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Scope of 3D Printing for Domestic Applications
By
Muteb Alsalhi
Mohammed Bishi
Submitted to the Faculty
Of the
College of Engineering
In
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
Bachelor of Science
In
Aeronautical & Industrial Technology
May 2022
Tennessee State University

i
APPROVAL RECOMMENDED:
Project Advisor
Date
Course Instructor
Department Head
Date
APPROVED
Dean College of Engineering
Date

ii
ABSTRACT
Muteb Alsalhi & Mohammad Bishi
The aim of this research is to investigate the prospective role of 3D printer in the kitchen.
It will identify the most significant factors related to the 3D printing. This project aims to
better understand non-technical persons’ mindset towards the 3D printing. Qualitative
methods will be used to gain in-depth insight into the motivations and perceptions of
residential people. This data will be contextualized with a review of recent literature on the
3D printing.
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this project to all the people that have supported me through
the challenges. I am grateful to my loved ones, my family, my mentors the school of
engineering and the staff at the University for providing me with a suitable environment
for the successful implementation of the project.
M.A

iii
I would like to dedicate this project to my group member for his effort in supporting
and motivating me throughout the process of this project. I also dedicate this project to my
brothers; your encouragement and support helped me through the academic years.
M.B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The designed system was completed under the supervision and direction of Dr.
Melissa Riley. The design team members would like to express their sincere appreciation
to the supervisor of this project for her dedicated hard work throughout the process of
completing this project. The team members would like also to extend their appreciation to
the AITT department head Dr. Ivan Mosley and the instructor of this capstone project, Dr.
Carlos Beane, for their encouragement and collaboration in completing this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I .........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
A. Introduction.............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. History...................................................................................................................... 2
C. Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 4
D. Need Analysis .......................................................................................................... 4
E. Scope of Design ....................................................................................................... 4
F. Chapter Designation................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER II........................................................................................................................5
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ..............................................................................................5

vi
A. Design Goal and Objectives..................................................................................... 5
B. Design Specifications............................................................................................... 5
C. Design Constraints ................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................................8
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.....................................................................................8
A. Fused Deposition Modeling..................................................................................... 8
B. Applications of 3D Printing..................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................................11
DETAILED DESIGN ........................................................................................................11
A. Printing a Pen Stand............................................................................................... 11
B. Design Process ....................................................................................................... 12
C. Materials Needed for 3D Printing.......................................................................... 12
D. Cost Evaluation...................................................................................................... 13
Chapter V ...........................................................................................................................14
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................14
A. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 14
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................15

vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
Figure 1. Knife Handle..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2. Bike Rear Wheel Stand.......................................................................................... 10
Figure 3. Pen Stand Design on SolidWorks ........................................................................... 11

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Overview
A model of the object is designed first, then it is printed by using a 3D printing equipment.
The material is constructed under computer control Materials such as plastics, liquids or
powders can be joined or solidified to create a three-dimensional object. Previously, some
outdated methods were used to transform bulk of material into something useful after
machining (Martinez & Gary 2014). All the objects have been developed by using these
methods till the invention of 3D printing. Additive manufacturing is based on the
deposition of materials. It ranges from nozzle extrusion of pastes at room temperature to
high-energy electron beam sintering (Chua et-al, 2022). It has wide application in medical
fields including orthopedics and surgery. However, additive manufacturing techniques are
widely being researched and beginning to implement on small household objects and
equipment (Gibson et-al 2021). It can include the production of toys, simple models, food
items and fashion items with advanced features It expands to highly precise aircraft parts
and orbital transportation equipment. The 3D printing technology was first introduced in
the mid-1980s for modeling and prototyping

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A. History
At present, all the achievements of AM technology are based on the hard work and
research done in the past few decades. Studying the history of 3D printing would give
information how this field has quickly improved and where it might be in the next 5 or 10
years. The history of AM can be divided into five separate eras of time. The first one began
in the late 1970s and considered the forerunners of this technology (Miller 2016). In this
decade, Johannes F Gottwald developed a liquid metal recorder, which was patented as
U.S Patent 3596285A (Gottwald 1971). It was a continuous inkjet metal material device
which uses a reusable surface to perform the metal fabrication. It was the first patent to
describe 3D printing in form of rapid prototyping and controlled pattern manufacturing.
Second era beginning in the mid-1980s continued till the year 1990. Early
equipment and materials were developed in this time 3D printing technology has advanced
at a breakneck pace since its inception 50 years ago, having a huge impact on both the
industrial and commercial worlds. Stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused
deposition modelling were some of the earliest widely successful 3D printing techniques,
which were initially employed for industrial prototyping. (Kirihara, Soshu. (2020).
Stereolithography) 3D printing technology was quickly developed for usage in a range of
sectors, including large-scale production, sophisticated part engineering, and even personal
use (Su 2018).
The third era was during 1990s. Metal sintering and melting processes were done with
conventional or called non-additive techniques including casting, fabrication, and

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machining etc. There were many applications of automation in these processes like robot
welding and CNC machining in which the tool moved in three-dimensions to work on the
material and transform it into the desired shape. By the mid of 1990s, material deposition
techniques were introduced like micro casting and spraying materials (Jordan 2019). At the
end of this decade, a company named Sanders Prototype, developed an inkjet 3D printer.
After the year 2000, previous patents about fused deposition modeling started to expire and
various additive manufacturing processed matured. In 2010s, engine parts like brackets and
nuts were grown by additive manufacturing, instead of machining from a bar or plate. This
was the first decade in which 3D printing was used on industrial scale products. AM is now
becoming significant and advantageous to engineers (Vinod et-al 2017).
Additive manufacturing is making huge progress in the aviation industry. Large
manufacturers of fuel-efficient jet engines are looking for cost effective and fast production
techniques based on 3.8 billion air travelers in 2016 and increasing. The very first part of
the jet engine was fuel nozzle. It is an example of AM integration with aerospace equipment
(MC2018). It reduces the parts from 20 to 1, and weight reduction of 25% with decrease
in assembly times (Rosen 2012).
Since 2020, the quality and price of 3D printers has reached the point where most
of the people can enter the world of 3D printing. A decent 3D printer can be bought for
$200 at entry level. Most of these have fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology.

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B. Problem Statement
The aim of this research is to investigate the prospective role of 3D printer in the kitchen.
It will identify the most significant factors related to the 3D printing. This project aims to
better understand non-technical persons’ mindset towards the 3D printing.
C. NeedAnalysis
Customized products are not easy to find in the market, 3D printing provides viable
option to make the products at home.
D. Scope of Design
The scope of this design project is to build a model for the product and then 3D
prints it.
E. Chapter Designation.
The problem, some context, and the breadth of this design's attempt to a solution were all
introduced in Chapter 1. The precise purpose of the design, as well as accompanying
objectives, specifications, restrictions, and potential solutions for the basic design, are
covered in Chapter II. The preliminary designs of individual subsystems are introduced in
Chapter III, together with supporting scientific theory. The detailed design of each
subsystem, including assembly and testing, is presented in Chapter IV. A project
conclusion is presented in Chapter V, along with future proposals for the evolution of the
developed system..

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CHAPTER II
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
A. Design Goal and Objectives
In this report, the uses of 3D printing technology for household fabrication
purpose are discussed. The facility of 3D printing gives an opportunity to produce any
kind of customized products at home. Such as, repairing a knife handle, making spoons,
fixing bathroom accessories and so on. In fact, 3D printers can produce metal products
also. In the next five years, there will be many houses equipped with 3D printers because
of its low cost and time reduction capabilities.
B. DesignSpecifications
The following design specifications should be fulfilled:
 The product should have domestic applications.
 The material should be available for the product to be 3D printed.
 The model of the product should follow the design standards of ASME.
 The product should cost less than $50 to be built.

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C. Design Constraints
There are several reasons that could hinder the successful implementation of this
project. The design constraints are the checklist to be done in order to make the project
successful and feasible.
1. Time constraints- To achieve the goal and objectives, the design should be
in working condition in two semesters. All the requirements should be
fulfilled within the limit specified.
2. Cost constraints-The cost of this design should be minimum to make it
feasible and cost should be less than 50 dollars. The cost includes the
estimated cost of the components price of equipment and installation cost.
3. Safety Constraints- The design should be safe to implement, and it should not
affect the health of the inhabitants. Safety is foremost priority in this design to
ensure the protection of lives and properties. The design system should operate
accurately to ensure safety constraints.
4. Codes and Standards- The project will be designed and fabricated by
considering the code of conduct and standards of IEEE. According to the
fundamental cannon of IEEE which states that “Engineers will hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the performance of
their professional duties” (Code of Ethics | National Society of Professional
Engineers, n.d.).
5. Social and Environmental impact- The design will have direct influence on
the lives of people as it will provide a comfortable room environment. The

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design should have no impact on the environment as all the material and
equipment used are safe for the environment and it emits no pollutant which
can disrupt the eco-system as in case of air conditioner which emits harmful
byproducts.

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CHAPTER III
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
A. Fused Deposition Modeling
Due to reduced cost, 3D printing is becoming more popular day by day. It has
multiple applications in daily life. Most of the products are based on polymers, so the Fused
Deposition Technology is the most prominent in these printers. It is also known as Fused
Filament Fabrication. In this system, parts are built layer by layer by deposition of semi-
molten thermoplastic material. A thin filament is used to heat the material and a computer-
controlled extruder releases the molten material. FDM is capable of creating objects with
no geometric restrictions which are faced by other machining or manufacturing processes
(Salentijn et-al 2017). FDM printers use two types of materials: a modelling material that
makes up the finished product and a support material that serves as a scaffolding to keep
the thing in place while it's being printed. "FDM 3D printing is used in a variety of sectors."
(“Syed Zain Nasir - The Engineering Projects”) Automobiles and a wide range of consumer
products makers are among the industries. They employ FDM because it aids their product
development, prototyping, and manufacturing processes. FDM 3D printing is employed by
manufacturers of particular products because the thermoplastic used during creation is ideal
for anything from children's toys to sports equipment.

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B. Applications of 3D Printing
Based on low cost and availability of 3D printers, these can be used to print
components for home applications and repairing of daily use items. There is a wide range
of products which can be fabricated. Such as sanitary products, kitchen products, gift items,
decoration items for home or office etc. If a person buys a good quality 3D printer, then
there is no need to order small things from the market. Whenever some item is required,
you just put the model in computer and print it at any time. Having such facility at home
reduces the headache of going to the market or putting and order online and then wait for
the delivery. There is more than 50%-time reduction and also the cost reduction for
household items.
Another application can be the fabrication of bike rear wheel stand. A 3D printer
with option to fabricate metallic items can be used for this purpose. Despite already having
much lower cost of such items from market, the main advantage of printing these is reduced
time consumption. In present era, time is everything. The 3D printers are becoming
affordable day to day that is why 3D printer in this case is very resourceful.

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Figure 1. Bike Rear Wheel Stand

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CHAPTER IV
DETAILED DESIGN
A. Printing a Pen Stand
Although a pen stand is a small item and does not have much cost. It can be printed
in 50-60 minutes. (Karakurt, I., & Lin, L. (2020). 3D printing technologies: ) It will
obviously reduce the cost much lower than the market and also the time. A 3D model of
the pen stand is shown in figure below.
Figure 2. Pen Stand Design on SolidWorks
It can be seen that this is a very simple part which can be printed by a small size 3D
printer. At first, the 3D model of object is made in a CAD software. The above model was
developed in SolidWorks and exported as a .stl file. STL format is the most commonly
used format file for 3D printing (Marbun et-al 2020). It is (Standard Tessellation Language
or Stereo Lithography) file which describes the surface geometry of 3D object. For printing
purpose, the Creator Pro 3D printer made by FlashForge was used. It is a material extrusion
category printer with thermoplastic spool.

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B. DesignProcess
The design process of the 3D printing includes five steps. (Hu & Qin 2020). The
steps are blocking, detailing, texturing, rendering, and post processing.
C. Materials Neededfor 3D Printing
3D printing or added substances fabricating maybe prepare three-dimensional
strong objects from an advanced file. The creation of a 3D printed protest is accomplished
utilizing added substances handle a question is made by laying down progressive layers of
fabric until the protest is created. The materials that are utilized in 3d printing are as varied
as the items that are created in the process. As a result, 3d printing is versatile enough to
allow a producer to control the shape, texture, and strength of their products during the
manufacturing process. Today plastic is the most common raw material that is used for 3D
Printing (Skylar et-al 2019).
The 3D printing material should have durability, and versatility. (Kankala, Ranjith
Kumar & Lu, Feng-Jun & chen-guang, Liu & Zhang, Shan-Shan & Chen, Ai-Zheng &
Wang, Shi. (2018). 2018 3D printing Materials. ) The flexibility and durability of nylon
make it ideal for 3D printing items with thin walls. Because of its low coefficient of friction
and high melting point, it is particularly resistant to abrasion and may be utilized in printing
for items such as functional interlocking gears. The flexibility and durability of nylon make
it ideal for 3D printing items with thin walls. Because of its low coefficient of friction and
high melting point, it is particularly resistant to abrasion and may be utilized in printing for

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items such as functional interlocking gears (Karakurt & Lin 2020). This is a very cheap
material and is commonly used in clothes and plastic.
D. Cost Evaluation
To have a 3D printer at home is not very much expensive and it is very helpful. The
above discussed model costs $950. And the spool of thermoplastic filament is for $22 only.
So, if someone spends approximately $1000, he can have a fabrication system at home for
any kind of plastic item. This would be very convenient to print a desired thing in the matter
of minutes. However, there will be some cost to order models of the items and get
copyrights from the creator. Or you can develop your own models if you have knowledge
of and software skill.

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Chapter V
Conclusion
A. Conclusion
In this study, the introduction and brief history of additive manufacturing
technology is studied. Several applications of 3D printers are presented. Multiple uses
of a 3D printer are proposed at home for different kinds of items made of plastic or
metal. Based on the cost analysis of the equipment and raw material for fabrication, it
is concluded that having a 3D printer at home can be very useful. Almost any small
item can be fabricated in no time, instead of ordering online and then waiting for the
delivery after one or two days. Hence, the additive manufacturing technology has a
bright future in the next five years.

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Khorasani, M. (2021). Additive manufacturing technologies (Vol. 17). Cham,
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Hu, C., & Qin, Q. H. (2020). Advances in fused deposition modeling of discontinuous
fiber/polymer composites. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials
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Gottwald, J. F. (1971). U.S. Patent No. 3,596,285. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
Karakurt, I., & Lin, L. (2020). 3D printing technologies: techniques, materials, and post-
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Chua, K., Khan, I., Malhotra, R., & Zhu, D. (2022). Additive Manufacturing and 3D
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Jane Bird (8 August 2012). "Exploring the 3D printing opportunity". Financial Times.
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Jordan, J. M. (2019). 3D Printing. MIT Press.

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Su, A., & Al'Aref, S. J. (2018). History of 3D printing. In 3D Printing Applications in
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Marbun, F., Napitupulu, R. A., Manurung, C. S., Simanjuntak, S., & Kao, Y. C. (2020,
July). Slicing methodology of a CAD file for 3D printing. In IOP Conference
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Rosen, E. (2021, May 4). As Billions More Fly, Here’s How Aviation Could Evolve.
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