The document discusses the ancient civilizations that arose in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East, including Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel. Mesopotamia, based in modern Iraq, was home to early cities like Sumer, Babylon, and Akkad, and the Sumerians were among the first to develop irrigation for farming and invent the wheel. They also practiced polytheism. The Hammurabi Code and cuneiform writing system were other contributions from Mesopotamia. Phoenicia was an important sea power known for developing the first alphabet that became the basis for modern writing. Israelite religion centered around monotheism and the Ten Commandments,