through revelations. As a result of
Mira} he could speak of those unseen verities with even greater
conviction and this lent and still lends, added strength and appeal
to his message.
The truths ofreligion can never be truly established until they are
experienced. Mira} holds out the possibility that those truths can
be experienced. This is a matter of supreme importance in today's
world in which values are collapsing and corruption is doing
great damage to political, economic, legal, educational and
so many other social institutions. The verdict of history is that
religion, and religion alone, can restore and sustain values. But
religion can only do so to the extent that it can establish indubitable
faith in the unseen world. Islam alone appears to have preserved
the capacity to do so, and the Mira} plays a strategic role
in that capacity.
Al-Isra and Mira} of the Prophet (Pbuh) have a political significance
and implication with respect to the status ofJerusalem which
is very important indeed for contemporary international politics
and, in particular, for the problem of Palestine (more popularly
referred to as the "Middle East Problem" - a term which skillfully
avoids the use of the word 'Palestine').
The Prophet's (Pbuh) Isra and Mira} was meant to demonstrate
to Jews and to Christians that he, Muhammad (Pbuh), was now
God's Messenger on earth and had, as a consequence, inherited
spiritual authority over the multi-dimensional legacies of previous
Prophets. This was emphatically so in respect of Jerusalem,
61

to which he turned in prayer, and to which he was transported by
God's order.
The fact that the Prophet (pbuh), upon his arrival in Jerusalem, is
reported to have led the congregational prayer in Masjid al-Aqsa,
in which participated all previous Prophets ofAllah,·is indicative
ofthe fact that Muhammad's (pbuh) spiritual authority over Jerusalem
superseded all previous claims to (spiritual) authority over
the city. Ofcourse, spiritual authority does not equate with political
authority! Had this been the case the Prophet (pbuh) would
have taken steps in his own lifetime, or would at least have given
instructions to the Muslims to ensure that Islamic rule over Jerusalem
was established. He did no such thing!
Had the Jews and Christians correctly understood the significance
of the Prophet's (pbuh) miraculous journey to Jerusalem they
would have accepted his claim that he was the Prophet of God
and, in all probability, Jerusalem would have retained its exclusive
status as the spiritual capital ofthe world. The change ofthe
Qibla from Jerusalem to Makkah, took place seventeen months
after the Hijrah to Madina, was a direct consequence ofthe manifest
refusal of the Jews and Christians to accept Muhammad
(pbuh) as the Prophet ofGod. For the Jews, indeed, this was their
second consecutive rejection of a Prophet of God since they had
previously rejected and ridiculed Jesus (pbuh), the son of Mary.
With the change of Qibla the spiritual capital of Islam became
Makkah. By clinging to Jerusalem as their spiritual capital Jews
and Christians reconfirm daily their rejection ofthe Prophethood
of Muhammad (pbuh).
What then is the political significance ofAI-Isra, and Mira) and
the change ofQibla?
61

Firstly, it is , I believe, ofcrucial political significance to reiterate
that although Jerusalem remained a Christian city throughout the
life-time of the Prophet (Pbuh), he made no attempt to subject it
to the rule ofIslam and he left no instructions to this effect before
his death. And yet, at the end ofhis life he publicly declared that
his mission had been completed.
There does not, therefore, appear to be any theological and scriptural
basis for the insistent demand of the member-States of the
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) that no other status
for Jerusalem can be acceptable to the Muslim world, other
than a return ofthe city to Arab and Islamic sovereignty and control
(Lahore Declaration of the Second Islamic Summit Conference,
1974).
Indeed it would appear to us to be, perhaps, an act ofdivine providence
itself and the fulfillment of some divine plan that Jerusalem
and Palestine should today be occupied by a secular nationalist
Zionism which has 'high-jacked' Judaism. For it not only
provides authentic Islamic forces with a heaven-sent opportunity
to mobilize the Ummah and to break the chains which imprison
the world ofIslam today, but also, and just as important, to reach
out beyond the Ummah to build a grand alliance or community
of all forces which uphold authentic religion, divine truth and
justice. And it is in this specific context that we criticize the
Lahore Declaration.
Now although Islam holds the entire earth to be sacred to the
extent that the Prophet (Pbuh) described the entire earth as a prayer
carpet, al-Isra and Mira} confirm Jerusalem as a land specially
blessed by God (17: 1) not only because ofthe Prophets who lived
there and because of the Sakhrah and the temple built by Solomon
(pbuh) etc., but also because it was from Jerusalenl that Al-
63

lah took His Messenger on that unique journey which culminated
in the approach to the. special divine presence. --
Jerusalem, therefore, enjoys a special spiritual status. It is a land
specially blessed by Allah. Consequently there is a political obligation
on the Muslims to protect the city's spiritual status and
to prevent any attempt to modify or repudiate it.
It is therefore inconceivable that the Muslim Ummah can ever
consent to, or acquiesce in, the establishment ofa secular Jewish
nation-state in holy Palestine with Jerusalem as its capital. 'Such
would amount to nothing less than a sacrilegious violation ofthe
special spiritual status of Jerusalem.
Jewish nationalism, misled by the secular Zionist Movement, did
precisely this when it succeeded, in 1948, in establishing a secular
state in Palestine, with Jerusalem as its capital. The Palestine
Liberation Organization, vanguard of secular Palestinian nationalism,
appears to have the identical goal.
Muslims, and all who will join with them in that struggle, have a
religious obligation to liberate Palestine and Jerusalem because
its sacred character and status is being continuously violated by a
bigoted occupying power with a monopoly claim ofaccess to the
sacred, a power which oppresses the indigenous people of the
land with a contempt reserved for the sub-human.
THE SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE
We mentioned earlier that the aI-Mira} was the most important
event in the entire life ofthe Prophet (Pbuh). This is so because
the Mira} culminated with the Messenger ofAllah (pbuh) actually
meeting with his Lord. According to the Qur'an the believer's life
64

has to be lived entirely for the sake of Allah. And the ultimate
goal in life for the believer is to "meet with his Lord" (18: 11).
Therefore the ultimate goal in life ofthe believer is to experience
a personal Miraj which will spiritually transport him to a contact
or meeting with the Lord which is appropriate to his spiritual
status.
/
Miraj is, in fact a religious experience, although not all religious
experiences qualify as Miraj. And since the Prophet (Pbuh) is
reported to have said that prayer (salaah) which Muslims perform
five times a day) is the Miraj ofthe believers, the implications
is that prayer is most conducive to religious experience.
Indeed, in the context ofthe statement ofthe Prophet (Pbuh) that
the worshipper is closest of all to his Lord when he is in the posture
of prostration (sajda) during prayer, tne worshipper can in
fact strive for repeated Miraj or religious experiences.
Even without these statements ofthe Prophet (Pbuh) it should be
clear that prayer (salaah) is the vehicle through which the approach
to Allah is be pursued since of all the articles of divine
guidance which have reach mankind through the Holy Prophet
(pbuh), prayer (salaah) is the only thing he did not receive hereunder
from Gabriel. For salaah he had to be transported to the
special presence of Allah to receive it from Allah Himself. The
implication is clear. Salaah was brought by Muhammad (Pbuh)
himselffrom 'above' so that the believers may use it to go, themselves,
'above'.
Our interpretation of Miraj as a religious experience ofthe transcendental
world is reinforced when we ex-amine the time and
date when the Prophet's (Pbuh) Miraj took place and the position
it occupies in the sequence of spiritually important dates which
follow it in the Islamic calendar.
65

Firstly the Miraj of the Prophet (Pbuh) took place in the night
time and spiritual pilgrims are well aware that religious experience
is much more likely to be achieved during worship in the
night time. Secondly the Miraj ofthe Prophet (Pbuh) took place
on 27 Rajab, a date which seems to be linked with 27 Ramadan
(lailatuf Qadr). The month of Ramadan, which is the month of
compulsory fasting contains within it a secret night known as the
'night ofpower'. It is usually thought to be 27 Ramadan.
It would appear that this period of two months (Rajab 27 Ramadan
27) is a special season when the collective spirituality
is progressively enhanced until finally the individual effort ofeven
the average worshipper elevates him to eligibility for religious
exper~ence. This, of course, is subject to the condition 'that such
an average worshipper is living a life of conformity with Allah's
law.
The progressive enhancement begins on 27 Rajab when the worshipper
refreshes his memory about the Prophet's (Pbuh) Miraj
and is reminded that safaah is the vehicle ofhis personal Miraj.
He pays attention to improving the quality of Safaah. On 15
Shaban he follows the example (sunnah) of the Prophet (Pbuh)
and fasts for the day - a trial run, really, to prepare for the rigours
of the fast of Ramadan. Thus on 15 Shaban, fasting (saum) is
added to Salaah and worship moves into a higher gear. In addition
there is the enhanced consciousness of the obligation to be
charitable. The Prophet (Pbuh) was exceptionally. charitable in
the month of Shaban.
On 1Ramadan not only does the compulsory month offasting for
all Muslims begin but, also, there is qiyam af-fail or the prayers of
the night vigil, when it is customary for the entire Qur'an to be
recited.
66

The recitation of the Qur'an in the month of Ramadan is unlike
normal recitation at other times of the year. When the believer
recites the Qur'an in Ramadan he does so with the image in his
mind of the Prophet (pbuh) reciting the Qur'an for Gabriel who
would check the recitation. In the last Ramadan ofhis life he was
required to recite the Qur'antwice.
In addition, the month of Ramadan is the month of charity par
excellence. Believers are supposed to be most charitable ofall in
Ramadan. Ramadan is also the month in which Shaitan is kept in
chains and the most favourable opportunity exists to earn divine
mercy and forgiveness. And so, all through Ramadan, from the
very first sighting ofthe crescent moon of Ramadan to the eventual
sighting ofthe crescent moon of Shawwal, the believer constantly
prays to Allah for forgiveness for his or her sins.
Fasting, the night-time prayer vigil, charity, prayers for forgiveness,
and recitation of the Qur'an has the dramatic impact of effecting
a substantial qualitative improvement ofworship. When
on the 21 Ramadan the seclusion and withdrawal from worldly
affairs for about ten days (itiqaj) commences, the worshippers
reach a pitch or intensity of worship which makes this period
most conducive (spiritually) for religious experience. Finally
c<Jl1les 27 Ramadan, the night of power (lailatul Qadr), when
Allah sends down the angels and Gabriel for' every errand' - I.e.
to bestow, among other things, the supreme gift of Miraj to all
those who deserve it and who have earned it.
When the Qur'an asserts that the night ofpower (lailatul Qadr) is
superior to a thousand months (97:4), the implication is that which
can best be experienced on that night (namely Miraj) is better
than an entire life-time (a thousand months standing for an average
life-span) lived without that experience (Miraj).
67

BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
THE CALIPHATE THE HE.JAZ AND THE SAUDI WAHHABI
NATION - STATE
The modem godless world is waging war on Islam, and it is time that Muslims .
wake up to that fact and respond.to it appropriately. No one can possibly respond
appropriately to a challenge unless and until he first recognizes and understands
the nature ofthe challenge. Muslims should know that the Caliphate
will one day be restored and Islam will replace today's godless modem West
as the dominant force in the world. Muslims must now be sufficiently shaken
up to look seriously for the causes of their impotence. This book seeks to
educate Muslims and providththem with the means whereby they can avoid
being duped, and led astray, by those who have betrayed Islam in order to live
comfortably.
DREAMS IN ISLAM - A WINDOW TO TRUTH AND TO THE
HEART
This book emphasizes the importance of dreams, and, in particular, the phenomenon
oftrue dreams (ofwhich there are no less than eight in the Qur'an),
and dreams ofthe Prophet (s). The author argues that the western epistemology,
derived from godless materialism, cannot explain the phenomenon of
true dreams, nor can the s~ientific 'Protestant Islam' of the modem age do
so. The Sufis have faithfully preserved the epistemology of Islam which
al~ne can explain a true dream or vision. This book describes the classification
and interpretation of dreams, and analyses all eight dreams located in
the Qur'an. The book also recordsall the dreams ofthe Prophet (s) himself,
as well as of his companions.
THE RELIGION OF ABRAHAM AND THE STATE OF ISRAEL
- A VIEW FROM THE QUR'AN
This book refutes, from an exclusively Qur'anic perspective, the basic claim
to legitimacy of the Jewish State of Israel, to wit: the belief of the Jews that
they still remain the 'chosen' people of Allah, Most High, and that they were
given 'exclusive' and 'eternal' title.to the holy land of Palestine. The author
argues that recognition of the State of Israel would imply acceptance of its
basic claim to legitimacy, and hence would constitute an act of shirk!
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROHIBITION OF RIBA IN ISLAM
The main .themeof this book is a demonstration of the importance of the
prohibition of Riba in IsI~. Most Muslims in the world today are largely
ignorant ofthe importance of this prohibition, and of the severe punishment
which awaits those W1'loindll1ge in Riba, either as lenders, borrowers, bankers,
or even witnesses. Punishment will begin in the grave itselfl

ONE JAMA'AT - ONE AMEER: The Organization of a Muslim
Community in the Age of Fitan
This book first attempts a selective yet conclusive demonstration of the. fact
that we now live in the age of Fitan described by Prophet Muhammad (s) as
the last age, or the age which will witness the end of history. It then points
out that the Prophet (s) has given specific instructions that Muslims must
hold on firmly to the (authentic) Jama'ah and to the Ameer/lmam (leader) in
the age ofFitan ifthey are to survive the great trials and evil ofthis age with
their faith intact.
THE PROHIBITION OF RIBA IN THE QUR'AN AND SUNNAH
This book attempts to present the otherwise complex subject ofRiba in a way
which is simple, and easily comprehensible. The book also refutes the false
opinions that modem bank interest is not Riba, - that borrowing on interest
for housing etc., is permissible because ofthe doctrine ofnecessity (darura),
- that borrowing on interest in western countries is permissible because these
countries are Dar al-Harb: - and that buying 'cash' and selling 'credit' with
a 'mark-up' (see Muslim Credit Union) is permissible because it is not Riba.
All those opinions are not just false, but dangerously false. All those transactions
· are Riba and, thus, Haram! Terrible, terrible punishment awaits those
who persist in Riba even after the divine warning has reached them. The
book also has ali Appendix of Questions and Answers on Riba.
THE STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FAST OF RAMADAN &
ISRA AND MIRAJ
Section One of the book attempts to demonstrate that fast of Ramadan was
meant to playa strategic role in mobilizing the Muslim community for consolidation
ofits unity, solidarity, faith and morale, and for building that power
with which to resist aggression, deter the aggressor, liberate the oppressed
and validate the Truth. The trust ofthe argument in located in the analysis of
the chronological sequence ofthe simultaneous divine promulgation ofthree
things: i) change in Qibla; ii) permission for Qital (fighting); iii) fast of
Ramadan
Section Two looks at the spiritual, scientific, epistemological, political theo-logical
and the strategic implications of Isra and Miraj of the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (s)

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