FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION BASED ON SOIL TEST VALUES
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This document discusses fertilizer recommendations based on soil test values. It provides information on essential plant nutrients and their functions. It explains how soil testing helps determine nutrient deficiencies and excess in different areas. Based on the soil test results for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, fertilizer recommendations can be modified by increasing or decreasing the recommended doses depending on whether the soil nutrient levels are low, medium or high. The document also provides methods for analyzing different soil properties and interpreting the results.
![Sl.
No.
Fertilizer Formula Nutrient Content (%)
1. Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] 20.5 N, 24 S
2. Urea [CO(NH2)2] 46 N
3. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate [Ca(NH4NO3)2] 26 N
4. Ammonium Chloride [NH4Cl) 26 N
5. Ammonium Molybdata [(NH4)6MO7O24] 52 Mo
6. Ammonium Nitrate [NH4NO3] 17NH4, 17NO3
7. Sodium Nitrate [NaNO3] 15- 16 NO-
3
8. Ammonium Sulphate
Nitrate
[(NH4)2 SO4NH4NO3] 26 N, 6.5 NO3, 19.5
NH4
9. Ammonia (Aqueous Ammonia) 80 N
10. Ammonium Phosphate
Sulphate
16 N, 20 P2O515 S](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/yallanagouda-210505045749/85/FERTILIZER-RECOMMENDATION-BASED-ON-SOIL-TEST-VALUES-18-320.jpg)
![11. Mono Ammonium
Phosphate
[NH4. H2PO4] 48 P2O5, 11 N
12. Single Super Phosphate [Ca (H2PO4]2 16 P2O5, 12 S
13. Diammonium Phosphate [(NH4)2 HPO4] 46 P2O5, 18 N
14. Double Super Phosphate - 32 P2 O5
15. Triple Super Phosphate - 48 P2 O5
16. Nitro Phosphate - 20 N, 20 P2O5
17. Bonemeal - 22 P, 1-2 N
18. Basic Slag - 6-20 P2O5
19. Rock Phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] 18-20 P2O5
20. Muraite of Potash KCl 60 K2O](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/yallanagouda-210505045749/85/FERTILIZER-RECOMMENDATION-BASED-ON-SOIL-TEST-VALUES-19-320.jpg)
![21. Sulphate of Potash K2SO4 50 K2O, 18 S
22. Calcium Sulphate [CaSO4. 2H2O] 16-19 Ca, 13 S
23. Mangesium Sulphate [MgSO4. 7H2O]
16 Mgo, 13 S
24. Elemental Sulphur -
85-100, 15 S
25. Phosphogypsum - 16 S
26. Zinc Sulphate [ZnSO4. 7H2)]
21 Zn, 12 S
27. Chelated Zinc (EDTA form)
12 Zn
28. Iron Sulphate [FeSO4. 7H2O] 19 Fe, 19 S
29. Chelated Iron (EDTA form) 12 Fe
30. Copper Sulphate CuSO4. 5H2O] 24 Cu, 13 S](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/yallanagouda-210505045749/85/FERTILIZER-RECOMMENDATION-BASED-ON-SOIL-TEST-VALUES-20-320.jpg)
![31. Zinc Sulphate Mono
Hydrate
- 33 Zn
32. Manganese Sulphate [MnSO4. H2O] 30.5 Mn. 15 S
33. Borax (Soil application) [Na2B4O7. 10H2O] H2BO3
-,
HBO3
10.5 B
34. Solubar (foliar spray) Na2B4O7.5H2O+Na2B10O16.1
0 H2O
19 B
35. Pyrite(Agric. Grade) 22 S, others Fe
36. Sodium Molybodate NaMoO4. 2H2O 41 Mo](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/yallanagouda-210505045749/85/FERTILIZER-RECOMMENDATION-BASED-ON-SOIL-TEST-VALUES-21-320.jpg)
FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION BASED ON SOIL TEST VALUES
- 2. FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION BASED ON SOIL TEST VALUES PRESENTED BY YALLANAGOUDA B M UG13AGR1916 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,RAICHUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, KALABURAGI
- 3. Soil Soil is one of the most important natural resource and play a major role in crop production Soil testing is the base for management decisions about fertilizer requirements Helps to prepare soil fertility map Areas of sufficient and insufficient nutrients are marked out and nutritional requirements are determined
- 4. Fertilizers such as NPK, lime or gypsum are recommended to improve soil fertility Fertilizer addition, which is based on soil testing, usually leads to an increase in yields and profits by providing the correct amounts of needed nutrients It also leads to uniform application of nutrients in a field. Regular soil testing also contributes to environmental sustainability as the use of excess fertilizers can be avoided
- 5. Essential Elements for Plants Primary nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Secondary nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Micronutrients: Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Boron, Molybdenum, Chlorine & Nickel Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- 8. Mineral nutrient Nutrient mobility within plant Plant organ where deficiency symptoms appear N, P, K, Mg High Old leaves S Low Young leaves Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo Very low Young leaves B, Ca Extremely low Young leaves and terminal Mobility of nutrients in plant
- 9. Mobility of nutrients in soil Mobile Less mobile Immobile Nitrate (mass flow) Ammonia ( mass flow) Phosphorus (diffusion) Sulphur (mass flow) Potassium (diffusion) Zinc (diffusion) Boron (mass flow) Calcium (root contact) Chloride (mass flow) Magnesium (root cot act) Manganese (diffusion) Copper (diffusion)
- 11. Ca Fe Cu Mo K N B S Mn Zn Mg P Mobile and immobile Nutrients
- 12. Element & Symbol Ion or Molecule Functions Primary macro nutrients Nitrogen (N) NH4 + (ammonium) NO3 - (nitrate) Synthesis of Proteins,but structurally it is also a part of the chlorophyll molecule. Many proteins are enzymes. Synthesis of nucleic acids, early root growth , energy transformation, fruiting & seeding. Carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation, efficient use of water, nitrogen uptake and protein synthesis and translocation of Sugars(assimilates), early maturity, resistance against insect and diseases and in improving quality. Phosphorous (P) H2PO4 2- HPO4 (phosphates) Potassium (K) K+
- 13. Secondary macro nutrients Calcium (Ca) Ca2+ Cell-wall, good root system. It protects the entery of pathogens into the cell wall. Essential component of the chlorophyll molecule and sugar translocation. Protein synthesis and in Oil formation. Magnesium (Mg) Mg2+ Sulphur (S) SO4 2- Micronutrients (trace elements) Zinc (Zn) Zn2+ Involved in the activation of various enzyme systems (Enzyme : It is made up of amino acids (protein) and it helps in the conversion of organic and inorganic nutrients into available forms without changing itself. Synthesis of chlorophyll. Iron (Fe) Fe2+ (ferrous) Manganese (Mn) Mn2+ Molybdenum (MO) MoO4 2- Copper (Cu) Cu2+ Boron (B0) H3BO3 (boric acid) Translocation of sugars Sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) Na+ and Cl- (Chloride) Electrolytes necessary for osmotic pressure and acid-base balance and activates the oxygen producing enzyme of photosynthesis.
- 14. Other Carbon (C) CO2 (mostly through leaves) Hydrogen (H) HOH (hydrogen from water), H+ Oxygen (O) CO2 (mostly through leaves),H2O,O2 Few additional elements Cobalt (CO) CO2+ : Legumes Nickel (Ni) Ni2+ : - Silicon (Si) Si (OH)4 (non-ionized) : Paddy (Silicon contributes to the structure of cell walls, thereby imparting greater disease resistance, stalk strength, and resistance to lodging. Sodium(Na) Na+ : Sugarbeet Vanadium (V) VO3 - : Algae
- 15. Nutrient use efficiency in India Nutrient Efficiency (%) Nitrogen 30-50 Phosphorus 15-20 Potassium 70-80 Zinc 2-5 Iron 1-2 Copper 1-2
- 16. Effect of pH on Nutrient Availability Ideal pH for maximum Nutrient Availability is 6.5- 7.5
- 17. Nutrient Content in Fertilizers
- 18. Sl. No. Fertilizer Formula Nutrient Content (%) 1. Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] 20.5 N, 24 S 2. Urea [CO(NH2)2] 46 N 3. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate [Ca(NH4NO3)2] 26 N 4. Ammonium Chloride [NH4Cl) 26 N 5. Ammonium Molybdata [(NH4)6MO7O24] 52 Mo 6. Ammonium Nitrate [NH4NO3] 17NH4, 17NO3 7. Sodium Nitrate [NaNO3] 15- 16 NO- 3 8. Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate [(NH4)2 SO4NH4NO3] 26 N, 6.5 NO3, 19.5 NH4 9. Ammonia (Aqueous Ammonia) 80 N 10. Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate 16 N, 20 P2O515 S
- 19. 11. Mono Ammonium Phosphate [NH4. H2PO4] 48 P2O5, 11 N 12. Single Super Phosphate [Ca (H2PO4]2 16 P2O5, 12 S 13. Diammonium Phosphate [(NH4)2 HPO4] 46 P2O5, 18 N 14. Double Super Phosphate - 32 P2 O5 15. Triple Super Phosphate - 48 P2 O5 16. Nitro Phosphate - 20 N, 20 P2O5 17. Bonemeal - 22 P, 1-2 N 18. Basic Slag - 6-20 P2O5 19. Rock Phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] 18-20 P2O5 20. Muraite of Potash KCl 60 K2O
- 20. 21. Sulphate of Potash K2SO4 50 K2O, 18 S 22. Calcium Sulphate [CaSO4. 2H2O] 16-19 Ca, 13 S 23. Mangesium Sulphate [MgSO4. 7H2O] 16 Mgo, 13 S 24. Elemental Sulphur - 85-100, 15 S 25. Phosphogypsum - 16 S 26. Zinc Sulphate [ZnSO4. 7H2)] 21 Zn, 12 S 27. Chelated Zinc (EDTA form) 12 Zn 28. Iron Sulphate [FeSO4. 7H2O] 19 Fe, 19 S 29. Chelated Iron (EDTA form) 12 Fe 30. Copper Sulphate CuSO4. 5H2O] 24 Cu, 13 S
- 21. 31. Zinc Sulphate Mono Hydrate - 33 Zn 32. Manganese Sulphate [MnSO4. H2O] 30.5 Mn. 15 S 33. Borax (Soil application) [Na2B4O7. 10H2O] H2BO3 -, HBO3 10.5 B 34. Solubar (foliar spray) Na2B4O7.5H2O+Na2B10O16.1 0 H2O 19 B 35. Pyrite(Agric. Grade) 22 S, others Fe 36. Sodium Molybodate NaMoO4. 2H2O 41 Mo
- 22. Advantages of soil testing • Helps to take advantage of nutrients already in the soil • To know the characteristics and fertility status of soil • Soil fertility status helps in selection suitable and economical crops for specific fields and farming situations • Helps to Know the soil pH, EC, Organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, secondary and micronutrients present in the soil
- 23. Advantages of soil testing • Lime requirement of soils • Gypsum requirement of soils • Helps in making fertilizer recommendations for specific crops and cropping systems • Reduce fertilizer applications by applying only what is needed • Maximizes yield and lowers the cost towards fertilizer
- 24. Methods of analysis of soil sample Properties Extractant Soil / Extractant ratio Shakin g time Method pH Distilled water 1:2.5 30 Potentiometric method EC Distilled water 1:2.5 30 Conductometric method Organic Carbon Walkley & Black’s method Avail. Nitrogen (N) Alkaline potassium permanganate method Avail. P2O5 Bray’s extractant for acid soils Olsen’s extractant for neutral & alkaline soils 1:10 for Bray’s Method (5 g soil : 50 ml ) 1:20 for Olsen’s method (2.5 g soil : 50 ml ) 5 30 Colorimetric method Colorimetric method Avail. K2O N N Ammonium acetate 1:5 (5 g soil :25 ml) 5 Flame photometric method
- 25. Analysis of secondary nutrients Nutrients Extractant Soil / Extractant ratio Shaking time Method Avail. Ca N N Ammonium acetate 1:5 (10 g soil : 50 ml) 5 min EDTA Titration method Avail. Mg N N Ammonium acetate 1:5 (10 g soil : 50 ml) 5 min EDTA Titration method Avail. S Mono Calcium Phosphate/ 0.15% CaCl2 1:2.5 (10 g soil : 25 ml) 30 min Turbid metric method
- 26. Soil analysis for micronutrients • Available iron (Fe) • Available Manganese (Mn) • Available Zinc (Zn) • Available Copper (Cu) • Available Boron (B) – Hot water (1:2 ratio & 5 minutes boiling) and Azomethan-H method • Available Molybdenum (Mo) – Ammonium oxalate extractant (1:10 ratio & 10 hours shaking) and Colorimetric or AAS • Available Chlorine (Cl) – water(1:5 ratio & 5 min) and Mohr’s titration method DTPA extractant (1:2 soil to extractant ratio & 2 hrs shaking) & Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS)
- 27. Lime & Gypsum requirement of soils • Lime requirement of an acid soil (pH < 6.5) is determined by Shoemaker’s method • Gypsum requirement of an alkali/ saline–alkali soils using saturated solution of gypsum & EDTA method
- 28. Interpretation of results • pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6.3 8.3 Neutral Normal soil Acidic soil Alkali soil Required lime Required gypsum
- 29. Electrical conductivity (EC) EC values Interpretation < 1 dS m-1 at 250 C Normal soil with respect to soluble salts 1- 2 dS m-1 at 250 C Critical to crop growth > 2 dS m-1 at 250 C Injurious to crops
- 30. Interpretation of NPK results Nutrients Low Medium High Organic carbon(%) < 0.5 0.5 – 0.75 > 0.75 Avail. N (kg ha-1) < 280 280 - 560 > 560 Avail. P2O5 (kg ha-1) < 22.5 22.5 – 55.00 > 55.00 Avail. K2O (kg ha-1) < 144 144 – 336 > 336
- 31. Interpretation of secondary nutrients Nutrients Critical level Exch. Ca (meq /100 g) 1.5 Exch. Mg (meq /100 g) 1.0 Avail. Sulphur (mg /kg) < 10
- 32. Interpretation of micronutrients results Micronutrient Extractant Critical level in soil (mg /kg) Iron (Fe) DTPA 2.5-4.5 Manganese (Mn) DTPA 2.0 -3.0 Zinc (Zn) DTPA 0.6 – 1.2 Copper (Cu) DTPA 0.2-0.5 Boron (B) Hot water 0.33-1.0 Molybdenum (Mo) Ammonium oxalate 0.04
- 33. N - fertilizers recommendation based on soil test results Recommended dose of N fertilizers Low available N status in soil High N status in soil < 50 kg ha-1 No change in the recommendation 51 - 100 kg ha-1 + 12.5 kg ha-1 - 12.5 kg ha-1 100 - 175 kg ha-1 + 25.0 kg ha-1 - 25.0 kg ha-1 175 - 250 kg ha-1 + 37.5 kg ha-1 - 37.5 kg ha-1 251 - 325 kg ha-1 + 50.0 kg ha-1 - 50.0 kg ha-1 For medium N status of soil – No modification in the fertilizers recommended
- 34. P & K fertilizers recommendations based on the soil test results Recommended P or K fertilizers Low status of P or K in soil High status of P or K in soil Phosphorus <25 kg P2O5ha-1 No change in the recommendation 26 – 75 kg P2O5ha-1 + 12.5 kg P2O5ha-1 - 12.5 kg P2O5ha-1 > 75 kg P2O5ha-1 + 25.0 kg P2O5ha-1 - 25.0 kg P2O5ha-1 Potassium <25 kg K2O ha-1 No change in the recommendation 26 – 50 kg K2O ha-1 + 12.5 kg K2O ha-1 - 12.5 kg K2O ha-1 51 – 100 kg K2O ha-1 + 25.0 kg K2O ha-1 - 25.0 kg K2O ha-1 101 - 175 kg K2O ha-1 + 37.5 kg K2O ha-1 - 37.5 kg K2O ha-1
- 35. For example: pH 8.20 EC (dS/m at 250 C) 0.20 OC (%) 0.40 Avail. N (kg ha-1) 180 Avail. P2O5 (kg ha-1) 59.0 Avail. K2O (kg ha-1) 400 Soil test results •Farmer wants to grow Pigeonpea & the recommended dose of NPK for Redgram is 25: 50: 0 kg, N2:P2O5:K2O /ha Therefore modified recommendation based on soil test values is 25:37.5:0 kg, N2:P2O5:K2O /ha Therefore, apply 22 kg of Urea and 94 kg of Single Superphosphate per acre
- 37. IPNMS for Desired Yield • Balanced Fertilization • Reverse the ill Effect of Soil Mining of Nutrients • Promoting Tenets of Sustainable Agriculture • Response of Fertilizers Declining due to • Sub-optimal and Imbalance in Fertilizer Use
- 38. IPNMS for Desired Yield • Inappropriate Methods and Time of Application • Lesser Use of Organic Manure • IPNMS Must for the Desired Results • IPNMS for Desired Yield
- 39. The Key Objectives of IPNMS • To maintain or enhance soil productivity through balanced use of fertilizers combined with organic and biological sources of plant nutrients • To improve the stock of plant nutrients in the soil • To improve the efficiency of plant nutrients • To improve physical conditions of soils
- 40. Organic manures • Farm yard manure • Compost, vermi-compost • Sewage sludge • Press mud • Green manure • Crop residues
- 41. AVERAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SOME MANURES Snl no manures N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%) 1 FYM 0.5 0.2 0.5 2 FARM COMPOST 0.5 0.15 0.5 3 TOWN COMPOST 1.4 1 1.4 4 NIGHT SOIL 5.5 4 2 5 SHEEP AND GOAT MANURE 3 1 2 6 POULTRY MANURE 3 2.63 1.4 7 VERMI COMPOST 3 1 1.5
- 43. Neem cake & N use efficiency • Neem cake has good nitrification inhibition capacity (35% of applied N is lost through denitrification). When neem cake is mixed with urea, the rate of inhibition increases with increasing proportion of neem cake. Neem cake retains ammonium N for longer period and higher NH4 + - N contents are noticed in soil with neem coated urea application.
- 44. Neem cake & N use efficiency (contd.) • Application of neem cake along with Sesbania rostrata incorporation resulted in significant reduction in nitrification and population of nitrifying bacteria in soil.
- 46. ALTERNATE STRATEGIES • Use Organic manures • Use soil microbes which can 1.Fix atmospheric nitrogen 2.Solubilize or mobilize “P” and other nutrients 3.Produce growth promoting substances 4.Produce siderophores, antifungal compounds, metabolites and volatiles
- 47. ADVANTAGES OF USING BIO-FERTILIZERS • Can replace 25-30 % of chemical ‘N’ and phosphatic fertilizers • Bio-fertilizers being cheap provide highly cost effective supplement of chemical fertilizers • Increase farm productivity, 15 – 30 % • Activates soil biologically thereby increasing natural fertility of soil, which causes sustainable agriculture • Help in stimulating plant growth in general and roots in particular as they serve various growth promoting hormones like auxin, gibberellins etc and vitamins.
- 48. ADVANTAGES OF USING BIO-FERTILIZERS • They help in better nutrient uptake and increase tolerance towards drought and moisture stress. • Secrete some fungi static and antibiotic like substances, which reduce the incidence of various soil borne diseases. It has got antagonistic behaviour against pathogens. • They help to proliferate and survival of other beneficial microorganisms in soil. • Help in decomposing plant residues in soil, thereby improving C/N ratio, improving soil texture and structure. Also help in increasing water- holding capacity.
- 49. BIOFERTILIZATION BENEFITS TO CROPS Crop Average yield increase (%)/ha N saving (kg) /ha P saving (kg)/ha Rice 13.0 35.0 20.0 Wheat 9.0 35.0 20.0 Millets 10.0 30.0 6.0 Pulses 13.0 13.0 10.0 Oil seeds 14.0 26.0 10.0 Vegetable 10.0 40.0 10.0 (Bisoyi, 2001)
- 51. Formation of a Root Nodule
- 52. Phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms • Indian soils are very poor in P content. • Only about 10-15% of the applied P becomes available to the crop and the remaining part gets converted into insoluble/unavailable forms. • About 130 million tones of low grade P is deposited (non-available) in our soil, but plant can not utilize this P directly.
- 53. Potash mobilizing bacteria (contd.) • Frateuria aurantia is capable of mobilizing elementary or fixed K into a usable form to the plants. • Increase K availability level to the magnitude of 5-60 kg/ha. • Increase banana yield by 20%.
- 54. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) • AMF are obligate symbionts which develop both intra and extra metrical hyphae that extends to far areas away from the roots and increases the absorptive surface area for P and Zn by mycorrhizal root system. • Helpful in the biological control of root pathogens. • Save P fertilizers by 50%.
- 55. Enhancing nutrient use efficiency Method of application • Soil application: Fertilizers should be applied in active root zone. • Foliar application: Fertilizers should be sprayed on to new flush.
- 56. .......Thank you