Fce key word_transformation_made_easy_1
- 2. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. FCE KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION MADE EASY First edition. August 18, 2015. Copyright © 2015 D.Méndez. Written by D.Méndez. ISBN: 9781516395965 www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com
- 3. INTRODUCTION The Key word transformation tests a wide range of different grammatical structures and vocabulary. You must show your ability to paraphrase using the key word and, most importantly, keeping the meaning the same. The difficulty lies on the great variety of grammatical structures that you need to learn in order to do this part of the Use of English exam successfully. You will be required to use structures such as passive tenses, conditional clauses, reported speech, causative verbs, inverted sentences, comparatives and superlatives, phrasal verbs, idioms, set phrases, etc. The book that you have in front of you will help you with that. This book will help you get a better understanding of the different and most common grammatical structures , that you will have to face when completing the Key word transformation part of the Use of English exam. As they say, practice makes perfect. The more Key word transformation exercises you do, the better you will become at doing them. What’s more, over time you will get a feel for what kind of grammatical structure or lexical item is needed for the exercise that you are doing. To your success. D.Méndez
- 4. CONTENTS. 4. HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES 6. SPECULATING ABOUT THE PRESENT 7. SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST 8. AGO to FOR / FOR to AGO / LAST 9. AGO to SINCE/ SINCE to AGO SINCE to FOR / FOR to SINCE 10. TOO to ENOUGH / ENOUGH to TOO 11. REPORTED SPEECH 12. ACTIVE VERB FORM to PASSIVE VERB FORM 13. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 14. ADJECTIVES ED to ING / ING to ED 15. COMPARATIVE – SUPERLATIVE 16. CAUSATIVE VERBS 17. PHRASAL VERBS 18. SET PHRASES 19. INVERSIONS 20. VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND (ING) 21. NEGATIVE WORDS 22. MODAL VERBS 23. IDIOMS 24. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 25. UNREAL PAST TENSES 26. VERB PATTERNS 27. SENTENCES REQUIRING TWO CHANGES 28. ADJECTIVE TO NOUN / NOUN TO ADJECTIVE 29. LINKING WORDS 30. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO-INFINITIVE 31. PHRASES / PARAPHRASING 35. 45 MOST COMMON PHRASAL VERBS 38. 45 MOST COMMON IDIOMS 41. 45 MOST COMMON SET PHRASES 44. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ( LIST) 49. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES + CLUES 51. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES + ANSWERS
- 5. HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES STEP 1 : LOOK AT THE KEY WORD GIVEN. WHAT IS IT? IS IT A NOUN , PREPOSITION , ADVERB , CONJUNTION, VERB CONJUGATED, ETC? STEP 2 : UNDERLINE WHATEVER IS REPEATED IN BOTH SENTENCES. EXAMPLE : He enjoyed going to the cinema alone. BY He enjoyed going to the cinema ........BY HIMSELF............ STEP 3 : FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU HAVE IN FRONT OF YOU AND WHAT YOU ARE REQUIRED TO DO , i.e. IS THE KEY WORD PART OF A PHRASAL VERB , A SET PHRASE, A PASSIVE SENTENCE...? YOU NEED TO IDENTIFY WHAT IS REQUIRED IN EACH QUESTION OF THE EXAM. KEY WORD TYPE POSSIBLE ANSWER WIDELY – ADV KNOWN APART - ADV FROM SWIMMER – NOUN A BETTER SWIMMER THAN TURNED – VERB PAST TURNED DOWN LESS – PRONOUN, ADVERB , PREP IS LESS THAN IS - VERB (PRESENT) IT IS MORE ALWAYS – ADV ALWAYS ASKING ME GOOD – ADJ BE GOOD AT DOING STH FOR – PREP HAVEN’T SEEN HIM FOR LITTLE – ADJ A LITTLE SLOWER DOWN – ADV TAKE STH DOWN UP – ADV PICK STH /SB UP DO – VERB (infinitive) DO STH UP SETTLE – VERB (infinitive) SETTLE DOWN IN TIDY – VERB (infinitive) TIDY STH UP LET – VERB (PRESENT /PAST) LET SB DOWN HOW - ADV KNOW HOW TO DO HEARD- VERB (PAST) HEARD FROM SB LOOKED- VERB (PAST) LOOKED UP TO MOOD – NOUN BE IN THE MOOD TO DESERVE – VERB (infinitive) DESERVE TO BE TOO – ADV TOO EXPENSIVE EXCEPTION – NOUN WITH THE EXCEPTION OF HABIT – NOUN BE IN THE HABIT OF CHANCE – NOUN HAVE EVERY CHANCE TO SAYING – NOUN / Verb (gerund) IT GOES WITHOUT SAYING STRIKE - VERB (infinitive) STRIKE YOU AS ALONE - ADJ LET ALONE SUCH – DETERMINER /PRONOUN /NOUN SUCH WAS THE FORCE OF NOUN – COMPARISON / IDIOM - VERB - PHRASAL VERB / PREPOSITIONAL VERB PREPOSITION – PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERB / PREPOSITIONAL VERB ADV – PHRASAL VERB - DETERMINER – COMPARISON PRONOUN - IDIOM / COMPARISON / SET PHRASE 4
- 6. HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES EXAMPLE : For questions 25–30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: 0 The CEO decided to cancel the meeting. CALL The meeting .............................................................. the CEO. The gap can be filled by the words “was called off by” so you write: Example: Write only the missing word IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. How to do this exercise 1) To start with , you need to notice that you are dealing with a passive sentence. This is easy to see if you notice that the object in the original sentence has been turned into the subject in the second sentence. 2) You need to know the phrasal verb CALL OFF. 3) You need to have knowledge of the structure of a passive sentence so as to link the subject to the object with the word BY. MARKING Two marks will be awarded per each correct answer. You will be given 1 mark for using CALL OFF. You will get another mark for using the passive voice correctly. 5 0 WAS CALLED OFF BY
- 7. SPECULATING ABOUT THE PRESENT KEY WORDS: Maybe, Perhaps, I’m sure, Definitely, I’m certain, They probably, FOLLOWED BY PRESENT TENSE It’s possible that… It’s impossible that… It’s not possible that… It’s out of the question that… SPECULATING ABOUT THE PRESENT Maybe, Perhaps = may/ might + present I’m sure, I’m certain = must + present They probably = may + present It’s possible that… = may , might + present It’s impossible that , it’s not possible that , It’s out of the question that..= can’t + present Perhaps she needs help with doing the washing up MIGHT She ..might need help ....with doing the washing up I'm certain she is his girlfriend. They are always together. MUST She ...must be his ...girlfriend. They are always together. It's impossible that they are hungry. They just had a full Irish breakfast CAN’T They...can’t be hungry.... They just had a full Irish breakfast. I’m sure we can find a taxi around here. MUST We ...must be able to.... find a taxi around here. It's possible that he likes you. You are a beautiful girl. MAY He ...may like you....You are a beautiful girl. 6
- 8. SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST KEY WORDS: Maybe, Perhaps, I’m sure, Definitely, I’m certain, They probably, FOLLOWED BY PAST TENSE / PRESENT PERFECT It’s possible that… It’s impossible that… It’s not possible that… It’s out of the question that… SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST Maybe, Perhaps = may have + past participle I’m sure, I’m certain = must have + past participle They probably = may have + past participle It’s possible that… = may , might have + past participle It’s impossible that , it’s not possible that , It’s out of the question that...= can’t have + past participle Examples : Perhaps he missed the train this morning. MAY He …..may have missed ....the train this morning. It’s possible that she has injured her arm in the accident. HAVE She ….may have injured …..her arm in the accident. I’m sure she didn’t mean to offend you. MEANT She ......can’t/ cannot have meant .... to offend you. I’m certain he’s not gone home because his car is still parked outside. GONE He ..can’t have gone home... because his car is still parked outside. I think they probably didn’t wait for us because it was raining. NOT I think they .... may not have waited ....for us because it was raining. 7
- 9. AGO to FOR / FOR to AGO / LAST Ago is used to talk about something that is finished and happened in the past. (Past up to now) Ago is use is used with the Past Simple. We arrived in Paris 20 minutes ago / I moved to Rome five years ago. I was born 45 years ago. For is used to talk about something that happens/happened over a period of time. How long are you staying in Madrid? I'm staying in Madrid for a month. For can be used with the Present perfect, present, past , future,etc. Present Perfect Simple : I have worked in this company for 20 years. Present Perfect Continuous : We’ve ve been waiting for you for one hour. Present : Every year , I go on holidays for one month. Past : When I was a teenager, I stayed in La Habana for ten days. Future : Today , I will train in the Gym for two hours. LAST adjective, adverb : The most recent Last is used to talk about the most recent time something happened. Last can be used with the Past Simple : The last time I saw Mike was one month ago. The last time + simple past + ago : The last time I saw Mike was one month ago. Last + verb +DO + ago / verb + DO + last + ago I last went to the cinema one week ago / They visited me last, three months ago. Last can be used with the present perfect : The last few days have been really hard. Examples : They haven’t gone out for three years. WENT They .........last went out..... three years ago. She hasn't gone on holidays for six years. LAST The..... last time she went on holidays..... was six years ago. He has been running marathons for over five years. STARTED He....... started running marathons over ......five years ago. They relocated to Ireland three years ago. HAVE They .....have been living in Ireland..... for three years. The last time I saw Jack was three months ago. SEEN I ......haven't seen Jack for......... three months. I have not played tennis with Mike for months. TIME The ......last time I played tennis ......with Mike was months ago. 8
- 10. AGO to SINCE/ SINCE to AGO SINCE to FOR / FOR to SINCE Ago and Last are used with the simple past (I moved to Rome five years ago/last month). For is used to talk about something that happens/happened over a period of time I’ve been painting this wall for three hours. We’ve known each other for at least 10 years. I've worked in this company for more than 20 years. Since is used when we state when something started. I’ve been painting this wall since 8 a.m. We’ve only known each other since /Monday / last week/ last month /2005. I've worked in this company since 1995. As a preposition , Since cannot be used with duration. We cannot say: since 20 minutes , we will say for 20 minutes (duration is expressed with for.) It's been a long time since I last played football. FOR I ......haven't played football for ......a long time. It's been two years now since he started working for us. BEEN He.......has been working for us.......for two years. They moved to England nine years ago. SINCE It’s ...(been) six years since they ..... moved to England. It's four months since I last visited my uncle John. LAST The ...last time I visited my ....uncle John was four months ago. Adolf Hitler has been dead for over 70 years. BEEN Adolf Hitler ...has been dead since ......1945. They have been dating for a week. LAST They...... have been dating since last....week. 9
- 11. TOO to ENOUGH / ENOUGH to TOO TOO FORMULA : TOO + ADJ / ADV Too comes before adjectives and adverbs: It's too hot to wear that coat. / He finished his exam too quickly. Too + adj too + adv ENOUGH FORMULA : ENOUGH + NOUN I didn’t have enough time to finish the report. (Enough + noun) FORMULA : ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB/ VERB + ENOUGH I didn’t work hard enough so I failed the exam. (Adj+ enough) I couldn’t write quickly enough and didn’t have time to finish. (Adv + enough) I didn’t revise enough so I wasn’t able to pass the exam. (Verb + enough) The player was too slow to stop the ball. ENOUGH The ......player wasn't quick enough.... to stop the ball. The weight is too heavy for me to lift. NOT I’m....not strong enough to lift ......the weight. The water wasn’t clean enough for us to swim. WAS The ......water was too dirty ......for us to swim. I didn’t want to drink the tea because it was too cold. FOR The tea .....was not hot enough for .....me to drink. That smartphone was too expensive for me to buy it. HAVE I didn’t ...have enough money to buy.......that smartphone. They thought he wasn’t tall enough to play basketball with his friends. WAS They thought ....he was too short to .....play basketball with his friends. 10
- 12. REPORTED SPEECH ( indirect speech ) We use the reported speech to say what someone did or said. The usual structure of reported speech is: reporting clause + that clause + reported clause Direct speeh : "I am tired." reporting clause + that clause + reported clause He said that he was tired 'What do you think about my boyfriend ?' she asked me. Present Simple ASKED She ....asked me what I thought ... about her boyfriend? Past Simple 'I'll tell you tonight,' Jim promised. Future Simple WOULD Jim promised that ....he would tell me that .... night. Would 'You need a holiday,' she told him. Present Simple SAID She ....said he needed ...a holiday. Past Simple 'I’m pregnant with twins, ' she announced. THAT She ....announced that she was pregnant ....with twins. " When I arrived , they had finished the exam," She said. HAD She said that when she...had arrived they had finished...the exam. "I had been watching a movie when the alarm went off, " He explained. GONE He said that when the alarm ... had gone off , he had ....been watching a movie. "Stop making noise,” the teacher said to us. TOLD The teacher.... told us to stop .....making nose. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH present simple past simple present continuous past continuous past simple present perfect past perfect past continuous past perfect continuous can could may might will would shall should 11
- 13. ACTIVE VERB FORM to PASSIVE VERB FORM ACTIVE VERB FORM FORMULA SUBJECT VERB OBJECT Doer of the action + verb + receiver of the action The technician is fixing the PC PASSIVE VERB FORM FORMULA OBJECT PASSIVE VERB SUBJECT Receiver of the action + be + past participle + by + doer of the action The PC is being fixed by the technician The employers have not found a person for the job yet. BEEN A person for the job ...has not been found ..... yet. They are blaming him for the mistake. IS He ...is being blamed for ....the mistake. The union have cancelled the strike. HAS The strike ....has been cancelled ..... by the union. Did your teacher tell you off? BY Were.... you told off by.... your teacher? They say he killed his dog. They say he killed his dog. HAVE BEEN He is ....said to have killed ...his dog. It...has been said that ...he killed his dog. They say that there are more cows than people in Ireland. THAT It is...said that there are more .....cows than people in Ireland. People think that he has fled the country. HAVE He... is thought to have fled.... the country. People thought they had won the competition. TO They ....were thought to have won ....the competition. KEY WORDS: People say that / They say that / It is said that / It has been said that He/She/They,etc is/are said to be/have / People think,etc. TIP : Object in the original sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. 12
- 14. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Zero Always true : Simple present + Simple present 1st A possibility and the possible result : Simple present + Simple future 2nd A hypothetical possibility and its possible result : Simple past/ Present conditional OR Present continuous conditional 3rd An hypothetical past condition its possible result in the past : Past perfect + Perfect conditional You are not allowed to stay in the country unless you get a visa. ONLY You can...only stay in the .....country if you get a visa. Zero I won't wash the dishes unless you help me. LONG I'll wash the dishes ...as long as you ....help me. 1st I’ll lend you money on condition that you pay me back next week. IF Only...if you pay me back... next week will I lend you money. 1st I'll do the ironing , if you tidy up the room. PROVIDED I'll do the ironing ...provided that you ... tidy up the room. 1st I think you should ask the boss for a pay rise. WERE If ...I were you I would....ask the boss for a pay rise. 2nd I would like to buy a bran-new car , but I need to win the lotery. WOULD If I ....won the lottery I would...buy a brand-new car. 2nd You're angry because you seem to care what she thinks about you. YOU If ..you didn’t care ...what she thinks about you, you wouldn't be angry. 2nd neg I did it because I thought it would be interesting. DONE I ...wouldn’t have done it .. if I had thought it wasn’t interesting. 3rd With more money, I would have been able to buy a better laptop. HAD I would have been able to buy a better laptop....if I had had ...more money. 3rd Conditional Conjunctions + Key words : As long as / so long as / provided (that) / on (the) condition that / unless / only if / If / in the event of / in case of, etc / WOULD, WERE, IF , BECAUSE, SHOULD. 13
- 15. ADJECTIVES ED to ING / ING to ED -ED adjectives Adjectives ending in -ed usually say the way people feel: They were annoyed with him for making them wait for so long. Even he was surprised to find that he had passed his exam. She was very interested in the project. -ING adjectives Adjectives ending in -ing are usually describe things and conditions. Having to wait for so long is annoying. His passing the exam was surprising even to himself. The project was very interesting to her. She felt fascinated by the young man. WAS The young man.... was fascinating....for her. The mosquitoes were so annoying that we decided to buy a repellent. BY We ..were so annoyed by the... mosquitoes that we decided to buy a repellent. We were so annoyed by the mosquitoes that we decided to buy a repellent. THAT The mosquitoes... were so annoying that ...we decided to buy a repellent. He doesn’t seem to be worried about the problem. TO The problem doesn’t ...seem to be worrying to.. him. I think she found your story very amusing. WAS I think .....she was very amused by/at... your story. He found it very boring doing the same thing every day. WITH He was ...(getting) bored with doing ...the same thing every day. Psychology was very interesting to me. IN I ...was very interested in ...Psychology. The manual was very confusing.I couldn’t understand anything. BY I was... so confused by the manual ....that I couldn’t understand anything. 14
- 16. COMPARATIVE – SUPERLATIVE The beer was so good that I had to order anther one. SUCH It ...was such a good beer ...that I had to order another one. This is the nicest car I’ve ever seen. HAVE I...have never seen such a nice car . This summer is being much hotter than last year. HOT Last summer..... wasn’t as hot as .....this year. The exam wasn’t as difficult as they’d made it out to be. WAS The exam .....was easier than ....they`d made it out to be. He is more intelligent than his sister. NOT His sister ...is not as intelligent as.... he is. I’ve never seen a more capable and dedicated person. A I’ve never seen... such a capable ...and dedicated person. They didn't pay me as much as I expected. GOT I ...got paid less than.... I expected. She had the most beautiful voice in the school choir. MORE Nobody in the school choir ...had a more ... beautiful voice. My son was too tired to play football. THAT My son was ... so tired that he could ... not play football. Key words : As...as / so...as / so...that/ more ...than / less ..than / fewer..than / much more / many more / Such a / such an / a more / a less / the most / the least / bigger than .../ too... 15
- 17. CAUSATIVE VERBS We use causative verbs when we want to indicate that someone causes , makes or asks someone else to do something , get something done or make something happen. ACTIVE STRUCTURE PASSIVE STRUCTURE SUB+ CV + Agent + verb infinitive + Object SUB+CV + OBJECT+ verb past participle + (by Agent) I will have my secretary call you I had my car fixed I got my brother to help me paint the room. My sister had her hair done yesterday. My mother made me do my homework. I got my house painted.. My friend helped me to fix the TV. My brothers lets me use his car. Key words : HAVE, GET , LET, MAKE, HELP, PAST PARTIPLES. Have sb do sth (bare infinitive) / Get sb to do sth (to infinitive) Make sb do sth (bare infinitive) / Help sb (to) do sth ( bare or to infinitive) Let sb do sth (bare infinitive) A mechanic checked my car for me before I set off on my holiday. HAD Before I set off on my holiday , I ...had a mechanic check ... my car. Some stole my smartphone when I left it behind in the fitting room. STOLEN I ..had my smartphone stolen ...when I left it behind in the fitting room. A technician fixed my laptop for me. A technician fixed my laptop for me HAD HAD I ...had my laptop fixed by a technician. I ...had a technician fix... my laptop. I need you to lift that box with me. The surgeon will remove your tonsils.. HELP WILL I need..you to help me lift ....that box. You ...will have your tonsils...removed. I pay my little brother to walk my dog every day. HAVE I ...have my little brother walk ..... my dog every day. They hired someone to paint their house last month. I asked him to send me the report. GOT HAD They ...got their house painted ....last month. I ....had him send me.... the report. The teacher forced the students to do their homework. MADE The teacher.... made the students do.... their homework. He wasn’t allowed to watch TV after supper. LET His parents ...would not let him watch...TV after supper. 16
- 18. PHRASAL VERBS A phrasal verb is a verb and a particle (adverb) used in colloquial and idiomatic expressions. Key words : up , down , in , out , away , back, through , on , off , into, away, over, etc. He was really excited about being a father. LOOKING He was... really looking forward to being ... a father. Grammar : look forward to sth / to doing sth They have cancelled tomorrow’s meeting. CALLED They have ..called off ...tomorrow’s meeting. Grammar : to call sth of / to call off sth : to cancel I think I need to drink less coffee and take tea instead. CUT I think I need to....cut down on ...coffee and take tea instead. Grammar : Phrasal-prepositional Verb : Inseparable / cut down on sth : reduce amount I will let you stay with me for the weekend. UP I will ...put you up for ....the weekend. Grammar : put sb up ( separable): provide someone with a place to sleep. She didn't want to accept that her husband was dead. FACT She didn’t want to ....face up to the fact... that her husband was dead. Grammar : face up to (Phrasal-prepositional verb) (inseparable) : accept that a difficult situation exists. The boss won’t tolerate you being late any longer. PUT The boss won’t ....put up with your ....tardiness any longer. Grammar : put up with (Phrasal-prepositional verb) (inseparable) : to accept or tolerate an unpleasant situation or experience , or someone who behaves unpleasantly. I was on my way to get my son from school. UP I was on my way ...to pick up my son ...from school. Grammar : Pick up (phrasal verb) : to collect , or to go and get sb or sth. They have postponed the class until next Tuesday. OFF The class ....has been put off ...until next Tuesday. Grammar : put off (phrasal verb – separable) : to delay sth until a later time. 17
- 19. SET PHRASES A set hrase is a fixed expression that has a specific meaning. It doesn’t usually have any literal meaning in itself. For example “to change one’s mind” doesn’t mean that you are going to get a new mind and get rid of the old want. It means that you are going to think about something and you might form a new opinion and perhaps make a new decision. It was the responsibility of the boss to decide what to do. UP It was.....up to the boss to .......decide what to do. I’ve noticed that John has a talent for dancing. FLAIR I’ve noticed that John ...has a flair for.... dancing I told them not to do it, but they didn’t take any notice. PAY I told them not to do it, but they... didn’t pay any attention. She went to the cinema alone. ON She went to the cinema ..on her own. Thanks for telling me that they are closed on Saturdays.I’ll remember it. KEEP Thanks for telling me that they are closed on Saturdays.I’ll ...keep that/it in mind. If you want to buy that car, you will have to borrow money from the bank. LOAN You will have to ...take out a loan ..if you want to buy that car, He wanted to sell his car but changed his opinion at the last minute. HEART He wanted to sell his car but ....had a change of heart ... at the last minute. I met my sister at the party by chance. CAME I ...came across my sister.... at the party. HOW TO SPOT A SET PHRASE : Change in the order of the original sentence. Substitute the set phrase for an adjective : alone / by myself Substitute one set phrase for another : take notice / pay attention Substitute one noun for another : have a talent for / have a flair for Substitute the set phrase for its meaning : borrow money from a bank / take out a loan 18
- 20. INVERTED SENTENCES Whatever happens , I will never lend him any money again. EVER Under .....no circumstances will I ever ..lend him any money again. Parking in a disabled parking space is not allowed at any time. YOU On ...no account should you park ....in a disable parking space. As soon as I got home , I got a text from my girlfriend HAD No...sooner had I got home than ..I got a text from my girlfriend. The engine must not be turned off at any time during the test. NO At ...no time must the engine ...be turned off during the test. As soon as I left the house , it started to rain heavily. HAD Hardly ..had I left the house when/before.... it started to rain heavily. I won’t rush you in any way to finish the report. NO In ..no way will I rush ..you to finish the report. The bad weather prevented us from winning the match. NOT Had..it not been for the bad weather, we would have won the match. She understood little about her father’s job. DID Little did she understand about her father’s job. KEYWORDS: Hardly had I... when... / Never had she .../ Seldom do we ... Rarely did /will you .../ Only then did I.../ Not only (do/have)... but (they) also... No sooner had ....than.../ Scarcely had I ...when.../ Only later did she... Nowhere have I .../ Little did .../ Only in this way could .../ In no way do I ... On no account should you.../ Under no circumstances should you... In the following expressions, the inversion comes in the second part of the sentence Not until I saw ...did I .../ Not since he...had he.../ Only after I... did I... Only when I...did I .../ Only by doing...could we ... 19
- 21. VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND (ING) He said he didn’t steal the car. DENIED He ..denied stealing /having stolen ...the car She said she was the one who had made the mistake. ADMITTED She ...admitted making /having made.. the mistake If only I had not waited for so long. REGRET I ...regret having waited / waiting for so long. I try no to eat too late at night. AVOID I try... to avoid eating ...too late at night. When the wall is finished, I’ll let you know. FINISH When ...I finish painting the wall... , I’ll let you know. He barely managed not to be run over by a bus. ESCAPED He... barely escaped (from) being run ...over by a bus. Is it OK if I smoke here? MIND Do ...you mind me/my smoking... here? I like to play football at the weekend. ENJOY I ...enjoy playing ...football at the weekend. I find it difficult not to laugh every time I remember what happened. HELP I... can’t help laughing ...every time I remember what happened. I had to control myself not to buy a new computer. STOP I had...to stop myself from buying ...a new computer. I didn’t feel like drinking out of such a dirty glass. FANCY I...didn’t fancy drinking... out of such a dirty glass. KEYWORDS : deny, admit, regret, stop, prevent, cannot help, enjoy, mind, escape, finish, avoid, always... 20
- 22. NEGATIVE WORDS No , not, neither, never, hardly, no one, nobody, none, nor, nothing, nowhere: They’ve never tried apple pie before. Nobody helped me to do the dishes. None of my friends came to the party. There was no food left in the fridge. Susan is much more interesting than Jane. NOTHING Jane is...... nothing like as interesting .....as Susan. There are many other girls that are just as beautiful as she is. ANY She isn’t ....any more beautiful than ......most other girls. I only just managed to pass the exam. HARDLY I ...hardly managed to ...pass the exam. You can’t expect to pass your exam if you don’t study. HARDLY You ...can hardly expect ...to pass your exam ,if you don’t study. It so dark in the room that I almost couldn't see anything. BARELY It was so dark in the room that I ..could barely see anything. Julie and he husband don't like playing chess. NOR Neither ...Julie nor her husband ...like playing chess.. Learning Judo and BJJ is similar in terms of difficulty. MORE Learning Judo is... no more difficult than ...learning BJJ. Your computer isn’t nearly as good as mine. NEAR Your Computer... is nowhere near as ...good as mine. I don’t want anybody to overhear what I’m saying.. NOBODY I ...want nobody to overhear... what I’m saying. KEYWORDS : as ..as , much more, almost, nearly , anybody, ever, similar, can’t expect, only just , isn’t nearly as, anyone , anything / Not anything : nothing/ Any : no Anybody , anyone : no one , nobody / Not ever : never / Not any : none 21
- 23. MODAL VERBS Can , could , may , might , shall , should , will , would MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS : have to , ought to , need , used to , dare You are not allowed to smoke indoors at any time. MUST You ...mustn’t smoke ..indoors at any time. I did the dishes by hand , which wasn’t necessary since there was a dishwasher. HAVE I ..needn’t have washed the dishes by hand since there was a dishwasher. There is a good chance of him winning a gold medal very soon. WIN He... could win a ...gold medal very soon. The teacher will expect you to arrive on time for class. HAVE You ..will have to arrive on time for class. You should stop smoking . TO You... ought to stop ...smoking. She wasn’t able to speak German until she took an intensive course. NOT She... could not speak ...German until she took an intensive course I passed my Italian exam without studying. NEED I…didn’t need to study …to pass my Italian exam. I suggest that you finish your test within the time allowed. SHOULD You …should finish your test... within the time allowed. When I was little, I would play football every weekend. USED I..used to play footbal every ...weekend when I was little. KEYWORDS: It is (not) a good idea : You should/ shouldn’t /ought to / ought not to It was careless of (you) : You shouldn’t / you ought not to It was not necessary : You needn’t have + past participle You can’t : You mustn’t / you are not allowed She couldn’t : She was not able to... They were expected to : They should have... If I were you I would/ wouldn’t : You should- shouldn’t / you ought (not) to 22
- 24. IDIOMS There was a girl at the party that attacted my interest. EYE One of the gilrs at the party ...caught my eye. He usually choose to ignore the criticism directed at him. EAR He usually...turned a deaf ear to ... the criticism directed at him. It was really embarrasing when I called her another name . MOUTH I really... put my foot in my mouth ...when called her another name . I decided to become a doctor like my father. FOLLOW I decided to... follow in my father’s footsteps ...and become a doctor. She was caught in the act of trying to break into the house. RED She was caught ... red-handed trying ...to break into the house. I know there is something wrong here , but I don’t know what it is. FINGER I know there is something wrong here, but I... can’t put my finger on ...what it is. I haven’t found the time yet to do my homework. AROUND I haven’t....got around to doing ...my homework yet. I was confident that you were coming to the party. READ I ...took it as read that ...you were coming to the party. The situation between them reached a critical point and they broke up. HEAD The situation between them ...came to a head ...and they broke up. Android technology has made a lot of progress in the past few years. COME Android technology has...come a long way ...in the past few years. HOW TO SPOT AN IDIOM: UNDERLINE WHAT IS REPEATED AND LOOK AT WHAT’S LEFT. TIP : Paraphrase the Direct Object (What) / Indirect Object (to whom) 23
- 25. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS There are certain verbs that are usually followed by certain prepositions. We called them prepositional verbs. They are just a verb followed by a preposition. Prepositional verb = Verb + Preposition They make a new verb with a different meaning to the normal verb without the preposition. All prepositional verbs are transitive (they have an object). The object comes after the preposition. I have to take care of my little brother while my parents are away. AFTER I have to...look after ... my little brother while my parents are away. They were discussing possible solutions to the problem. TALK They were...talking about ...posible solutions to the problem. She decided not to go to university. AGAINST She ... decided against going ...to university. What time did you get to the airport yesterday? AT What time ...did you arrive at ...the airport yesterday? I met a friend by chance in the supermarket this morning. CAME I ...came across a friend ...in the supermarket this morning. Many teenagers like social networking sites such as Facebook or Twiteer. WITH Facebook and Twiteer... are popular with ...teenagers I will consider your idea and come back to you with a decision next week. OVER I will... think over your idea... and come back to you with a decision next week. You don’t need to agree with the rules , but you have to respect them. TO You don’t need to ...subscribe to ...the rules, but you have to respect them. The mountaineers encountered many problems on their way to the mountain top. WITH The mountaineers ... met with ... many problems on their way to the mountain top. I wouldn’t ask him to look after my dog , if I were you. WITH If I were you , I ...wouldn’t trust him with ...my dog. Key words : prepositions , verbs / The original sentence contains a set phrase or a verb that need to be paraphrased. 24
- 26. UNREAL PAST TENSES When we want to talk about an unreal situation , we can use the past tense to do so. When using an unreal past tense , we use the verb in the past, but we are actually talking about something that never happen. The same happens in conditional sentences when stating hypothetical situations. I’d like to know what time the party starts. WISH I ...wish I knew ...what time the party starts. If you want to go home , you should wait until the rain stops. HAD You...had better wait ...until the rain stops , if you want to go home. ONLY If...only I had helped him to ...move home. I’d prefer you not to smoke in my house. RATHER I...would rather you didn’t ...smoke in my house. It was a shame you didn’t pass the exam. It’s a pity I can’t stay two days more. WISH ONLY I...wish you had passed ...the exam. If...only I could stay ...two days more. It will be better if you get up at 7 a.m. tomorrow. SOONER I... would sooner you got up ...at 7 a.m. tomorrow. We ought to go home now.It’s getting late. TIME It is ... about time we went ...home. It’s getting late. If you heard him speak, you’d think he is an expert. IF He spoke ...as if he were... an expert. Kevin doesn't feel like going out tonight. He is just a clerk but acts like he is the boss. RATHER THOUGH Kevin... would rather not go... out tonight. He...acts as though ...he is the boss Edgar doesn't like watching television as much as he likes playing chess. RATHER Edgar prefers... playing chess rather than watching ...television. Key words : if only , I wish , supposing , rather , sooner , prefer, had better, It’s about time, It’s high time, it’s time for you... 25
- 27. VERB PATTERNS (GERUND – INFINITIVE / INFINITIVE – GERUND ) It's important that you attend school and be punctual every day.. REMEMBER You must ...remember to be attend ...school and be punctual every day. I think it would be a good idea if you studied German. SUGGEST I ...suggest that you (should) study... study German. It’s not surprising that you failed your exam. You didn’t study at all. EXPECT I ...didn’t expect you to pass ...your exam. You didn’t study at all. She finished her degree and later started working for herself. ON She finished her degree and... went on to start ...her own business. I can help you with your kids. MIND I ...don’t mind helping ... you with your kids. At first I thought that running was hard, but now I think it's not. USED I ...am used to running ...now. They didn’t even make the effort to call to say they'd be late. BOTHER They... didn't even bother calling ...to say they'd be late. Did you manage to persuade your boss to give you a rise. SUCEED Did you... succeed in persuading ...your boss to give you a rise. We had an argument and I decided not to call her any more. STOPPED We had an argument and...I stopped calling ...her. I think I locked the door but I’m not sure . REMEMBER I ...don’t remember locking ...the door. I’m not in the mood for your jokes. MIND I’m not in the right... frame of mind to listen ...to your jokes. 26
- 28. SENTENCES REQUIRING TWO CHANGES (Passive + phrasal verb) Management have decide to postpone the meeting. OFF The meeting...has been put off ...by Management. (Passive + change from adjective to noun) Employees are thought to be worried about being made redundant. CONCERN There ...is thought to be concern ... amongst employees about being made redundant. (Reported speech + verb change) 'I am not in the mood for playing football' he said. FEEL He said that...he didn’t feel like playing...football. (Passive to active + phrasal verb) The essay must be given to your teacher by Friday. HAND You ...must hand in your essay ...to your teacher by Friday. (Preposition x 2) There have been fewer sales of DVD players this year than ever before. NUMBER We have had the most significant decrease ever ...in the number of sales of DVD players this year. (verb change + phrasal verb) I'm sorry to say that it will not be possible for me to make the meeting tomorrow. ABLE I will ... not be able to turn...up at the meeting tomorrow , I’m afraid. (Verb change + verb form) I don't believe in marrying the first girl you date. THINK I don't .....think it is a good idea ......to marry the first girl you date. (Verb change + verb form) Were you able to convince him? IN Did you ....succeed in convincing him..... him? 27
- 29. ADJECTIVE TO NOUN NOUN TO ADJECTIVE They say that he was so strong that he could lift a car with his bare hands. SUCH They say that ... such was his strength..., that he could lift a car with his bare hands. She won the fight with great ease. WAS Winning ...the fight was very easy ...for her. People who are very intelligent are prone to anxiety. HIGH People... of high intelligence ...are prone to anxiety. I've been very lucky with my career over the years. HAD I’ve... had a lot of luck ...with my career over the years. It’s not true that he’s coming to the party tonight. IS The... truth is that ...he is not coming to the party tonight. She was so beautiful that she could easily be a model. WAS Her...beauty was such ... that she could easily be a model. What they said was deeply offensive to her. TOOK She really ...took offence at ...what they said. The FCE exam was not very difficult for her to pass. MUCH She passed...the FCE exam without much ...difficulty. This is a very powerful car. HAS This car...has a lot of power. 28
- 30. LINKING WORDS Despite the heavy traffic , we got there on time. EVEN We got there on time ...even though... the traffic was heavy. Despite the heavy traffic , we got there on time. EVEN The traffic was heavy. ...... Even so...., we went out. The flight was delayed because of the storm. TO The delay of the flight...was due to... the storm. He talked about music and played the piano too. WELL He talked about music...as well as playing ...the piano. If the train is on time , I will see you at 5 p.m. UNLESS I won’t see....you at 5 p.m. unless ...the train is on time. I will go to the meeting tomorrow if you come with me. LONG I will go to the meeting tomorrow...as long as ... you come with me. If you cook something nice for me , I’ll give you a kiss. ON I’ll give you a kiss...on condition that ...you cook something nice for me. He is a dedicated father as well as a devoted husband. ONLY He is not...only a dedicated father , but also ....a devoted husand. If we do not go now, we’ll be late for work. OTHERWISE We’d better ... go now , otherwise ...we’ll be late for work. You are welcome to join us , if you pay for your drinks. PROVIDED You are welcome to join us , ....provided that you pay... for your drinks. KEY WORDS : Despite , even though, though, even when , even if, if, provided , otherwise, unless, only, on condition that , on the grounds that, as long as, as well as , due to , owing to... 29
- 31. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO-INFINITIVE Afford , demand, pretend, fail, promise ,arrange, forget, manage, refuse mean (= intend), remember, help, need, choose, hope, offer, try, intend, plan decide, learn His GP advised him against drinking alcohol. NOT His GP advised him... not to drink ...alcohol. He acted as if he had not seen me. PRETENDED He ...pretended not to have seen... me. We are thinking about going to London next month. TO We are... planning to go to ...London next month. He said that he would help with the project. PROMISED He ...promised to help ...with the project. He said he would lend me some money. AGREED He has... agreed to lend ...me some money. People need to acquire new skills. IMPORTANT It’s... important for people to acquire... new skills. I’m looking forward to visiting you next month. WAIT I ...can’t wait to visit ...you next month. telling him that the meeting has ben cancelled. TELL I ...forgot to tell him that ....the meeting has been cancelled. After six years of training, he became really good at playing tennis. LEARNT He...learnt to play tennis really well... , after six years of training. 30
- 32. PHRASES / PARAPHRASING There is no point in doing... / It is not worth doing.../ It’s no use doing... There is no point in waiting any longer.He is not going to come. WORTH It ...is not worth waiting ... any longer.He is not going to come. There is no point in waiting any longer.He is not going to come. USE It ...is no use waiting ... any longer.He is not going to come. Be about to do../ be on the verge of doing.../ be on the point of doing... I was about to leave when you call me on the phone. VERGE I was ...on the verge of leaving ...when you call me on the phone. I was about to leave when you call me on the phone. POINT I was ...on the point of leaving ...when you call me on the phone. There is no way sb will do sth / Sb has no intention of doing sth. Sb has no thought of doing sth. There is no way I’m helping you after what you did to me. INTENTION I ...have no intention of helping ...you after what you did to me. There is no way I’m helping you after what you did to me THOUGHT I ...have no thought of helping ...you after what you did to me. Sb has a good reputation.../ Sb is highly regarded... Sb is highly thought of .../ Sb is highly spoken of ... John has a good reputation among his fellow workers. REGARDED John...is highly regarded ...among his fellow workers. John has a good reputation among his fellow workers. THOUGHT John... is highly thought of ...among his fellow workers. John has a good reputation among his fellow workers. SPOKEN John... is highly spoken of ...among his fellow workers. 31
- 33. Feel like doing sth / be in the mood to do sth /for doing sth Susan didn’t feel like dancing that night. MOOD Susan was not …in the mood for dancing …that night Susan was not …in the mood to dance …that night Because, with a view/an eye to doing sth ,with the intention of doing sth Carlos studied medicine because he wanted to become a doctor. VIEW Carlos studied medicine… with a view to becoming …a doctor. Carlos studied medicine… with an eye to becoming …a doctor. Carlos studied medicine because he wanted to become a doctor. INTENTION Carlos studied medicine… with the intention of becoming …a doctor. Running , in succession , in a row He won the competition for the third year running. IN For the …third year in succession…, he won the competition. For the ...third year in a row…, he won the competition. If , unless, as long as , provided that , providing that, on the condition that... Connor will only go to the meeting if John goes. UNLESS Connor will… not go to the meeting unless …John goes. Connor will only go to the meeting if John goes. LONG Connor will go… to the meeting as long as …John goes. Connor will only go to the meeting if John goes. THAT Connor will go to the meeting provided that / providing that John goes Connor will only go to the meeting if John goes. CONDITION Connor will go to the meeting on (the) condition that John goes 32
- 34. Must never , on no account must , shouldn’t do You must never drink alcohol before driving your car. ACCOUNT On ...no account must you ... drink alcohol before driving your car. You must never drink alcohol before driving your car. SHOULD You ...should never ... drink alcohol before driving your car. It is not (very) likely , it is unlikely , has (very) little chance, has no chance, It is (very) likely that sb will , Sb is very likely to, Conor is not very likely to win the race. CHANCE Conor has ... very little chance of winning ...the race. Conor is very unlikely to win the race. LITTLE Conor has ... very little chance of winning ...the race. There's every chance (that) Conor will win the race. LIKELY Conor ...is very likely to ...win the race. There's every chance (that) Conor will win the race. THAT It is ...very likely that Conor will ...win the race. As far as I can remember , to the best of my recollection, have no recollection , not have any recollection, have a vague recollection of... You were not invited to the wedding , as far as I can remember. OF To the best... of my recollection , ...you were not invited to the wedding . I don’t remember meeting Mr. Smith before. RECOLLECTION I have...no recollection of meeting... Mr. Smith before. I got so drunk that I hardly remember last night.. VAGUE I have a ...vague recollection of ...last night. 33
- 35. So that , in order to, so as to, in order for... Jane went to bed early so that she would be fresh in the morning. ORDER Jane went to be early ...in order to be... fresh in the morning. Jane went to bed early so that she would be fresh in the morning. AS Jane went to be early ...so as to be... fresh in the morning. In order for you to pass the exam, you will need to achieve a score of 160. SO You will need to achieve a score of 160, ...so as to pass ...your exam. Regarding , in/with regard to , as regards , in connection with , about, relating to, on the subject of... The manager wants to talk to George in connection with the new policy. WITH The manager wants to talk to George ...with regard to ... the new policy. The new law will bring some changes regarding tax deductions. TO Some changes ....relating to tax deductions, will be brought by the new law. Take (any/no) notice , pay (any/no) attention, take (any/no) heed , heed, think about something carefully, take into account , bear in mind , be mindful of... The teacher told the student to keep silent , but they didn’t listen. NOTICE The teacher told the student to keep silent , but they...didn’t take any notice. The teacher told the student to keep silent , but they didn’t listen. PAY The students....didn’t pay any attention...when the eacher told them to keep silent . You must take into account the hidden fees before booking your flight. MIND You must ...bear in mind ... the hidden fees before booking your flight. 34
- 36. 45 MOST COMMON PHRASAL VERBS 1. ASK SOMEONE OUT - To invite somebody on a date Susan asked John out to dinner last weekend. 2. ASK AROUND – To ask different people the same question. We are asking around to see if anybody knows someone who has a car for sale. 3. BLOW SOMETHING UP - To cause something to explode The building was blown up with dynamite. 4. BREAK DOWN - To stop working (machine) My car broke down on the motorway. 5. BREAK UP WITH SOMEONE - To stop having a relationship with someone He broke up with his girlfriend of 10 years. 6. BREAK IN /BREAK INTO - To enter a place illegally Someone broke into my house while I was on holidays. 7. BRING A CHILD UP – To take care of someone until they are adults. Mike was brought up by his grandparents. 8. BRING SOMETHING UP – To start talking about a new subject. During the course of the conversation , he brought up an interesting idea 9. CALL FOR SOMETHING demand, request that something should happen The demostrators were calling for a reduction in taxes. 10. CARRY ON WITH SOMETHING - to continue doing something The alarm went off at 6 a.m. , but he carried on sleeping. 11. CALL SOMETHING OFF – To cancel something that was planned The meeting was called of by management. 12. CATCH ON - To become popular I wonder if this TV programme will ever catch on with men ? 13. CATCH UP ON SOMETHING- do something you had no time to do recently I want to catch up on my sleep. 14. CATCH UP WITH - To manage to reach someone who is ahead of you. I had to run faster to catch up with them. /She managed to catch up with the rest of the class. 15. COME UP WITH SOMETHING - To think of an idea , discover of produce . They came up with a fantastic solution to the problem we had. 35
- 37. 16. CUT DOWN ON SOMETHING - To use less of something . My GP suggested that I should cut down on coffee. 17. DO AWAY WITH SOMETHING - to get rid of something , to eliminate. We need to do away with unnecessary red tape. 18. FIND SOMETHING OUT To get information about sth , to discover sth We need to find out when he is available for a meeting. 19. GET BY - manage to deal with a situation , but only just. I wonder how she can get by on so little money. 20. GET ON WITH SOMEONE - to have a good relationship with She doesn’t get on with her boss. 21. GET ON WITH SOMETHING - to start or continue doing something (especially work) I need to get on with booking our flights. 22. GIVE SOMEONE AWAY show someone's real feelings or true nature They didn’t know it was you who had done it; but your reaction gave you away. 23. GIVE IN (TO SOMEONE'S REQUESTS) to agree to what sb wants, after refusing at the beginning She pestered him so much to go out with her that he eventually gave in. 24. GIVE SOMETHING UP - stop doing something I gave up smoking 15 years ago. 25. GROW UP - to slowly become an adult I was born in Ireland but grew up in Spain. 26. HAND SOMETHING OUT - to give something to each one in a group The teacher handed out the exams at the beginning of the class. 27. LOOK FORWARD TO SOMETHING feel excited about sth that is going to happen I’m looking forward to my holidays. 28. LOOK INTO SOMETHING - to investigate or examine something I will look into the problem and come back to you with an estimate for the repair. 29. LOOK UP TO SOMEONE to admire and respect somebody As a kid , I always looked up to my grandfather. 30. MAKE SOMETHING OUT - to understand sb or sth with difficulty to decipher No matter how hard I try, I can’t make out your handwriting. 36
- 38. 31. OWN UP TO SOMETHING to accept that you’ve done sth and take responsibility for it. I made a mistake and I own up to it. 32. PASS OUT - to lose consciousness While falling down the stairs he hit his head against the wall and passed out. 33. PICK SOMEONE UP - to collect someone from a place My brother picked me up from the airport and gave me a lift home. 34. PUT SOMETHING OFF to postpone an event or activity We decided to put off the meeting until next week. 35. PUT SOMETHING OUT - to make sth stop burning , to extinguish I put out the candle and went to bed. 36. PUT SOMEONE UP – to accommodate sb temporarily John is putting me up for a few days. 37. RUN OUT OF SOMETHING - to finish all of something. We have run out of milk and coffee. 38. SET OFF - to start a journey The train sets off tomorrow at 8 a.m. 39. TELL SOMEONE OFF - to scold sb for something they’ve done and you disapprove of. My teacher told me off for not doing my homework. 40. THROW SOMETHING AWAY – to get rid of sth that you no longer want. I threw away a bunch of old receipts and letters. 41. TURN SOMEONE / SOMETHING DOWN – to refuse somebody or something She was disappointed after being turned down for the job 42. TURN UP – to arrive or appear somewhere / to find something unexpectedly He eventually didn’t turn up at the meeting. Have you seen my keys? No , but don't worry, they will turn up when you least expect it. 43. WEAR OUT – To deteriorate over time and through use. It’s high time you got yourself some new trousers, those are really worn out. 44. WORK SOMETHING OUT to understand something by thinking about it The police are trying to work out who helped him commit the crime. 45. WORK SOMETHING OUT - to calculate sth I need to work out how much I will be taxed this month. 37
- 39. 45 MOST COMMON IDIOMS 1. AT THE DROP OF A HAT – to do sth without any hesitation; without stopping to think. They were always ready to start an argumen , at the drop of a hat. 2. BE CAUGHT IN THE ACT - be caught doing something illegal or ethically wrong He was caught in the act of stealing money from the safe. 3. BE CAUGHT RED-HANDED - be caught doing something illegal or ethically wrong She was caught red-handed in bed with another man. 4. BE LARGER THAN LIFE - To be more exciting than normal The CEO of the company seemed to be larger than life to the managers. 5. BE ON THE SAME PAGE – have a similar understanding of something. Before we make a decision, I want to make sure everybody is on the same page. 6. BE OVER THE MOON – To be very happy He was over the moon when he learned he had won the lottery 7. BE SECOND TO NONE – to be excellent or better than others. My knowledge of this town is second to none. 8. BE UP IN ARMS – To be angry about something / at someone My father was up in arms when he found out that I had dented his car. 9. BRING SOMEONE UP TO SPEED - To tell sb the fact about a situation. Upon my return , I was brought up to speed about the lastest developments. 10.BRING STH / COME TO A HEAD – To reach a critical or crucial stage. Everything came to a head and the company had to shut down three factories. 11.BUILD A PICTURE OF SB OR STH – To gather information to understand what sth or sb is like We are trying to build a picture of what needs to be done. 12.BY LEAPS AND BOUNDS – By a lot , to a large degree Ever since he got that teacher , her English has improved by leaps and bounds. 16.COME TO TERMS WITH STH –To start to accept a situation and deal with it. Sooner or later you will have to come to terms with the death of your wife. 14.COST AN ARM AND A LEG – to be very expensive The Audi R8 is a beautiful car , but it costs an arm and a leg. 15.DO STH ON THE SPUR OF THE MOMENT – Do something without stopping to think , without any planning We got into a heated argument and, on the spur of the moment , I punched him. 38
- 40. 16.FOLLOW IN SB’S FOOTSTEPS- To do the same job as someone else. He followed in his grandfather’s footsteps and became a doctor. 17.GET AROUND TO DOING STH – do sth that you’ve been wanting to do for a while… I still haven’t got round to doing the report. I’ll do it this evening. 18.GET COLD FEET – To become afraid of doing sth you had planned to do Mary wanted to ask Paul for a date but she eventually got cold feet. 19.GET DOWN TO DOING STH – to take action towards doing something I need to get down to booking my FCE exam as soon as possible. 20.GET SOMETHING OFF ONE'S CHEST- to tell someone about your worries I really have to get this off my chest . I don’t like you. 21.GET THE BETTER OF SOMEONE – feel overwhelmed by a feeling His anger got the better of him , and he punched his boss in the face. 22.GIVE/PAY LIP SERVICE TO SOMETHING – Say or support something insincerely. He is just paying lip service. He has no intention of helping you with the project. 23.KEEP AN EYE ON STH to take care of something , to watch sth I'll keep an eye on your luggage while you go to the toilet. 24.KEEP SOMEONE POSTED – to inform sb about new develoments in a situation Don’t worry , I’ll keep you posted. If anything happens I’ll let you know. 25.LEARN SOMETHING BY HEART- To memorize something. I learned my speech by heart. I wanted to make sure I remembered everything. 26.LEARN SOMETHING BY ROTE – to memorize without understanding She learned the formula by rote. 27.MAKE ENDS MEET – to struggle to pay for your everyday needs John make very little money and finds it hard to make ends meet. 28.MAKE THE MOST OF SOMETHING –take advantage of something while it lasts. We made the most of our last day in Barcelona , and went to the beach. 29.PLAY SOMETHING BY EAR- to improvise , to do something without a plan. I didn’t have time to prepare the presentation so I had to play it by ear. 30.PUT ONE’S FINGER ON STH – To remember sth or to discover the reason of sth. I know I had seen her before but I couldn’t put my finger on where. 31.PUT SOMEONE IN THE PICTURE – To tell sb the fact about a situation. She put me in the picture about what had happened since my last visit 39
- 41. 32.SEE EYE TO EYE WITH SOMEONE ON SOMETHING – To agree with someone We don’t see eye to eye on how to raise our kids. 33.STOP SHORT OF DOING STH – to not do something , but only just Her boss told her off for being late and stop short of firing her, but only just. 34.TAKE A FANCY TO SOMEONE / SOMETHING – to begin to like sb or sth I have taken a fancy to Chinese food of late. She’s taken a fancy to her new assistant. 35.TAKE SOMETHING AS READ – to accept sth as true without proof I took it as read that I was invited to your wedding. 36.TAKE SOMETHING FOR GRANTED – to believe sth to be truth without even thinking about it. I took for granted that you were a doctor. 37.TAKE STH WITH A GRAIN/PINCH OF SALT – to doubt the accuracy of some information. We need to take his words with a pinch of salt. He was not here when it happened 38.TAKE THE BULL BY THE HORNS – to deal with a difficult situation bravely. I decided to take the bull by the horns and confronted my neighbours about the noise. 39.TO BE A WALK IN THE PARK – To be very easy The test was a walk in the park. I put in a lot of work preparing for it. 40.TO BE A PIECE OF CAKE – To be very easy Winning the fight was a piece of cake.I was extremely well prepared. 41.TO BE EASY AS PIE – To be very easy The FCE exam was easy as pie. I expect to get high marks. 42.TO BITE THE BULLET – to accept and try to live with sth difficult. After the scandal the president of the company decide to bite the bullet and resigned. 43.TO FACE THE MUSIC – To accept the consequences for sth you’ve done After the scandal , the president run away instead of facing the music for his actions. 44.WASH ONE'S HANDS OF SOMETHING - stop dealing with an issue or problem I’m washing my hands of this problem . You will have to deal with it on our own. 45.WIN SOMETHING HANDS DOWN – To win something with ease. He was much better than his opponent and won the fight hands down. 40
- 42. 45 MOST COMMON SET PHRASES 1. AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED – in my opinion / to the degree that it affects me. As far as I’m concerned , you can start tomorrow. 2. AS FAR AS I KNOW – according to the information that I have. He is French , as far as I know. 3. BE ABOUT TO DO STH – be ready to start doing something very soon. I was just about to leave when you phoned me. 4. BEAR/KEEP SOMETHING IN MIND – consider sth before doing sth else. Keep in mind your budget when making arrangements for your holidays. 5. BE ON THE POINT OF DOING STH – be ready to start doing something very soon. I was on the point of starting my speech when someone’s phone rang. 6. BE ON THE VERGE OF DOING STH – be ready to start doing something very soon. They were on the verge of getting a divorce after 15 years of marriage. 7. BE OUT OF THE QUESTION – Something cannot happen / it is not possible It’s raining , so going for a walk with the kids is out of the question. 8. BE UNDER THE(MISTAKEN) IMPRESSION /BELIEF THAT – to think that sth is true usually when that’s no the case I was under the impression that I was already hired. She asked him out because she was under the mistaken belief that he was single. 9. BE UP /DOWN TO SB - Be someone’s responsibility to do sth It’s up to the president to decide the next course of action. It’s down to John to make all the arrangements for the meeting. 10.BE WORTH IT – be sth that will give you good results despite difficulties. It took me eight years to get my black bet in Judo, but it’s been worth it. 11.BE WORTH ONE’S WHILE – be worth the time or effort sb spends doing sth. It’s not worth my while talking to her. She may be beautiful but she is very boring. 12.BEYOND A SHADOW OF A DOUBT – There is no doubt that sth is true. He is , without a shadow of a doubt , the best player I’ve ever seen 13.CHANGE ONE’S MIND - change your opinion about something. I eventually changed my mind and agreed to go to the party with them. 14.DO /TRY ONE’S BEST - – Do sth as best you can. If you do your best and fail, you can’t have any regrets. 15.FEE LIKE ( DOING) SOMETHING – to want to do sth . He didn’t feel( like going) clubbing last weekend. 41
- 43. 16.FEEL / BE DISINCLINED TO DO STH – to not be willing to do sth . I felt disinclined to invite them to our wedding. 17.FOR THE SAKE OF - With the intention of bringing an advantage to sb/sth. You’d better tell the truth , for your own sake. 18.FROM HEAD TO TOE - over your whole body. After the workout , I was sweating from head to toe. 19.GET THE MESSAGE ACROSS - Make someone understand something. The CEO wanted to get the message across to the staff ,that they had to work together. 20.GET / KEEP IN TOUCH - To continue to communicate with someone. I still keep in touch with some of my high school friends. 21.HAVE A SOFT SPOT FOR SB /STH - to like sb or sth without knowing why. Mike says that he has always had a soft spot for blondes. 22.HAVE A ONE-TRACK MIND - to think always about one specific thing. He is very boring ; he has a one-track mind and all he ever talks about is football. 23.IT’S NO GOOD – Sth which is pointless because it won’t give you any benefits It’s no good telling him to help you with the arrangement. He is very lazy. 24.IT’S NO USE – Sth is not useful , sth won’t give you any benefits. It’s no use waiting for them any longer .They are not going to come. 25.KEEP STH OUT OF SOMEONE’S REACH – Keep sth where sb cannot take it. Make sure you keep the medicines out of your toddler’s reach. 26.MAKE ALLOWANCE FOR STH – to prepare in case sth happens. Make sure you make allowance for traffic delays , when you set off for you interview. 27.MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR STH – to consider sth when judging sth. He made a mistake but we have to make allowances for him. He is new in the job. 28.MAKE AMENDS TO SB FOR STH – to do sth good to show that you feel bad about sth you’ve done.h. She broke his favourite glass and wanted to make amends by buying a new one. 29.MAKE AN EXCEPTION- to not apply a general rule to someone. They don’t usually let people in at 4 a.m. but I knew the doorman , and he made an exception for us.. 30.MAKE COMMON CAUSE WITH SB – to cooperate with sb to achieve sth. The company made common cause with its competitors against the new law. 42
- 44. 31.MAKE HEADWAY IN/WITH STH– to make progress. I’ve been practising a lot and I feel I’ve made a lot of headway with my Spanish. 32.MAKE ONESELF UNDERSTOOD– to succeed in communicating your message. Can you make yourself understood in Chinese? 33.MAKE UP ONE’S MIND – to decide I haven’t made up my mind which PC to buy yet. 34.MAKE UP TO SOMEONE – to decide It’s disgusting the way she always makes up to the boss 35.OUT FOR STH / OUT TO DO STH – with the intention of doing sth. Be careful this girl is only out to get advantage of you. You won’t succeed as a businessman if you are only out for the money. 36.TAKE ADVANTAGE OF STH - to be too friendly to sb in order to get sth.. Many people feel that the government is taking advantage of them.. 37.TAKE PART IN STH – to be involved in something. He took part in the competition and , to everybody’s surprise, won. 38.TAKE SOMETHING INTO ACCOUNT – consider sth before doing sth else. We need to take the price into account before deciding on which car to buy. 39.THERE IS NO POINT IN DOING STH – Sth is not useful , sth won’t give you any benefits. There is no point in my calling her at her office. She out on a business trip. 40.THERE IS NO TELLING – You cannot possibly guess or know. There is no telling when she will arrive.Her flight has been delayed. 41.THERE IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR – Nothing is as good as… If you want to pass your exam, there is no substitute for studying hard. 42.TO THE BEST OF ONE’S ABILITY– Do sth as best you can. If you work to the best of your ability , you will succeed. 43.TO (THE BEST OF) ONE’S KWNOWLEDGE/ BELIEF– according to the information that you have. His latest novel comes out next month , to the best of my knowledge. I don’t know him very well , but to my belief he is a good person. 44.UP AND DOWN – moving in one direction and the in the opposite. He started walking up and down the corridor , thinking about what to do. 45.WHEN IT COMES TO STH- in relation to something. When it comes to picking up women, Peter is an expert. 43
- 45. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ABOUT 1. argue about 2. be about to do sth 3. boast about 4. care about 5. complain about 6. be concerned about 7. dream about/of 8. feel about 9. forget about 10. grumble about 11. hear about ABOVE 1. punch above one’s weight 2. rear above sth/sb 3. rise above sth 4. tower above sth/sb AFTER 1. ask after sb 2. clean after sb 3. go after sb /sth 4. hanker after sth 5. hunger after ath 6. inquire after sth AGAINST 1. come up against sth 2. decide against 3. fight against 4. gang up against 5. have sth against sb 6. hold out against 7. hold sth against sb 8. insure against 44 12. joke about 13. know about 14. laugh about 15. quarrel about 16. talk about/of 17. think about/of 18. tell sb about sth 19. remind sb about sth 20. write to sb about sth 21. warn sb about sth 22. worry about 23. wonder about ACROSS 1. come across sth/sb 2. cut across sth 3. drape sth across sth 4. get sth across 5. put sth across 6. put yourself across 7. run across sth/sb 8. stumble across 7. look after sb/sth 8. lust after sb /sth 9. name sb after sb/sth 10. pant after sth/sb 11. run after sb/sth 12. take after sb 9. pit sth/sb against sth/sb 10. react against 11. run against 12. run up against 13. square off against 14. warn against 15. compete against
- 46. ALONG 1. bring sth/sb along 2. come along 3. get along with sb 4. go along 5. go along with sth/sb 6. as you go along (unplanned) 7. jog along (make progress slowly but at a steady pace) 8. muddle along (do sth without clear purpose or plan) AROUND 1. Ask around (for sth/sb) 2. Build sth around sth (base sth on sth) 3. Cast around 4. Centre around 5. Crowd around sb /sth 6. Doss around 7. Fiddle around 8. Fool around 9. Gad around somewhere (travel) 10. Hand something around 11. Hand around somewhere (spend time somewhere) AT 1. arrive at 2. guess at 3. aim at 4. laugh at 5. shout at 6. smile at 7. look at 8. stare at 9. despair at BY 1. abide by sth 2. call by 3. come by sth /somewhere 4. drop by 5. Get by 6. go by 7. go by sth 8. pass sb by 9. people sth/ somewhere by sth /sb 9. play along with sb/sth 10. rub along 11. run along 12. scrape along 13. sing along 14. string sb along 15. sweep sb along 16. tag along with sb 12. Hang around with sb 13. Knock sb around (hit) 14. Knock around sth/somewere 15. Knock around (relax) 16. Knock around with sb (spend time with sb) 17. Lie around 18. Lounge around 19. Mess sb around 20. Mess around with sth 21. Mess around with sb ( cheat on your partner – sex) 10. put sth by (save) 11. Roll by (time) 12. run sth by sb (ask their opinion) 13. Stand by sb 14. Stand by for sth 15. Come by sth 16. scrape by 17. Swear by 18. Sit by 45
- 47. FOR 1. account for 2. apply for 3. arrange for sb to do sth 4. apologise for 5. ask for 6. arrest for 7. beg for 8. blame sb for sth 9. care for 10. cater for 11. excuse for 12. exchange for 13. fight for 14. forgive sb for sth 15. hanker for sth 16. hope for sth 17. hunger for sth FORWARD 1. bring sth forward 2. carry sth forward 3. come forward with sth 4. look forward to 5. push forward with sth 6. push oneself forward FROM 1. benefit from 2. borrow from 3. deter from 4. differ from 5. demand sth from sb 6. derive sth from sth 7. discourage sb from sth 8. distinguish sb/sth from/between sb/sth 9. distract sth from sth 10. emerge from 11. escape from 46 18. look for 19. long for 20. mistake for 21. pay for 22. pant for sth/sb 23. pray for 24. prepare for 25. praise sb for sth 26. provide sth for sb 27. punish for 28. search for 29. stand for 30. substitute for 31. thank sb for sth 32. use for 33. vote for 34. wait for 12. exclude sth from sth 13. expel sb from sth 14. hide from 15. prohibit from 16. prevent sb from sth 17. recover from sth 18. resign from sth 19. retire from sth 20. stem from sth 21. suffer from sth 22. save someone from sth
- 48. IN 1. believe in 2. dress in 3. invest in 4. interfere in 5. involve sb in sth 6. participate in 7. persist in 8. result in 9. specialize in 10. succeed in OF 1. (dis)approve of 2. Accuse sb of sth 3. be on the verge of doing sth 4. be on the point of doing sth 5. Compose of 6. Consist of 7. Convict of 8. Convince sb of sth 9. Despair of 10. Cure sb of sth 11. Dream of 12. Get tired of 13. Have hope of 14. Remind sb of sth 15. Rob sb of sth 16. Suspect sb of sth 17. Think of sth ON 1. base sth on sth 2. blame sth on sb 3. comment on sth 4. concentrate on 5. congratulate sb on sth 6. count on 7. decide on 8. depend on 9. elaborate on 47 INTO 1. absorb into 2. crash into 3. dip into 4. drill sth into sb 5. grow into 6. jockey sb into sth 7. make sth into sth 8. tap into 9. translate sth into sth 10. trick sb into doing sth 11. walk into 10. experiment on 11. get on with sb 12. impress on 13. insist on 14. operate on 15. rely on 16. stumble on/upon sth 17. work on
- 49. OVER 1. argue over 2. boil over 3. carry sth over 4. change over from sth to sth 5. lord it over 6. quarrel over 7. fight with sb over sth 8. paper over sth TO 1. add to 2. adjust to 3. admit to 4. appeal to 5. belong to 6. cater to 7. compare to 8. confess to 9. contribute to 10. dedicate to 11. devote to 12. drink to 13. explain sth to sb 14. get married to 15. hope to 16. listen to WITH 1. (dis)agree with 2. Argue with sb 3. agree with 4. begin with 5. be popular with sb 6. charge sb with sth 7. communicate with 8. compare with 9. collide with 10. compete with 11. cope with 12. correspond with 13. cover with 48 9. put sth over sb 10. start over 11. rear over sth 12. run over 13. think sth over 14. throw sb over for sb 15. tower over sb/sth 16. work sb over 17. lend sth to sb 18. object to 19. occur to sb 20. react to 21. refer to 22. reply to 23. respond to 24. resort to 25. see to 26. speak to 27. subscribe to 28. sentence sb to sth 29. subject sb to sth 30. talk to 31. turn to 32. write to 14. cope with 15. discuss sth with sb 16. be faced with sth 17. fight with 18. help sb with sth 19. meet with 20. people sth/ somewhere with sth /sb 21. provide sb with sth 22. present sb with sth 23. quarrel with 24. share sth with sb 25. trust sb with sth
- 50. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION The suitcase was so heavy that I can only just lift it into the taxi. ANY If the suitcase had been .....................................................…been able to lift it into the car. CLUE : COMPARATIVE + CONDITIONAL CLAUSE Mike said he was coming to the party with us tonight but it seems he has decide not to. CHANGED Mike appears …..........................................................coming to the party with us tonight. CLUE : PERFECT INFINITIVE + SYNONYMOUS PHRASE The engineer wore gloves so that the fragile parts he was working with would not be damaged. AVOID The engineer wore gloves .......................................the fragile parts he was working with. CLUE : INFINITIVE + GERUND When Billy went to Tenerife , he wished he had learnt some Spanish beforehand. REGRETTED When he went to Tenerife , Billy …......................................some Spanish beforehand. CLUE : NEGATIVE + PERFECT PARTICIPLE I haven’t seen John for eight years. LAST It’s five years….........................................................John. CLUE : SINCE + CHANGE OF VERB TENSE Perhaps he missed the train this morning. MAY He …...........................................the train this morning. CLUE : MODAL VERB + PERFECT INFINITIVE 49
- 51. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION It’s possible that she has injured her arm in the accident. HAVE She ….....................................her arm in the accident. CLUE : MODAL VERB + PERFECT INFINITIVE John replaced his father as head of the company. PLACE John…...................................his father as head of the company. CLUE : Paraphrasing with a SYNONYMOUS PHRASE (SET PHRASE) His father doesn’t like him to go clubbing so much. APPROVE His father doesn’t…......................................................clubbing so much. CLUE : VERB + PREPOSITION + PRONOUN + GERUND Jim father’s didn’t let him play with his smartphone until he had done his homework. MADE Jim’s father’s …..........................................................before he played with his smartphone. CLUE : FROM UNTIL TO BEFORE = CAUSATIVE VERB + PRONOUN + VERB Would you mind taking care of my suitcases while I go to the toilet? AFTER Could you ...................................................while I go to the toilet? CLUE :CHANGE OF VERBAL (gerund into infinitive) + SYNONYMOUS PHRASE It wasn’t necessary for him to bring a present , but he did. NEEDN’T He ....................................................a present. CLUE : NEEDN’T + PERFECT INFINITIVE 50
- 52. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION The suitcase was so heavy that I can only just lift it into the taxi. ANY If the suitcase had been …any heavier I wouldn’t have …been able to lift it into the car. COMPARATIVE + CONDITIONAL CLAUSE Mike said he was coming to the party with us tonight but it seems he has decide not to. CHANGED Mike appears …..to have changed his mind about ….coming to the party with us tonight. PERFECT INFINITIVE + SYNONYMOUS PHRASE The engineer wore gloves so that the fragile parts he was working with would not be damaged. AVOID The engineer wore gloves ….to avoid damaging…the fragile parts he was working with. INFINITIVE + GERUND When Billy went to Tenerife , he widshed he had learnt some Spanish beforehand. REGRETTED When he went to Tenerife , Billy …..regretted not having learnt …..some Spanish beforehand. NEGATIVE + PERFECT PARTICIPLE I haven’t seen John for eight years. LAST It’s five years…since I last saw ..John. SINCE + CHANGE OF VERB TENSE Perhaps he missed the train this morning. MAY He …..may have missed ....the train this morning. MODAL VERB + PERFECT INFINITIVE 51
- 53. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION It’s possible that she has injured her arm in the accident. HAVE She ….may have injured …..her arm in the accident. MODAL VERB + PERFECT INFINITIVE John replaced his father as head of the company. PLACE John….took the place of ….his father as head of the company. Paraphrasing with a SYNONYMOUS PHRASE (SET PHRASE) His father doesn’t like him to go clubbing so much. APPROVE His father doesn’t…. approve of him/his going….clubbing so much. VERB + PREPOSITION + PRONOUN + GERUND Jim father’s didn’t let him play with his smartphone until he had done his homework. MADE Jim’s father’s ….made him do his homework ….before he played with his smartphone. FROM UNTIL TO BEFORE = CAUSATIVE VERB + PRONOUN + VERB Would you mind taking care of my suitcases while I go to the toilet? AFTER Could you …look after my suitcases..while I go to the toilet? CHANGE OF VERBAL (gerund into infinitive) + SYNONYMOUS PHRASE It wasn’t necessary for him to bring a present , but he did. NEEDN’T He .....needn’t have brought .......a present. NEEDN’T + PERFECT INFINITIVE 52