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TM
Consulting Services
Flexible	/	Printed	Electronics	for	
the	Internet	of	Things	(IoT)
Jurgen Daniel
Teclination Consulting	Services
San	Diego,	USA
www.teclination.com
daniel@teclination.com
2017
2TM
Consulting Services
IoT Visions	- Healthcare	example
Body	Area	Network
IoT enabled	FutureNow
Data
Assessment,	
Treatment,	Advice
Remote	monitoring
Telemedicine
Behavioral	Modification
3TM
Consulting Services
IoT Market
Agriculture Vehicle
Industrial	/	M2M
Smart	Cities
Security
Home	/	Energy	use
IoT
Medical/	Telemedicine
Health/Sports
Structural	Monitoring
Consumer	(Phones,	Displays,…)
26	billion	connected	devices	by	2020*
$1.9	trillion	added	to	global	economy	by	2020*
…	and	other	areas*source:	Gartner	(2013)
4TM
Consulting Services
IoT Device	Components
cloud,	security,	data	analysis,	machine	learning,	storage,…, feedback
Data
Communications	/	Signals
WiFi,	BLE,	LTE/5G,	ZigBee,	NFC	light,	E-field,	sound,	…
Motion	sensor
Pressure	sens.
Audio
LIDAR
Biosensor
Camera
GPS
-----
Motor,	Magnet
Electrostatic
Light
…
Battery,	Energy	Harvester,	Power	management,	…
Power
Signal	Computation
A/D	conversion,	Filtering,	DSP,	Memory,	…
IoT Device
Package
Molded,	Printed,	Flexible,	Stretchable,	Conformal,	
Hermetic,	Bio-compatible,	…
Sensor/
Actuator
5TM
Consulting Services
IoT Device	Challenges
Form	Factor	/Package	(also	cost	and	End-of-Life)
Communications
Power
… others:	e.g.	novel	sensing	/	actuation	mechanisms,	safety,	data	security,	etc.
6TM
Consulting Services
Form-Factor	Challenges
Ø Extremely	small	or	thin	and	conformal	devices
Ø Devices	printed	onto	structures
Ø Embedded	into	structures
Ø Optimized	materials	and	process	choice
Potential	Solutions
Reliability	(of	sensors)
Comfort	of	wearable	devices
Non-intrusive	devices
Recyclable	or Bio-resorbable
Low-cost	for	wide-spread	adoption
many	conventional	
approaches	are	unsuitable
7TM
Consulting Services
Flexible	Devices
Example:	Temperature-sensing	Smart	Label		(ThinFilm)
7-layer	R2R	printed	circuits	with	re-writeable	memory
8TM
Consulting Services
Stretchable	Devices	(1/2)
Example:	Diagnostic	Skin	/	Electronic	Tattoo	(U.	Illinois,	Prof.	John	Rogers)
Tattoos	improve	reliability	and	comfort	for	on-skin	sensing
1x2cm
‘Epidermal	Electronics’:	Science 12	Aug	2011
Source: Prof. John Rogers, University of Illinois.
9TM
Consulting Services
Stretchable	Devices	(2/2)
Example:	Breathable	on-skin	electronics	(U.	Tokyo,	Someya lab)
Improved	comfort:	nano-mesh	conductors	prevent	skin-irritation	
Nature	Nanotechnology (2017)
Source: U. Tokyo, Prof. Someya Group
10TM
Consulting Services
Smart	Fabrics	/	Textiles	(1/3)
Example:	Shoe	Insole	Sensor	to	measure	gait,	pressure	and	flexure	of	toes	and	feet.
Berkeley,	CaliforniaMonolithic	Fabric	Sensor	Technology
11TM
Consulting Services
Smart	Fabrics	/	Textiles	(2/3)
Example:	Clothes	with	integrated	LEDs
Bayer	spinout
Textile:	‘woven	fabric’
12TM
Consulting Services
Smart	Fabrics	/	Textiles	(3/3)
fabrics	engineered	to	see,	hear,	sense	and	communicate
Example:	Touch	Sensor
Advanced	Functional	Fabrics	of	America	Institute	(AFFOA):	
One	of	National	Network	for	Manufacturing	Innovation	
Institutes	(led	by	MIT)
13TM
Consulting Services
2.5D	‘Printed’	Electronics	
Sensor	Structures	via	
Aerosol	Jet	printing	
and
5	axis	printing	system
Example:	Sensor	Structures	on	3D	surfaces	(Neotech,	Optomec)
Direct	printing	may	improve	reliability	compared	to	stick-on
14TM
Consulting Services
2.5D	‘Printed’	Electronics	
Example:	In-mold	electronics	with	stretchable	inks	
- 3D	smart	molded	structures	-
Injection	Molded	Structural	Electronics	(IMSE)
15TM
Consulting Services
3D	Electronics	Integration
Eric	MacDonald,	Ryan	Wickers,	et	al.	(2014)
W.M.	Keck	Center	for	3D	Innovation	&	U	Texas,	El	Paso
Hybrid	of	AM,	robotic	component	placement	and	embedding	of	conductors
Example:	3D	structural	electronics
3D	printed	signal	conditioning	circuit
also:	commercial	printers	from	Voxel8	and	Nano	Dimension	(without	component	placement)	
Source:	Science 30	Sep	2016
16TM
Consulting Services
Device	End-of-Life
Electronic	waste
Example: Transient	or	Bio-resorbable Electronics
J.	Rogers,	U.	Illinois	(2012)
Soluble substrates (silk, cellulose, etc.)
Secondary	surgeries	and	retrieval	
required	for	implanted	devices
Source:	imperial	College	Healthcare
Source:	sdasia.co
DARPA’s	VAPR	program	
(Vanishing	
Programmable
Resources)
17TM
Consulting Services
Communications	Challenges
Ø (3D)	printed	antennas
Ø 5G	infrastructure	(more	rf bands,	beam	steering,	MIMO)
Ø Non-rf communications	(visible	light,	electric	field,	etc.)
Ø Smart	Mesh	Networking	(path	and	frequency	diversity)
Potential	Solutions
Large	number	of	deployed	devices
Complex	surroundings (e.g.	shielding	in	
automotive	environment)
Rapidly	changing	
surroundings Data	security
Communications	speed	/	latency
Current	technologies	are	
insufficient
18TM
Consulting Services
Printed	Antennas	(1/3)
printed	spiral	antenna	
(E.	MacDonald,	R.	Wickers,	Keck	Center)
Example:	Novel	compact	antenna	designs
Enabling	new	designs	for	integrated	antennas	with	potentially	improved	performance
DRAPER	Lab	&	U.	Texas,	El	Paso	
Source:	Science 30	Sep	2016Source:	Draper
19TM
Consulting Services
Printed	Antennas	(2/3)
Example:	Printed	phased	array	antenna	(MITRE,	Voxel8)
Source:	Voxel8
20TM
Consulting Services
Printed	Antennas	(3/3)
Example:	SmartCap spoilage	sensor	with	antenna		
(UC	Berkeley,	Liwei Lin,	National	Chiao Tung	University,	Wensyang Hsu)
Microsystems	&	Nanoengineering 1, (2015)
21TM
Consulting Services
Power	Challenges
Ø Extremely	low	power	consumption
Ø Energy	harvesting
Ø Low-cost	batteries
Ø Backscatter	communications
Potential	Solutions
Embedded	/	implanted	devices
Devices	in	remote	areas
Large	number	of	devices
Long	life-time	applications
Cost	and	form-factor	constraints
makes	battery	change	
inconvenient	or	impossible
22TM
Consulting Services
Low	Power	Consumption	(1/2)
Example:	Near	Zero	power	technologies	(N-ZERO	program)
“Asleep-yet-Aware” Electronics
MTO	Program	Manager:	Troy	Olsson
• exploit the energy in signal signatures to detect and recognize attention-worthy events
• extend unattended sensor lifetime from weeks to years
• use less than 10 nanowatts (nW) during the sensor’s asleep-yet-aware phase (~1000x lower than state of art)
23TM
Consulting Services
N-ZERO	(DARPA)	Light	Sensor
Upon	exposure	to	specific	wavelengths	of	infrared	radiation,	
the	sensor	absorbs	the	energy	contained	in	the	IR	signal	itself	
and	uses	it	to	trigger	an	output	wakeup	signal
(Northeastern	Univ.:	Prof.	Matteo	Rinaldi)
www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/darpa-northeastern-infrared-sensor/
Example:	Infrared	Light	Sensor
24TM
Consulting Services
Low	Power	Consumption	(2/2)
Example:	113 picowatts temperature sensor
UCSD,	Prof.	Patrick	Mercier
25TM
Consulting Services
Energy	Harvesting
Example:	PZT	energy	harvester	on	a	heart	(U.	Illinois,	J.	Rogers,	2015)
Source:	Prof.	J.	Rogers,	U.	Illinois
26TM
Consulting Services
Flexible	Batteries
Flexible	Battery	market:
Growth	from	2016	to	more	than	$1.5	billion	in	2024	at	CAGR	of	25%	(Global	Marketing	Insights)
Example:	Flexible	(Printed)	Batteries
Printed	zinc	and	manganese	dioxide		battery
Source:	Enfucell Flexible	lithium	polymer	batteries
Source:	BrightVolt
Source:	FlexEl
Primary	or	secondary	battery
27TM
Consulting Services
Stretchable	Batteries
Example:	Stretchable	batteries
Jacobs School of Engineering/UC San Diego
Stretchable	printed	Zinc	battery
(U.	Illinois,	Prof.	J.	Rogers,	Sheng	Xu)
(Prof.	Joe	Wang,	Center	for	Wearable	Sensors)
Nature	Communications 4,	(2013)
28TM
Consulting Services
Backscatter	Communications
• Low-power	long-range	(LoRa)	backscatter	
system
• Chirp	spread	spectrum	backscatter	design
• Used	to	communicate	over	a	one-acre	
farm	and	a	4,800ft2 house
Epidermal	patch	sensor	
prototype
www.jeevawireless.com/
(Prof.	Shyam Gollakota)
29TM
Consulting Services
Conclusions
Form	Factor
Communication
Source:	Deloitte
Power
Flexible	/	Printed	Electronics	
will	enable	many	devices	&	components	
for	the	IoT revolution

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