Final Report - Final 12.5.2014

Community Choice Aggregation in Torrance, CA
A Pre-Feasibility Study done by USC Price School of Public Policy
Nicholas Armour, MPA/MPL
Adam Montgomery, MPA/MPL
David Kong, MPA
Qian Yang, MPA
The University of Southern California

Community Choice Aggregation in Torrance, CA | 2
Acknowledgements:
We would like to recognize and extend our gratitude to several individuals and organizations that made this study and report possible.
Special thanks to our MPA Capstone Professor, Donald Morgan for all the guidance and support throughout the entirety of the project.
This project would not have been possible without the time and cooperation of the many individuals championing CCA projects around California, specifically Justin Kudo – Representative for Marin Clean Energy, Cordell Stillman – Deputy Chief Engineer at Sonoma County Water Agency, Virginia Johnson – Project Manager of Monterey Bay CCA, Jason Caudle – Lancaster Deputy City Manager, and Michael Hyams – Acting Manager of Regulatory and Legislative Affairs for CleanPowerSF.
Thanks to Shawn Marshall, Director of LEAN Energy, for the time put aside to assist in answering many questions about Community Choice Aggregation throughout the process of writing this report.
Thanks to Joe Galliani, South Bay 350 Climate Action Group organizer, who kept us up-to-date on all CCA happenings in the South Bay Region.
Additional thanks to Tim Goodrich, City of Torrance City Councilmember, and Aram Chaparyan, Assistant to the City Manager of Torrance, for their interest in this topic and consultation during the process.

Executive Summary
This report, done by four Graduate Students at the University of Southern California’s Price School of Public Policy is designed to answer the following question: What is the political, fiscal, and capacity feasibility of the City of Torrance leaving the current Investor Owned Utility and joining or starting an independent Community Choice Aggregation in the South Bay region of Los Angeles? CCAs are a tool in which cities, counties, or regions can join their purchasing power together to acquire cleaner and more renewable energy to provide to its residents, taking much of the power away from Investor Owned Utilities. While CCAs are a relatively new concept in California, several key successes in Northern California have propelled the interest in the wide-spread formation of similar CCAs in the rest of the state. The City of Torrance has asked a group of students from the USC MPA Capstone class to investigate the practice of Community Choice Aggregations country-wide, while focusing specifically on several key regions within the state of California. This report seeks to define the practice of Community Choice Aggregation, explore the potential benefits and pitfalls, and provide a preliminary recommendation of how the City of Torrance should proceed on the topic. From the analysis, three specific benefits were projected: financial benefit to the JPA, jobs created in developing additional renewable energy, and averted greenhouse gas emissions.

CONTENTS
Executive Summary 3
Definitions 5
Overview of Torrance 7
History of Community Choice Aggregation 8
CCAs around the Country 8
CCAs in California 9
Case Studies 11
Marin Clean Energy 11
Sonoma Clean Power 15
Lancaster Choice Energy 18
Monterey Bay Community Power 19
San Francisco 21
San Joaquin Valley 21
Community Choice Aggregation in Torrance 23
Why Now? 23
Potential Benefits 25
Potential Challenges/Opposition 27
Funding Options 28
Torrance Projections and Specific Benefits 29
Options Available to Torrance 37
Retain Current Situation 37
Join an Existing CCA 37
Form an Independent CCA 37
Join in Regional Efforts to Form Large-Scale CCA 38
Recommendations 39
Next Steps 41
1. Conduct a Feasibility Study 41
2. Establish a JPA 41
3. Develop and Submit Implementation Plan 41
4. Complete CCA registration through CPUC 42
5. Carry out Implementation Plan for CCA 43
Appendix 45

Definitions CCA – Community Choice Aggregation (also known as Municipal Aggregation) allows local governments and some special districts to pool (or aggregate) their electricity load in order to purchase and/or develop power on behalf of their residents, businesses, and municipal accounts. Established by law in six states thus far (California AB 117 and SB 790), CCA is an energy supply model that works in partnership with the region’s existing utility which continues to deliver power, maintain the grid, and provide customer service and billing.
Economic Impact – overall impact to the energy rates to consumers and dividends to the jurisdiction, as well as impact to local jobs and development of energy infrastructure needed to support the new local production of renewable energy.
Feed-In Tariff -- a policy that requires electric utility providers to pay established above market prices for renewable energy generated onto the grid
GHG - A Greenhouse Gas is a gas that absorbs infrared (IR) radiation and trap heat in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activity.
IOU – Investor Owned Utilities is an organization which (for our purposes) provides electrical and gas services to the public. They are allowed certain monopoly rights due to the practical need to service entire geographic areas with one system, but they are regulated by state, county, and/or city public utility commissions under state laws.
JPA – a Joint Powers Authority is a collaboration between agencies across distinct local/state governments
LCCA – Lancaster Community Choice Aggregation LEAN Energy – The Local Energy Aggregation Network (LEAN) is a non-profit, membership organization dedicated to the accelerated expansion and competitive success of clean energy CCA nationwide. LEAN provides support to cities and communities that are considering and going forward with CCAs.
MCE – Marin Clean Energy
MW (megawatt) – A unit of electrical power that expresses the capacity (or power rating) of power plants or consuming devices.
Net Metering – a program that that allows customers to earn a financial credit for energy generated from their on-site system and input to the utility. The credit is applied to the consumer’s monthly bill.
PG&E – Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Investor Owned Utility for Northern California.

RFP – Requests for Proposal is a document issued to elicit bids from vendors, generally for the development of business component. During the formation process, the CCA agency will issue a RFP to elicit bids from energy suppliers.
RPS – Renewables Portfolio Standard – Established in 2002 under Senate Bill 1078, accelerated in 2006 under Senate Bill 107 and expanded in 2011 under Senate Bill 2, California's Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) is one of the most ambitious renewable energy standards in the country. The RPS program requires investor-owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 33percent of total procurement by 2020.
SCE – Southern California Edison. Investor Owned Utility for Southern California excluding San Diego.
SCP – Sonoma Clean Power

Overview of Torrance
Located in southwestern Los Angeles County, the City of Torrance is a coastal community founded in 1912 with a population of 145,438 according to the 2010 United States Census. The population density is 7,076.1 people per square mile. The demographic makeup of Torrance is 42.3 percent White, 34.5 percent Asian, 16 percent Hispanic of Latino, 2.7 percent African American, and 4.5 percent other. Torrance has a strong manufacturing economy, especially in the areas of auto and aerospace manufacturing. Torrance is also known for its oil production, with a large Exxon refinery producing much of Southern California’s gasoline supply.
The City of Torrance is a Charter city with a Council/Manager form of government. The elective officers of the City are the Mayor, six members of the City Council, five members of the Board of Education, the City Clerk and the City Treasurer. Using the Council/Manager form of government, the City Council, as the elected body, adopts legislation, sets policy, adjudicates issues, and establishes the budget of the City.1
The mission of the City of Torrance is to encourage and respond to community participation as it provides for an attractive, clean, safe, secure and enriching environment that assures a high quality of life.
1 (City of Torrance, 2014)

History of Community Choice Aggregation
While the idea of Community Choice Aggregation is still in its relatively early stages, several states have taken the lead in pursuing a new alternative to Investor Owned Utilities that must answer to their stockholders. Starting in the mid-1990s, Massachusetts led the way, closely followed by several other key states. Although legislation was passed more than 12 years ago, California is the latest state to pass legislation allowing for this type of policy. Only recently have communities taken the opportunity, but the numbers are continuing to rise.
CCAs around the Country
Massachusetts – The first CCA legislation in the country was enacted in 1997.2 However, Massachusetts encountered significant opposition from the incumbent utilities. A decade later, the utilities have come to accept CCA as a viable generation and procurement model.3
2 (Massachusetts Senate Energy Committee, 1997)
3 (Marshall, Forming a National Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) Network: Feasibility, Findings and Recommendations., 2010)

Ohio – Northeast Ohio Public Energy Council formed the nation’s largest CCA in 1999. Local communities are allowed by law to buy natural gas and electricity collectively to solicit the lowest price, which strengthened the buying power of the citizens.4
Rhode Island – Since its inception in July 1999, Rhode Island Energy Aggregation Program (REAP) has saved its 36 member cities, towns and other municipal entities over $38 million in their costs for electricity.5 Unlike other CCA programs around the country, Rhode Island launched the CCA with no green power options.6
Illinois – The CCA law was passed in 2009. Since then, the aggregation has been growing fast, from 20 communities to over 650. Programs around the state are increasing rapidly, yet renewable energy standards remain low at 8 percent in 2013.7
New Jersey – The state passed legislation in 2003, yet the process has been gradual. In New Jersey, it is prohibited for the municipal governments to contract directly for power. Instead, a third party energy supplier who meets the stated requirements contracts directly with residents and business customers.
CCAs in California
Implemented
Marin County – After California CCA legislation was passed in 2002, Marin Clean Energy (MCE) became the first program to launch in May 2010. The law mandates that all residents within the community are automatically enrolled into the program, allowing for “opt-outs” if consumers do not wish to take part. During the past four years, the program has been able to offer similar rates to that of PG&E.8
Sonoma County – In 2014, Sonoma Clean Power (SCP) became the second CCA launched in California. Formation began in December 2012 following the Water Agency's Board of Directors approval for the formation of the joint powers authority (JPA).9
Investigating
While there are many communities around the state that are exploring the idea of CCAs, Lancaster and Monterey Bay are the closest the launch. Both are expected to start serving customers in 2015.
4 (The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio, n.d.)
5 (Rhode Island Energy Aggregation Program, 2014)
6 (U.S. Department of Energy, 2014)
7 (LEAN Energy U.S., n.d.)
8 (National Asociation of Counties, 2014)
9 (Sonoma County Water Agency, 2014)

Lancaster – In May 2014, the City Council approved an ordinance declaring the City’s intent to explore the establishment of a CCA. The rates will be competitive, and determined by the council. Additionally Southern California Edison (SCE) will continue to provide energy transportation and billing services.10
Monterey Bay – The Monterey Bay Region has gathered support for a Community Choice Aggregation feasibility study. All eighteen cities and three counties in the Monterey Region have approved participation. The evaluation of the feasibility study is going to be completed by June 2015.11
Suspended
San Francisco – This is one of two cases in California in which a CCA failed to be implemented. The CCA effort in San Francisco was directed by CleanPowerSF and began 2004. Different from other CCAs, which were created to reduce consumer costs, San Francisco’s CCA was focused on green energy and set a goal of 100 percent renewable power. Ten years after the approval of the CCA, with an expense of more than $4.1 million to compete with PG&E, the work of CleanPowerSF was suspended. San Joaquin Valley – Approved by the CPUC in 2007, the San Joaquin Valley CCA stumbled when attempting to implement its program. The CCA became embroiled in a legal battle with PG&E involving the marketing tactics employed by the incumbent utility. The economic recession in 2008 also affected the program's ability to find financing to support the launch. The pressures from PG&E and the recession forced the program into suspension in 2009.
10 (Lancaster Choice Energy, 2014)
11 (Monterey Bay Community Power, 2014)

Case Studies
While an effort was made to learn further information about the CCAs that have been formed in the other states that allow for this kind of policy, in-depth case study analyses were only done for CCAs inside California, due to the differences in economic factors between California and the rest. While all five other states allow for open-market competition amongst energy suppliers, California has a closed-market system after deregulation failed many years ago. Because of this fact, California only has three major energy suppliers—PG&E, SCE, and San Diego Gas & Electric—creating an oligopolistic system that does not allow for competition of rates to consumers. The information gleaned from these California case studies will be more relevant for the City of Torrance.
Marin Clean Energy
Formed in 2008, Marin Clean Energy (MCE) was the first CCA program in the state of California. At its inception, eight of the twelve municipalities within Marin County were members of the public agency: Sausalito, Tiburon, San Rafael, San Anselmo, Mill Valley, Fairfax, Belvedere, and the county of Marin. These founding members worked together to submit their Community Choice Aggregation Implementation Plan and Statement of Intent to the California Public Utilities Commission in December 2009. Upon approval, the agency officially launched and began serving customers in May 2010. The agency expanded the following year with the additions of four more municipalities: Corte Madera, Ross, Larkspur, and Novato. Further expansion continued in 2012 with the addition of the City of Richmond. The agency continues to receive expansion requests from interested municipalities and just recently in 2014 approved the addition of Napa County.12
During its initial years, the agency had to manage strong opposition from the incumbent utility, PG&E. A reported $4.1 million was spent by PG&E to oppose the agency’s launch and customer expansion. This expenditure is not included in the $46 million that PG&E spent in 2010 to support Proposition 16, which proposed a two-thirds supermajority vote for a municipality to establish a community choice aggregation system.13 PG&E claimed that the money spent during the MCE’s launch was to ensure that their customers were provided with the proper information to make educated decisions regarding their energy service provider. Throughout the opt-out time period of the 2010 launch, PG&E conducted phone banking and direct mail tactics to encourage former customers to opt out of MCE service. Many of these phone calls
12 (Marin Clean Energy, 2014)
13 (Halstead, 2011)

and mailings were reported to be misleading and inaccurate regarding MCE’s electrical rates, which resulted in many people opting out of the service under false pretenses.14
Despite this opposition, the agency reported a 16 percent opt-out rate during its first initial customer enrollment phase. This percentage rate was below the estimated 25 percent opt-out rate projected for in the Implementation Plan.15 The agency was able to move forward with its planned enrollment phases. Phase 1 began in 2010 with the enrollment of 9,000 municipal and commercial accounts; Phase 2, which lasted from 2011 to 2012, enrolled 80,000 commercial and residential accounts; and Phase 3, beginning in 2013 and continuing today will enroll all remaining and future customers, including the City of Richmond and Napa County. Today, the agency serves roughly 125,000 customers in Marin and Richmond, with an opt- out rate that has stayed below 25 percent (See Figure 1below).16
Figure 1
Marin Clean Energy Enrollment Percentage
The agency provides three energy plans for customers to choose. The Light Green option delivers energy that is 50 percent renewable. This is the plan that Marin and Richmond residents are automatically enrolled in if they have an account with PG&E. The plan currently offers the majority of its renewable energy content through wind (33 percent) and eligible hydroelectric (12 percent). The Deep Green plan provides 100 percent renewable energy. Customers have to opt-in to this plan and have to pay a premium that has averaged around $5 to receive this service. Half of the revenues earned through the Deep Green plan are directed to a fund that supports new, local renewable energy projects. Currently, 100 percent of the renewable energy for this plan is derived from wind power (See Figure 2).17 By 2013, Deep Green customers accounted for 2 percent of the agency’s overall customer base. The most recent plan offered by the agency is Sol Shares, a plan that offers 100 percent energy through a local solar farm. The plan is limited to only 200 participants and the cost is currently 30 percent more than the rates for Deep Green.
14 (Dunleavy, 2010)
15 (Loceff, 2010)
16 (Jensen, 2014)

Figure 2
Marin Clean Energy Sources of Renewable Energy
Throughout the course of its history, the agency has been able to offer competitive rates compared to PG&E. In fact, even when accounting for the service fee charged to MCE customers, the electrical rates are often lower than PG&E’s rates. The agency sets its rates annually by the MCE’s Board of Directors, an assembly of local public officials that must request public approval before rate changes are implemented.18 In 2014, the average MCE residential customer will pay a monthly bill of $85.60, which is $2.10 lower than the average PG&E residential customer (See Figure 3). For the average commercial customer, MCE charges $13.96 a month less than PG&E. These lower rates are expected to save MCE customers $5.9 million in 2014.19
19 (Seidman, 2014)

Figure X-3
Comparison of PG&E and MCE rates
The agency has grown rapidly since its inception in 2010. Nearing the completion of the Phase 3 enrollment plan, and with the recent additions of Richmond and Napa County, the agency has seen its revenues grow from $22.9 million in 2012 to $85.5 million in 2014. Operating expenses have grown commensurately as well; the agency reported expenses of $19.3 million in 2012 and $83.9 million in 2014.20 (See Figure 4).
Figure 4
MCE Operations21
The majority of operating expenses are a result of the cost of electricity; yet contract services and staff

compensation are also growing. The agency currently employs 20 full-time staff members and 2 part-time members for staffing plan (See Figure 5). Despite these added expenses, the increase in MCE accounts, and the subsequent electricity sales have allowed the agency to report profits in the last three years.22
Figure 5
Staffing for Marin Clean Energy
Sonoma Clean Power
In early 2011, the Board of Directors at the Sonoma County Water Agency recommended that the Water Agency explore the feasibility of forming a Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) system. In December 2012, the Board of Directors at the Water Agency officially agreed to the formation of a JPA with the

County of Sonoma and the participating municipalities of Sonoma, Santa Rosa, Cotati, Windsor, and Sebastopol. The JPA, which became known as the Sonoma Clean Power Authority and later shortened to Sonoma Clean Power (SCP), formed with the intent of implementing a CCA system for the county and the participating municipalities. The formation of SCP was greatly influenced by LEAN Energy, a not-for- profit organization stemming from the success of Marin Clean Energy. In May 2014, Sonoma Clean Power began enrolling customers for service, becoming the second operational CCA in California, and is already expanding its service with the addition of the Cloverdale municipality in June 2014 and the potential additions of Petaluma and Rohnert Park.23
Similar to the MCE, Sonoma Clean Power is a not-for-profit agency that is independently run by its participating members with the purpose of providing electricity from renewable and more local sources. The agency sources power from renewables such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower at a competitive price compared to the energy provided by the incumbent utility, PG&E. Looking to the MCE as a model, the agency has borrowed heavily from Marin’s implementation plan and operational decisions, included following closely to the phase-in plan implemented by MCE. Currently in Phase 1, the agency will enroll up to 20,000 municipal and commercial accounts by the end of 2014. Beginning in 2015, Phase 2 will begin with the enrollment of 60,000 commercial and residential accounts. The final enrollment, Phase 3, will begin in 2016 with the enlistment of all remaining accounts.24
Figure 6
Comparison of PG&E and SCP rates
23 (Sonoma Clean Power, 2014)

The agency will offer customers two service options: the CleanStart and EverGreen program. The CleanStart program offers customers 33 percent renewable energy, which already meets the California Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) 2020 requirement of 33 percent and is more than PG&E’s current renewable energy offering of 23.8 percent. By 2018, the CleanStart program plans to have increased its renewable energy offering to 50 percent. Customers within the agency’s service territory are automatically enrolled in the CleanStart program and must choose to join the EverGreen program if wanting an increased amount of renewable energy. The 2014 CleanStart rates are on average 4 to 5 percent lower than PG&E’s rates.25 The EverGreen program offers customers 100 percent local, renewable energy with customers in 2014 paying a premium of roughly 20 percent more compared to the CleanStart service. Upon joining EverGreen, customers will be making a twelve-month commitment in order to ensure the purchase of local power for all customers. By the launch date of May 1, 2014, the CleanStart program saw an opt-out rate of 11 percent, surprisingly lower than the anticipated 25-30 percent, and the EverGreen program had over 200 customers enrolled. According to the agency’s CEO, Geof Syphers, both programs are estimated to save customers $6 million collectively in 2014.26
Sonoma Clean Power also offers customers two programs to take advantage of personal renewable energy generation systems. NetGreen is net energy metering program that allows customers to receive a dollar credit at full retail value if their individual system generates more electricity than used in a given month. If the customer uses more energy than the system produced, then the credit is applied to the monthly bill with the customer responsible for paying the remaining amount. Unused energy credits will roll over each month and will not expire. ProFIT is a Feed-In Tariff program offered by Sonoma Clean Power that allows the agency to purchase energy from small-scale renewable electricity installations within the service territory. This program incentivizes the development of local, renewable energy generation projects by setting a fixed price of $95/megawatt-hour (MWh) with set contracts ranging from 10 to 20 years.27
The agency receives most of its renewable energy through geothermal power, which constitutes 15 percent of CleanStart’s renewable energy composition and 100 percent of EverGreen’s energy mixture. Wind and biomass/bio waste, both at 9 percent each, also make up CleanEnergy’s renewable energy portfolio (See Figure 7). Two recent deals have bolstered the agency’s goal of increasing its local, renewable energy content. In October 2014, the agency signed a ten-year contract for geothermal power from Calpine’s Geysers facilities in Sonoma County for volumes increasing to 50 megawatts by 2018. Additionally in October 2014, the agency signed a twenty-year contract with the local solar provider, Recurrent Energy, which adds 40 megawatts to the previous 30 megawatts that was purchased in September 2014.28
26 (Wood, 2014)
28 ( Recurrent Energy, 2014)

Figure 7
Sonoma Clean Power
Portfolio of Renewable Energy Sources
Lancaster Choice Energy
Lancaster, CA has taken the lead as the first Southern California jurisdiction to move forward with plans for implementation of a CCA. With around 150,000 residents and a history of being proactive in creating sustainable living in their community, Lancaster set a goal of being the nation’s first net-zero city. 29 While already a global leader in the construction of sustainable structures, the City decided the next step would be to implement choice energy in the city. Lancaster completed an initial feasibility study in July 2013 which found numerous benefits of Community Choice Aggregation. As a result, the Lancaster City Council passed Ordinance 997 in May 2014, which established a non-profit entity to serve as the authority for overseeing the new CCA and adopted an Implementation Plan simultaneously. Dubbed the Lancaster Choice Energy (LCE), the non-profit established a timeline for implementing the CCA similar to the previously established Marin Clean Energy and Sonoma Clean Power.
While LCE is a member of LEAN Energy, the CCA used LEAN in only a background capacity. According to Deputy City Manager, Jason Caudle, the organizational culture of the City of Lancaster has established a president of dealing with projects on their own, and with careful consideration of partners.30 Using the
29 (Lancaster Choice Energy, 2014)
30 (Caudle, 2014)

templates laid out by the established CCAs in Northern California, Lancaster decided to implement their community choice without hiring a consultant. As Lancaster has found, as each new entity successfully implements a CCA, the process gets easier and initial costs are reduced.
Seeking to phase the project in, timelines were set for implementing the CCA in three steps: starting with all municipal buildings by May 2015, leading to Commercial properties 6 months later, and ending with residential customers in May or November 2016. Customers will be provided with at least 2 notices allowing for opt-out of the program. The City anticipates roughly 50,000 customers to participate when everything is fully implemented. So far there has not been any opposition from the community, though the electrical union’s attorneys sent letters challenging the plans for implementing a CCA. The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) claimed that the City had not performed a CEQA analysis, but because this is a policy, not a physical project, there was no need for Lancaster to perform this step. Once this was clarified, the unions backed off. Additionally, Lancaster claims to have a great relationship in the process with Southern California Edison, unlike the pushback that came from PG&E in the north.
While Lancaster created a CCA by itself, the formation of a JPA allows other cities to join with them in the future for greater purchasing power. Although only in the preliminary stages, the City of Palmdale is amongst those considering joining this newly-formed JPA. The current plan for purchasing energy is a more complex situation, with not a great deal of local options for energy supply, leading Lancaster to reach out to other locations for the renewable energy. However, the big plan for the City is creating infrastructure to contain large quantities of the renewable energy, and is looking to some residents to provide on-site production of solar that can be bought by LCE.31 Currently, Edison will only buy back energy at wholesale rates but LCE will purchase excess-generated energy at market rate. This is yet another way the City can accumulate the surplus that is already being produced by many of these customers, and provide additional revenue to those who can produce high-enough levels of electricity.
Monterey Bay Community Power
After the passing of legislation as the State Capitol, local volunteers and supporters of Community Choice pushed for a CCA to be formed in the Monterey Bay Region. After the successes of Marin Clean Energy and Sonoma Clean Power, a group of cities and counties south of the San Francisco Bay Area garnered support for an exploration into the options that a CCA would present to their communities. Monterey Bay Community Power was formed, which sought the help of LEAN Energy to help them garner support and fight for their cause. Because of LEAN’s successes in the Northern Bay Area, costs were much lower than anticipated.32 While budgeting for $300,000 for initial community outreach and political lobbying, the costs were only around $150,000.33
31 (Caudle, 2014)
32 (Johnson, 2014)

After extensive community involvement and support, Santa Cruz, San Benito, and Monterey Counties, along with their 18 incorporated cities passed resolutions in support of a Technical Feasibility Study for the Monterey Bay CCA. The Feasibility Study was done at two levels, the first at a regional level for the entire area, and the second to be a set of smaller studies done at the county level. Using state grants and around $400,000 from the public and private sectors, they were able to complete these studies in June 2014. The studies are currently under review by the Monterey Bay CCA Partners (See Figure 8 below).34 If implemented, this CCA would become the largest in the state.
Project Timeline
Figure 8
Monterey Bay Community Power – Project Timeline35
While understanding there is still a lot more to be done, the leaders of the Monterey Bay CCA are optimistic about the future. Much of their renewable energy will be produced locally, with several large solar installations in progress, as well as several landfills in the region that produce and collect renewable methane and whose owners are already on board. There was an initial pushback from the local IBEW, but after outreach from Monterey Bay CCA staff, the unions embraced the idea and helped support
33 (Johnson, 2014)

legislation.36
One of the most effective tactics that the Monterey Bay CCA employed was the use of an outstanding website. With a user-friendly layout and design, the organization was able to effectively reach their constituents and improve understanding of everything from the basics of a CCA to Project Timelines and an extensive Resources section. By answering all of the questions that people and legislators had about the policy and program, early support was seen and resolutions were passed at all 18 cities and 3 counties. The CCA continues to raise money for the initial transition and plans to have next steps and recommendations by June 2015
San Francisco
In 2004, San Francisco began its CCA. Different from the others which were created to reduce consumer costs, San Francisco’s CCA was more focused on green energy and set a goal of offering all customers 100 percent renewable energy. The initial program implementation discussion considered phasing in the program to residential customers in San Francisco, beginning with a modest 30 megawatt program (about 90,0000 residential customers). However, 10 years after the launch of CCA, with an expense of more than 4.1 million to compete with PG&E, the work of CleanPowerSF has been suspended.
While the initial efforts were suspended, political conflicts continue between different groups. Assemblyman Tom Ammiano—a member of the Board of Supervisors who helped to create CleanPowerSF—has expressed his displeasure in the SFPUC. And he introduced a placeholder state bill to authorize an alternative local entity other than the SFPUC to approve CleanPowerSF (which could have been achieved through signing a joint-powers agreement with an established community choice aggregation program, such as the one in Marin County). Additionally, there has been a fight between the mayor and Board of Supervisors, as the proposed budget of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission was rejected by a board committee this May. San Francisco is rather prudent and unclear of the next step. According to Michael Hyams, the Acting Manager of Regulatory and Legislative Affairs of San Francisco, the big challenge for the next step would be achieving agreement within the city on program objectives and design. Furthermore he thinks that the estimated rate is unclear. While San Francisco seemed to be the perfect place to institute a CCA, the goal of providing all customers with 100percent renewable energy was not reasonable and failed to be executed. It is possible that an incremental introduction of the renewable energy could have produced different results.
San Joaquin Valley Power Authority
In April of 2007, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) approved the first implementation plan for a community choice aggregation program in the state. Kings River Conservation District (KRCD) on behalf of the San Joaquin Valley Power Authority (SJVPA) submitted the implementation plan to form a
36 (Johnson, 2014)

CCA that would serve the San Joaquin Valley and the Greater Fresno Region. At the time of approval, the authority had eleven city members and one county.37
After approval in April 2007, the planned launch date was set for June 2009, but the two years from approval to launch evolved into a struggle for the authority. The agency not only had to contend with a tight credit market and unstable energy prices, but also had to face severe opposition from PG&E. The agency was forced to suspend its CCA program stating in a letter to the CPUC, “PG&E’s marketing and lobbying efforts continue unabated creating obstacles and demands upon our limited resources.”38
The authority alleged that PG&E’s marketing efforts were unlawful and misleading to potential customers in the service area. In 2007, the authority filed a complaint regarding these alleged unlawful marketing tactics to the CPUC. A settlement agreement was filed in 2008 between the authority, PG&E, and the CPUC, which specifies mutually agreed upon marketing standards.39 The downturn in the economy, the legal proceedings, and the overall opposition from PG&E forced the authority to suspend the CCA program in 2009, which is where the program stands today.
37 (San Joaquin Valley Power Authority)
38 (Flynn, 2013)
39 (San Joaquin Valley Power Authority v Pacific Gass and Electric Company, 2008)

Community Choice Aggregation in Torrance
Why Now?
One of the six elements in the general plan adopted by Torrance in 2010, the Community Resources Element provides goals, objectives, and policies to protect the natural and community resources that define Torrance. The Community Resources Element expresses the commitment the City of Torrance has made “to provide the highest quality and variety of cultural, recreational, educational, informational, and social programs to respond to residents’ needs.”40 The Community Resource Element in the general plan combines three previously separated elements: the Parks and Recreation, the Resource Conservation, and the Open Space Elements. The Resource Conservation section addresses issues regarding the historic, aesthetic, and natural resources that contribute to community health and wellbeing.
The Resource Conservation section details the environmental programs and policies the city is pursuing to promote clean air, water, recycling, and energy conservation. The section also describes how the city is complying with State and federal laws that mandate certain environmental standards be met. The overarching goal of the Resource Conversation section is stated as the following:
“The careful conservation and managed used of resources to ensure a quality environment for Torrance residents.”41
To achieve this goal, a set of objectives has been established, with corresponding policies to support the objectives. The formation of a CCA in Torrance would align with Objective CR.21, which is listed as: The efficient use and conservation of energy resources to reduce the consumption of natural resources and fossil fuels. Policy CR.21.3 is one of the nine approved policies to support this objective and the policy that validates CCA formation. The policy states: Support the development and use of non-polluting, renewable energy resources. CCAs promote the development of renewable energy sources and strive to reduce the use of natural resources and fossil fuels.
Furthermore, a CCA fulfills the expectations of “Stewardship of the Environment”—the new strategic priority articulated in Torrance’s 2008 Strategic Plan. One of ten strategic priorities, “Stewardship of the Environment” states the goals needed by Torrance to appropriately respond to a variety of issues related to the physical environment. The goal most likely to be met through the formation of a CCA would be the “Create a positive Environment for Green Industries” goal. A CCA would be a major step to achieving this goal as it effects positive change in each sub-goal listed under the overarching goal. The sub-goals are listed below:
 Recognize and reward practices that preserve and improve the environment.
 Provide incentives for businesses to “Go Green” through the use of environmentally friendly practices.
 Promote public and private partnerships to achieve greater synergy for “green” businesses and practices.

 Encourage and support green incubator business.
 Recruit and provide incentives for relocation of green collar business into the City, including sustainable residential, industrial, and commercial building industries.
The 2008 Strategic Plan also declares that the “Stewardship of the Environment” strategic priority is an opportunity for Torrance to be a leader in facilitating local and regional solutions for environmental issues.
Currently, there are only two operating CCAs in the state of California, Marin Clean Energy and Sonoma Clean Power, and another one, Lancaster Choice Energy, which earlier in 2014 had its implementation plan approved and is now in the registration process through the California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) and Southern California Edison (SCE). Over the past few years, there have been several other cities and communities that have shown interest in CCAS, including San Diego, Monterey Bay, and the East Bay, and are in the initial stages of development.
Figure 9
Population Comparison
In 2014, the movement began to make waves in the South Bay region with the help of the South Bay Clean Power (SBCP) working group. The group has spent the year advocating for CCA formation amongst the 15 cities of the South Bay, and possibly the city of Santa Monica. In fall 2014, the cities of Hermosa Beach and Manhattan Beach passed resolutions to participate in a community choice aggregation feasibility study, and feasibility study approval is imminent from Redondo Beach and Santa Monica. With surrounding
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Torrance
Lancaster
Sonoma Clean
Power
Marin Clean
Energy
Monterey Bay
Region
Population in 2013

community support mounting, the City of Torrance has an opportunity to be on the forefront of the movement by also passing the resolution to move forward with the CCA feasibility study.
Potential Benefits
To diversify the California energy markets, in April 2011, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed Senate Bill X1-2, requiring that all electricity retailers in the state serve 33 percent of their loads from renewable energy by 2020 (See Figure 10). The bill applies to all investor-owned utilities (IOUs), public-owned utilities (POUs), electricity service providers, and CCAs in the state. These electricity retailers shall also adopt RPS goals until the 33percent requirement in 2020. By the end of 2013, 20 percent of all electricity sales must be from renewables and by the end of 2016, 25 percent of sales must be from renewables. Existing CCAs in the state not only meet this requirement but also provide options to greatly exceed the 33 percent target. Additionally, CCAs generate diversity in the state’s energy portfolio and ultimately provide stability from a market previously dominated by natural gas. RPS Standards California RPS Compliance Periods Procurement Quantity Requirement
Compliance Period 1 (2011-2013)
2011 retail sales * 20.0percent 2012 retail sales * 20.0percent 2013 retail sales * 20.0percent
2014 retail sales * 21.7percent 2015 retail sales * 23.3percent 2016 retail sales * 25.0percent
2017 retail sales * 27.0percent 2018 retail sales * 29.0percent 2019 retail sales * 31.0percent 2020 retail sales * 33.0percent
Year 2021, and subsequent years
Annual retail sales * 33.0percent
Figure 10
RPS Standards
Meeting the state’s RPS requirement of 33 percent many years in advance of the 2020 deadline is one of the numerous benefits offered by a CCA program. Other potential benefits include:
 Local Control
CCAs use a public governance structure that provides citizens an opportunity to offer input into the mission and objectives of the program. Local elected officials and representatives are members of the governing body--a public Board of Directors. This governance structure gives CCA members a voice in key decisions faced by the CCA, such as where to procure energy, how to invest surplus revenues,

and which local renewable projects to pursue. Conversely, investor-owned utilities (IOUs) are for- profit corporations that make profits to shareholders and are governed by a private Board of Directors.
Existing CCAs in California tout their ability to control and exert authority on how resources are used locally. For example, Sonoma Clean Power claims that consumers spend $180 million per year on energy that now will be staying in the community. The agency also advertises to be able to exercise more authority in the use of $12 million in energy efficiency monies that is allocated annually by state programs for their consumers.42
 Local Choice
In the traditional model, IOUs, such as Southern California Edison, control the local utility market, leaving consumers without choices on the source of the power, nor on how to reinvest the surplus revenues. CCAs provide consumers with another alternative if they are displeased with the service offered by the incumbent utility.
 Economic Development
CCAs encourage the development of on-site and local energy generation projects, which often provides benefits to the property owner and local business. Renewable energy development projects allow owners to benefit from energy savings, through direct investment or by offering leasing rights to project developers. Local renewable energy development also provides investment in the local economy through the creation of clean energy jobs from installation and maintenance. Likewise, it is less costly to finance local renewable projects because the CCA has the ability to issue tax-exempt revenue bonds and has no shareholders to pay. The community chooses how surplus revenues are best spent, either through reinvestment in energy projects or lower rates to consumers.
For the individual consumer, CCAs provide programs that incentivize the development of renewable generation by lowering the cost of financing. Net-metering and feed-in tariff programs allow for long- term, fixed pricing that encourage a consumer to finance generation projects, which results in local economic growth.
 Environmental Benefits
Increasing procurement through local renewable energy sources drastically reduces the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions connected to electricity generation. Fossil fuel combustion in power plants is a prime source of GHG emissions. According to the EPA, fossil fuel combustion for electricity generation was the largest source of CO2 emissions in the United States in 2012.43
42 (Farrell, 2014)
43 (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014)

 Rate Stabilization and Lower Prices
CCAs develop and sustain a variety of energy sources, which stabilizes rate fluctuations that might result from an over-reliance on one energy source. For example, when the San Onofre nuclear plant shut down in 2013, it resulted in a 59 percent price increase to customers.44 The fixed, long-term rates offered through CCA programs such as feed-in tariffs and net-metering also provide the stability and confidence that attracts local investors to pursue electricity generation projects. Additionally, competition is seen as a precursor for lower prices. Providing consumers an option will force electricity providers to consider the rates being charged and whether those rates will attract or detract consumers. Lastly, surplus revenues generated by the CCA can be used to invest in more renewable energy, which has shown a decline in power price over the long term, or to lower the rates charged to consumers. Surpluses generated by an IOU such as SCE do stay in the local community and are returned to shareholders. In 2013 Edison International paid out $440 million in dividends to its shareholders.45
Potential Challenges/Opposition
With each successive CCA in California, the formation and approval process is becoming more streamlined and quicker from conception to launch. By acting as the trailblazer, Marin Clean Energy developed the model that has been emulated by both Sonoma Clean Power and Lancaster Choice Energy. Consequently, the lead-time has been reduced drastically; Marin Clean Energy required five years from completed feasibility study to launch, Sonoma Clean Power required less than three years, and Lancaster Choice Energy is expected to launch in less than a year after the release of its feasibility study. While guidelines and successful models exist, CCA formation is not without its risk. Below are some of the major risks associated with CCA formation:
 Competitive Rates
The success of a CCA hinges on its ability to offer competitive rates compared to the incumbent utility. The larger the customer base the greater likelihood that rates will be competitive due to the increased bargaining power the CCA will have with energy providers. CCAs can better control rates by developing their own electricity generation supply and by not entering into long-term, fixed-price contracts with energy suppliers. The start-up challenge facing every CCA is how to continuously attract and sustain their customer base, especially when considering that CCA funds cannot be generated until power contracts have been approved and consumers have fully transferred to the CCA.
44 (Southern California Public Radio, July)
45 (Edison International, 2013)

 External Risks
The CCA must prepare for unplanned circumstances such as a third-party energy supplier defaulting on an energy contract or unable to provide the contracted renewable energy amount. If a default were to happen during a time of high energy prices in the market, the CCA would be forced to purchase energy prices at a much greater cost than planned. Additionally, it is not quite clear if the credit policies and customer deposits of the CCA would be sufficient enough to cover the uncollectible bills of customers who fail to pay. Moreover, the IOU could increase the costs of delivery services or find ways to reduce generation costs, making the CCA’s goal of offering competitive rates more challenging.
 How Much To Contract
Procuring the appropriate amount of energy is risky when the opt-out rate is uncertain. Buying too much energy would force the CCA to sale the excess amount for a loss, while buying too little would result in the CCA purchasing energy in the market at a premium. Fortunately, the load growth is fairly predictable if the appropriate resource planning is conducted for the CCA feasibility study.
 Unfavorable Regulatory Changes
Unexpected regulatory action, such as change in the PCIA surcharge, could result in higher prices. The CPUC could potentially alter policies that discourage the formation of CCAs.
Funding Options
The costs associated with CCA formation have decreased substantially after the formation of MCE and SCP. Even when considering the reduced expenses, the program still requires investors to meet the initial pre-launch costs pertaining to the feasibility study, legal fees for establishing the Joint Powers Authority (JPA), and the creation of an administrative agency. These expenses are estimated to cost roughly around $1.5 million.
These upfront expenses will have to be covered initially by the communities participating in the JPA, short- term loans, and other investors, but will be repaid rapidly after the CCA begins generating funds from consumers. Marin County Energy used a $540,000 interest-free loan from the County of Marin and also issued three promissory notes for loans amounting to $750,000. MCE paid back all loans within the first year of operations.
Costs related to the start-up, but incurred post-launch, of the CCA program will continue for the first six to twelve months. Two of the major expenses are the buying power required initially to purchase electricity and posting the Community Choice program bond. There is an approximate 60-day lag between initial operations and the generation of revenues due to the 30-day meter reading cycle and 30-day

payment/collection cycle utilized by the IOU. The CCA will have to find funding sources for the initial 60 days of operation to cover this lag. The Community Choice program bond is a CPUC requirement that is posted to cover the costs in the event that the CCA program fails and customers are forced to return to the incumbent utility. The estimated program bond amount for MCE and SCP was $700,000. In total, pre- launch and post-launch specific costs are expected to reach $2.5 million.
In total, pre-launch and post-launch specific costs are expected to reach $2.5 million. The pre-launch expenses will have to be covered initially by the communities participating in the JPA, short-term loans, and other investors, but will be repaid rapidly after the CCA begins generating funds from consumers. Marin County Energy used a $540,000 interest-free loan from the County of Marin and also issued three promissory notes for loans amounting to $750,000. MCE paid back all loans for pre-launch costs within the first year of operations.
The post-launch costs can be covered through short-term bank financing, such as a credit line, or through the use of in-kind services offered by a third-party energy supplier. An example of a useful in-kind service would be a delay in the first payments or staff assistance. During the Request for Proposal (RFP) phase, CCAs can specify that suppliers able to provide certain services and accommodate the payment cycle will receive preference in the selection process. Opening up a credit line in two separate tranches, with one accessible pre-launch and the other accessible post-launch, through a community bank would be a favorable funding strategy. SCP was able to receive financing in two separate tranches through the First Community Bank. The first tranche was backed by the County of Sonoma and included a line of credit for $2.5 million. The second tranche expanded the line of credit to $7.5 million and is not guaranteed from SCP or any of its municipality members.
Torrance Projections and Specific Benefits
There are three potential benefits projected for the implementation of a CCA in Torrance– 1) financial benefit to the City of Torrance (See Figure 11), 2) jobs created with the development of additional renewable energy (RE) sources as a result of CCA related activities (See Figure 12), and 3) averted greenhouse gas (GHG) emission with the introduction of additional renewable energy source (See Figure 13). This is followed by the calculation method, principle assumptions for these projections, as well as the rationale behind them. Many of the assumptions adopted a linear increase model or an annual percentage increase model for preliminary estimation.
Estimated Financial Benefit (Million Dollars)
2016
2017
2018
2019
Net Profit Per Year
17.83
37.52
35.32
42.57
Net Assets in Total
17.83
55.36
90.68
133.25
Figure 11

Figure 13
Financial Benefits
Estimated financial benefit is calculated as shown below.
Financial Projection for CCA in Torrance
2016
2017
2018
2019
Unit: USD
Electricity Sales
202,257,350
240,465,423
281,318,197
308,683,953
Electricity Expenses
151,159,801
176,984,760
213,801,830
237,522,010
Other Operating Expenses
30,881,911
24,570,994
27,944,068
27,872,089
Operating Income
20,215,639
38,909,668
39,572,300
43,289,855
Non-Operating Expenses (Interest Expense)
-2,376,304
-1,392,862
-4,257,094
-717,684
Increase In Net Assets
17,839,335
37,516,807
35,315,205
42,572,170
Net Assets in Total
17,839,335
55,356,141
90,671,346
133,243,516
Figure 14
Financial Projection for CCA in Torrance
The projection of financial benefits from CCA assumed and adopted the financial growth pattern of an existing successful CCA project – Marin Clean Energy (MCE).46 This primarily involves adoption of trend and financial ratios47:
 Cost to Sale Ratio, Projected Electricity Expense = Sales × MCE Cost to Sale Ratio
46 Please see Appendix 1 for detailed MCE Financial Statements.
47 Please see Appendix 2 for detailed Ratio Analysis on MCE Financial Statements
Estimated Additional Jobs Created
Percentage of RE in CCA (%KWH)
33%
50%
75%
100%
Total Jobs Created by Additional Solar PV
753
2,000
3,834
5,668
Figure 12
Estimated GHG Emission Averted (ton)
Percentage of RE in CCA (% KWH)
33%
50%
75%
100%
Total GHG Emission Averted (ton)
214,245
714,988
1,451,375
2,187,762

 Other Operating Expenses / Sales, general administrative costs should be proportionate with the scale of the project which is reflected by sales.
 Non-operating Expenses is basically interest expense resulted from long term loan. The amount of loan needed is directly related to the scale of the project which loops back to Sales.
Adjustments are made to rule out the financial impact caused by non-recurring items such as the enrollment of the City of Richmond which caused a significant outflow of cash.
Aside from profitability, liquidity of the project is also concerned. However, according to the experience of MCE, liquidity is assumed adequate all the time since 1) people always pay their electricity bills in cash and 2) the primary composite of the assets will be in the form of cash. Thus, no detailed projection on liquidity is presented in this section. Please see ratio analysis on MCE’s financial status for reference.48
The calculation above is based on following assumptions:
Assumptions for Financial Projection
2016
2017
2018
2019
Total Purchase (KWH)
1,853,123,858
1,890,186,335
1,927,990,062
1,966,549,863
Assumed CCA percent of Total Purchase
70 %
80 %
90%
95%
Ave. Residential Rate($) / KWH
0.1800
0.1831
0.1862
0.1893
Ave. Non-Residential Rate($) / KWH
0.1520
0.1552
0.1584
0.1616
Residential percent of Annual KWH
14.00%
13.70%
13.40%
13.10%
Non-Residential percent of Annual KWH
86.00%
86.30%
86.60%
86.90%
Figure 15
Assumptions for Financial Projection
Total Purchase of electricity is projected assuming an annual increase by 2percent of the previous year, with Year 2012 as base year, since the total purchase in 201249 increased by 2percent from that of 201150.
Assumed CCA percent of Total Purchase is assumed to be 70percent initially based on experience with Lancaster and MCE. The ideal level of enrollment is assumed to be 95percent reached within 4 years.
48 Ibid.
49 (Southern California Edison, 2012)

Average Residential Rate of Year 2016 is calculated, with limited data, setting Year 2011 as base year (16 cent) and assuming a 0.41 cent annual increase, which is the 11-year average from 2000 to 201151. However, based on information provided by MCE, CCA rate is on average slightly lower than that of PG&E. Thus, starting from 2016, we cut figure by 0.1 cent for our assumption, which resulted in 0.31 cent annual increase.
Non-Residential Rate is calculated using similar method with Year 2011 as base year and 11-year average as assumed increase rate. The weight is calculated based on the composition of total energy consumption by non-residential category:
TOU-GS: GS-1 & GS-2: Street Lighting52 = 65%: 19%: 0.5% = Lrg. Commercial & Agricultural: Sm/Med Commercial: Street Lighting53
Residential Percentage in total electricity purchased is applied with a 0.3percent annual decline. The rate is calculated through comparison of data from 2012 to that of 201154:
Non-residential Percentage = 1 – Residential Percentage.
Thus, the rate per KWH is extrapolated using weighed calculation on above mentioned assumptions. Electricity Sales = Total Purchase × Assumed CCA percent × (Residential Rate × Residential percent + Non-residential Rate × Non-residential percent
Jobs Created by CCA with Additional RE Sources – Solar PV as an Example
The following is the calculation of a very rough ball-park estimation of jobs created from acquiring additional Solar PVs as renewable energy sources in the first four years. This extrapolation is based on a similar research conducted for the CleanPowerSF 2007 Implementation Plan55 but under assumptions that represent the conditions of Torrance.
This estimation is solely based on Solar PV that contributes only 70% of the total additional RE, with the rest 30percent unaccounted for due to the lack of data. Since there are potential sites in Torrance for geothermal, wind and other renewable energy sources which are more job-intensive than Solar PV, the actual total amount of jobs created from the RE of CCA will be larger than even the optimist scenario (See Figure 16).
6 (California Public Utilities Commission, 2012)
53 (California Public Utilities Commission, 2012)
55 (Local Clean Energy Alliance, 2011)

General Assumptions
2016
2017
2018
2019
Total Purchase (KWH)
1,853,123,858
1,890,186,335
1,927,990,062
1,966,549,863
Assumed CCA percent of Total Purchase
70%
80%
90%
95%
RE Generated at Present Rate(KWH)
400,274,753
408,280,248
416,445,853
424,774,770
Assumptions for Solar PV Job Estimation
CCA Phased in 4 Years
Current Percentage of RE in Torrance
21.6%
Scenarios of RE Percentage in CCA
33%
50%
75%
100%
Peak Hour Wattage to Average Wattage Ratio
140%
Direct Job-Years / MW of Solar PV56
19.50
Mid of 13 – 26 job yrs./MW
Indirect and Induced Jobs Multiplier57
0.80
Mid of 0.7 – 0.9 job yrs./MW
Percentage of Solar PV in RE Sources
70%
Figure 16
General Assumptions and Solar PV Job Estimation
Four scenarios regarding the level of CCA involvement in RE are presented in the job estimation. The logic behind the calculation is simple and represented in linear model by the following, bold indicating items provided in the assumption:
Jobs = Total job-years / total years to phase the project
Total job-years = Direct job-years × (1 + Indirect & Induced Job Multiplier)
Direct job-years = Direct-job years / MW of Solar PV × Total MW of Solar PV
Total MW of Solar PV = Additional RE by CCA × Percentage of Solar PV in RE Sources
Additional RE by CCA = Total RE by CCA – RE Generated at Present Rate
Total RE by CCA = Total Purchase × Percentage of CCA in Total Purchase × RE percent in CCA
RE Generated at Present Rate = Total Purchase × Current Percentage of RE in Torrance.
Average Wattage Capacity is calculated as Total Purchase KWH / 8760 Hours per Year. Since there are daily fluctuations in power demand, for the system to function properly, the maximum output capacity (Total MW) of combined energy sources must at least satisfy the peak wattage level which is about 140
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.

percent of average level, according to the usage pattern of TOU-GS group which is the largest energy consumption party in the grid.58
For the convenience of this study, even with 70% of the additional RE generated by Solar PV, voltage requirement is assumed satisfied for all users in the gird including industrial users, though technical details and feasibility of this assumption need to be validated by electric experts.
CCA Job Projections at Varying RPS Levels
CCA Renewable Energy at 33%
2016
2017
2018
2019
Total RE Generated by CCA (KWH)
428,071,611
499,009,192
572,613,048
616,513,382
Additional RE by CCA (KWH)
27,796,858
90,728,944
156,167,195
191,738,612
Ave. Additional Wattage Capacity Required (MW)
3.17
10.36
17.83
21.89
Peak Additional Wattage Capacity Required (MW)
4.44
14.50
24.96
30.64
Direct Job-Years
418
Direct Jobs Per Year
105
105
105
105
Indirect and Induced Jobs Per Year
84
84
84
84
Total Jobs Per Year
188
188
188
188
Total Jobs Created by Solar PV ALONE
753
2016
2017
2018
2019
Total Renewable Energy Generated by CCA (KWH)
648,593,350
756,074,534
867,595,528
934,111,185
Additional Renewable Energy Introduced by CCA (KWH)
248,318,597
347,794,286
451,149,674
509,336,415
Average Additional Wattage Capacity Required (MW)
28
40
52
58
40
56
72
81
Direct Job-Years
1,111
278
278
278
278
222
222
222
222
Total Jobs Per Year
500
500
500
500
2,000

2016
2017
2018
2019
972,890,025
1,134,111,801
1,301,393,292
1,401,166,777
572,615,272
725,831,553
884,947,438
976,392,007
65
83
101
111
92
116
141
156
Direct Job-Years
2,130
533
533
533
533
426
426
426
426
Total Jobs Per Year
959
959
959
959
3,834
2016
2017
2018
2019
1,297,186,701
1,512,149,068
1,735,191,056
1,868,222,370
896,911,947
1,103,868,820
1,318,745,202
1,443,447,599
102
126
151
165
143
176
211
231
Direct Job-Years
3,149
787
787
787
787
630
630
630
630
Total Jobs Per Year
1,417
1,417
1,417
1,417
5,668
Figure 17
Job Projections at Varying RPS Levels
Averted Greenhouse Gas Emission
Greenhouse gas emission averted due to the introduction of additional RE as a result of the CCA is calculated as the following. Only one assumption made for this extrapolation – the GHG emission per KWH of electricity is 0.00046 tons which is about 1 lb., based on data of Year 2007. The calculation of Additional RE is the same as above (See Figure 18 below).59
59 (South Bay Cities Council of Governments, 2011)

2016
2017
2018
2019
428,071,611
499,009,192
572,613,048
616,513,382
27,796,858
90,728,944
156,167,195
191,738,612
GHG Emission Reduced Per Year (ton)
12,768
41,674
71,732
88,071
Total GHG Emission Reduced (ton)
214,245
2016
2017
2018
2019
648,593,350
756,074,534
867,595,528
934,111,185
248,318,597
347,794,286
451,149,674
509,336,415
114,059
159,751
207,225
233,952
714,988
2016
2017
2018
2019
972,890,025
1,134,111,801
1,301,393,292
1,401,166,777
572,615,272
725,831,553
884,947,438
976,392,007
263,018
333,394
406,480
448,483
1,451,375
2016
2017
2018
2019
1,297,186,701
1,512,149,068
1,735,191,056
1,868,222,370
896,911,947
1,103,868,820
1,318,745,202
1,443,447,599
411,976
507,037
605,735
663,014
2,187,762
Figure 18

Options Available to Torrance
From the above projections, there are four options that are available to the City of Torrance: retain the status quo, join an existing CCA, join with regional efforts to form a large-scale CCA, or form an independent CCA in Torrance.
Retain Current Situation
The first option available to the City of Torrance would be to do nothing, and retain service as-is with Southern California Edison. This would be the easiest option and would not cost customers any more than their current rates with Edison. Additionally, with legislation signed into law in 2011 by Governor Brown, IOUs will have to provide 33% renewable energy by 2020, thought PG&E and Edison do not know how they will keep prices down to consumers with this requirment.60 Staying with the current situation would mean that purchasing power for all energy provided to Torrance would remain with Edison, and would be subject to any price increases and lapses in service, as well as no incentive to provide increasingly cleaner energy at competative rates.
Join an Existing CCA
While the Bay Area CCAs allow cities to join their JPA, the option is only available to cities in the region. Currently, the best option for Torrance to join a CCA would be to join with the City of Lancaster, which will be allowing this option for other communities. However, Lancaster Clean Energy is still at least 2 years out from full implementation. Additionally, the geographical distance between Lancaster and Torrance poses several questions about feasibility and locations of “local” energy procurement. Presently, Lancaster is already planning on procurring most of its renewable energy from non-local sources. With the distances already planned for bringing in this energy, it is likely to not be very efficient to bring in energy from an even farther distance to Torrance.
Although this option does not seem feasible, it would raise questions about forming a larger, Los Angeles regional vision of CCAs. This would take a tremendous amount of effort at this scale, but would serve as a truly regional push for more renewable energy. However, this kind of movement would most likely need to be started at the LA County level to have any opportunity to succeed.
Form an Independent CCA
Based on the customer base and energy consumption of the City of Torrance, the formation of an independent CCA is a viable option. When compared to cunsuption rates of Marin County and Sonoma, Torrance could serve as one of the first CCAs established in Southern California. While there is already a local push to investigate CCAs, Torrance would lead the way by establishing a successful JPA and lead the way in the South Bay region. Due to this fact, Torrance could easily justify being the leader of the JPA and opening enrollment to other cities when the wish to proceed. This also opens up the financial opportunity
60 (Baker, 2011)

of charging a buy-in fee for cities that would like to join the CCA, further cutting costs in the early stages of implementation
Join in Regional Efforts to Form Large-Scale CCA
As discussed previously, there has been a recent push by several cities in the South Bay region to conduct feasibility studies on the option of forming CCAs. This push by Manhattan Beach and Hermosa Beach, along with several others provides a great opportunity for Torrance to join. By using the leverage of being the largest energy consumer in the region, Torrance could take the lead, while sharing all of the costs from the start. When comparing the energy consumption between cities in the South Bay Region, Torrance is the major consumer of power (See Figure X-?).A regional effort would provide greater purchasing power to attain even more competative rates. This option appears the most straightforward and cost-effective. The South Bay region would serve as a striking example of cooperation and effort amongst jurisdictions in Southern California. This South Bay CCA would bring the purchasing power of a large population in Los Angeles County, allowing for the potential of job creation, competative or lower rates to residents, and the knowledge that the efforts are helping save our environment by using cleaner energy.
Figure 19
Total Electrical Consumption in South Bay Region
0
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
3,000,000,000
3,500,000,000
Total Electric Consumption in KWh in South Bay Region

Recommendations
After careful consideration of the options and the history of successful attempts at similar policy, it is recommended that the City of Torrance pursue efforts to form a Resolution to support a Technical Feasibility Study for the formation of a CCA. Based on the current push in the South Bay region, it is recommended that Torrance join and even take a leading role in the regional effort. The purchasing power of this scale would provide for success in acquiring energy at competitive rates. Additionally, being one of the leading members of the JPA will give Torrance greater decision making power. While several other cities in the South Bay Region are considering for formation of CCAs, they have different motives for doing so. For example, Hermosa Beach has set a goal of becoming 100 percent carbon neutral61, a choice that has seen problems with the case of San Francisco. If Torrance choses to go down the path of forming a CCA, it must determine what the motivating factors are in order to properly craft legislation. The path going forward is not a short one. As seen with all of the prior efforts in California, the process of implementing a CCA can take several years to start, and the start-up costs can be upwards of $2 million. While this is the case, the effort to form a CCA—either alone or with the other South Bay cities—should be considered by the City Council.
There are several things that can have a big effect on a successful implementation of a Community Choice Aggregation. Firstly, the Council must decide whether to proceed with investigating a CCA alone or with the surrounding cities. Next, it should join LEAN Energy which provides its members the resource of consultations. The Director of LEAN, Shawn Marshall began her involvement in creations of CCAs when she helped advocate for Marin Clean Energy. After MCE was implemented, Marshall helped establish LEAN Energy to assist and advocate for other CCAs around the state. With most of the current and investigating CCAs, LEAN has had a significant role in providing all of the necessary information, advocacy, and experience to successfully implement a CCA. While Lancaster began with the help of LEAN, the City decided against using them throughout the entire process. However, the knowledge that Marshall and her staff bring to communities cannot be overlooked. LEAN lays out a 3-leg approach:
1. Community advocacy and political outreach
2. Financial
a. Understanding how to pay for start-up costs
b. How to engage the banks to back the program
3. Technical and Legal Feasibility
Based on this approach, Torrance should act soon to establish advocacy for this move from the top. LEAN is able to come into the City and help train employees everything the need to know about the policy and
61 (UCLA Environment 180 Senior Practicum, 2014)

how the implementation process works. They would also be able to help organize the entirety of the South Bay Region and establish financial steps and how to proceed to resolution for a Technical Feasibility Study. The political leaders in Torrance must serve as strong advocates for this policy. Having this strong backing will push legislation forward and begin the steps towards implementation. Additionally, early outreach to local unions will prove to be a significant part of success. If the CCA can establish early on that this program has few negative aspects, the unions can be given the correct knowledge and even serve as advocates for the change. Lastly, a lesson to be learned from San Francisco’s failed attempt at a CCA is that is it better to start incrementally. By separating tiers of users such as Lancaster, and at different tiers of renewable energy like Marin and Sonoma, the CCA can be gradually implemented and has more of a chance of succeeding.
Torrance also has a potential for many sites that could be used to produce clean energy. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a database1 through its REPowering America program, which cites contaminated lands that could be used for renewable energy development. These contaminated sites, such as landfills and old industrial sites, are not compatible for other types of development. In the city of Torrance, the database includes 84 sites that have the required information to check for solar PV projects, such as total acreage, distance to substation and solar radiation per square meter per day. Three sites included in the list of 84 are owned by the Exxon Mobile Refinery which creates the potential for the City of Torrance to create a partnership with Exxon to use one or all of these sites. This would be similar to the partnership formed between MCE and the Chevron Refinery in Richmond, CA.62 From the 79 brownfield sites, the database calculates 337 MW of solar PV potential in the city. Each site will have a remediation plan that will ultimately determine the appropriate type of development, but the database provides potential areas that Torrance could begin to pre-screen for renewable energy projects. It is also important to note that the database does not include other areas, such as carports, rooftops, and other open spaces, that would be suitable for solar projects (Please See Appendix 3 for full list of project sites).
Last, but most importantly, Torrance must establish a way to fund this project. The first choice would be to reach out to the local banks, many of whom may have funds that they are able to reinvest into the community with a project like this. However, while the obvious choice is to turn to banks for loans, many of the communities that have explored CCAs have found that the best solution is to find the money within the Cities’ own funds.63 The revenue stream has shown to be a proven model, and such, communities can fund the project without resorting to high interest rates that banks would offer. As the revenue come in to the JPA, the city or cities would be paid back. If Torrance has any funds that are unrestricted and could be used for a project such as this, it would most likely be paid back in a relatively short period of time.
63 (Marshall, Director of LEAN Energy , 2014)

Next Steps
To establish a CCA, any city or county government should:
1. Conduct a Feasibility Study
The first step to forming a CCA is to conduct a feasibility study, which would state the goals of the program and the steps to achieve them. Furthermore, the study would detail the economic feasibility of the program and highlight the potential benefits and risks of implementation.
Southern California Edison Load Data would be used to form assumptions on future use, rates, costs, emissions, and jobs. The study would explore different procurement scenarios of CCA implementation and how each scenario would impact the service area. The various scenarios would estimate the potential number of customers, sales, revenue streams, return on investment, and jobs created. The study would also build a financial and cash-flow model and would detail how costs would be financed. It is important to remember that the assumptions are for future conditions and should be viewed as the most probable values within a range, not exact predictions. Also noteworthy is the $100,000-$150,000 cost associated with conducting a feasibility study.
2. Establish a JPA
All CCAs in the state of California are formed under a Joint Powers Authority (JPA). Forming a JPA allows multiple agencies to establish a mutual approach to address a common issue, fund a project, or act as a representative entity for a particular purpose. The various municipalities and counties interested in CCA formation would agree to become members of the JPA. For example, if the cities in the South Bay decided to start a CCA, a JPA would be formed to fairly govern the procedures and policies of the program.
The JPA is required to register with the CPUC as the managing and governing body of the CCA program. A Board of Directors would govern the program, yet the composition of the Board would vary depending if the JPA was formed at a county or municipal level. The Board of Directors at the county level would mostly include the Board of Supervisors (or their representatives) and at the municipal level would include the members from the city council. It should also be pointed out that the jurisdictions joining the JPA will incur up-front legal fees during the formation process.
3. Develop and Submit Implementation Plan
The next step in the process of CCA formation is developing and submitting an Implementation Plan. The plan describes all aspects of the program’s set-up and operation, with AB 117 and the California Code 366.2 clearing stating that the plan must include the following:

 Organizational structure of the program, its operations, and funding.
 Rate setting and other costs to participants.
 Provisions for disclosure and due process in setting rates and allocating costs among participants.
 Methods for entering and terminating agreements with other entities.
 Rights and responsibilities of participants, including but not limited to, consumer protection procedures, credit issues, and shutoff procedures.
 Termination of the program.
 Description of third-parties that will be supplying electricity under the program including information about financial, technical, and operational capabilities.
The bill also claims that the program is required to have a process and consequences plan for aggregating customers into the CCA. This plan would be included in the Implementation Plan in order to detail the customer phase-in approach to the program. Specifically, the plan would list the number of enrollments that needed to occur each year, or each phase, until all customers in the service area had been enrolled. The enrolled numbers would be adjusted accordingly to the municipalities and counties that choose to join the program during the rollout phase. Additionally, the plan would need to include contingency plans if the amount of enrolled numbers were not met during a particular phase.
The Implementation Plan will be adopted at a duly noticed public hearing and will be submitted to the CPUC for approval. Along with the submittal of the Implementation Plan, the CCA would need to develop and submit a Statement of Intent. To comply with AB 117, the Statement of Intent would be required to specify that the program provides provisions for universal access, fair treatment of all customers, reliability, and fulfill all other requirements mandated by California law or by the CPUC. The Statement of Intent would be submitted to the CPUC, most likely with the Implementation Plan.
4. Complete CCA registration through CPUC
The CPUC has established a process for registering and implementing a CCA. Once the Implementation Plan and Statement of Intent have been filed with the CPUC, the CCA must also provide evidence of bond/insurance in the event that the program is not able to meet its service requirements and customers have to be reimbursed. Additionally, during the registration process, the CCA would have to provide documentation of a service agreement with the incumbent utility. Once all of these documents have been submitted, the CPUC will review them and will send a letter of approval if all requirements have been met.

5. Carry out Implementation Plan for CCA
Once the CCA has been approved, the following steps need to be carried 6-12 months before the sale of power.
a. Hire Staff
The Boards of Directors will first hire an Executive Director or CEO, and then begin to staff the agency appropriately. Staff would be required for the following functions: marketing and community outreach, finance and budget, procurement, forecasting, local energy initiatives, and regulatory affairs. Consulting firms can also be hired to conduct some of the more technical work, such as forecasting and developing rate structure.
b. Establish Renewable Portfolio Goals
The Board of Directors will have to establish the percentage amount of renewable energy that will be provided by the CCA. Marin Clean Energy set its initial rate at 50 percent clean energy, while Sonoma Clean Power established a 33 percent rate. Influential factors in this decision are how and where the renewable energy would be procured, as that would impact the rates offered to consumers.
c. Plan Procurement
A third-party power provider will need to supply the necessary energy while the CCA develops local renewable resources. Initially, the CCA would be to forecast the number of customers, determine the demand, develop a request for proposal, and consider bids from third parties to provide the required amount of energy. The third-party provider would need to guarantee the procurement of the renewable energy to meet the customer demand.
d. Set Initial Rates
After the procurement costs are established, the CCA would need to determine the electrical rates offered to customers. It is important to note that rates must be structured to compete with the incumbent utility and cover the costs of the program.
e. Marketing and Customer Notification
The CCA will need to develop a marketing plan to familiarize potential customers with the program and its benefits. Staff will need to be a presence in the community, meeting with local officials and business leaders to ensure that the program is fully understood. A well designed website that is user- friendly and informative will also disseminate program information and provide program updates.

Three months prior to the service commencement, two notices that explain the workings and rates of the CCA will need to be mailed. The notices will also explain the opt-out process if customers do not wish to partake in the program. If the customers do not opt of the program, they will be enrolled automatically. Within two months of the program launch, two more notices explaining the opt-out process will be sent out. If customers opt-out within this time, or prior, they will be allowed to return to the incumbent utility service without a fee. Customers can return any time after these four notices, but they will be charged a termination fee to offset the costs of changing service providers.

Appendix
Appendix 1 – Financial Statements of Marin Clean Energy64
Balance Sheet
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Q1
Assets
632,900
3,739,322
7,582,064
18,076,605
22,492,248
Current Assets
493,768
3,308,530
7,153,300
17,276,728
21,154,743
Cash Equivalents
493,768
1,214,268
3,790,860
9,817,159
8,248,488
Accounts Receivable
-
1,530,712
2,180,568
4,572,796
9,096,571
Accrued Revenue
-
555,300
1,151,397
2,857,212
3,778,199
Prepaid Expenses
-
8,250
30,475
29,561
31,485
Non-Current Assets
139,132
430,792
428,764
799,877
1,337,505
Capital Assets
-
32,890
32,566
68,679
58,807
Prepaid Expenses
11,750
-
-
-
-
Security Deposits
127,382
134,702
132,998
132,998
132,998
Debt service reserve account
-
263,200
263,200
598,200
1,145,700
Liabilities
1,594,151
3,420,484
3,664,139
10,163,731
12,934,212
Current Liabilities
304,151
1,599,794
2,283,437
7,079,985
10,909,904
Accrued Liabilities
48,166
-
-
Accounts Payable
255,985
180,224
201,158
905,401
1,301,607
Accrued Cost of electricity
-
985,013
1,568,514
4,300,363
5,723,371
Other Accrued Liabilities
-
17,589
73,776
152,595
515,618
User taxes and energy surcharge due to other governments
-
-
-
4,966
566,962
Notes Payable Due within 1 yr.
-
416,968
439,989
1,073,094
1,069,125
Deferred Revenue
-
-
-
643,566
1,733,221
Non-Current Liabilities
1,290,000
1,820,690
1,380,702
3,083,746
2,024,308
Notes Payable
750,000
1,820,690
1,380,702
3,083,746
2,024,308
64 All information obtained from MCE Financial Report, 2010 – 2014, http://marincleanenergy.org/key-documents

Loan from County of Marin
540,000
-
Net Assets
-961,251
318,838
3,917,925
7,912,874
9,558,036
Restricted for debt Services
263,200
598,200
598,200
Invested in Capital Assets
-
32,890
32,566
68,679
58,807
Unrestricted
-961,251
285,948
3,622,159
7,245,995
8,901,029
Income Statement
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Q1
Operating Revenues
-
14,323,650
22,918,843
52,579,310
85,561,759
Electricity Sales
-
14,323,650
22,918,843
52,392,025
84,643,812
Energy Efficiency Program Revenue
-
-
-
187,285
917,947
Operating Expenses
786,630
12,892,000
19,210,349
48,429,076
83,731,036
Cost of Electricity
-
10,704,976
16,868,479
43,224,840
76,088,268
Energy Efficiency Program Revenue
-
-
-
187,285
-
Professional Services
662,272
1,598,947
1,535,634
3,708,760
5,533,964
Staff Compensation
-
496,314
634,232
1,041,907
1,660,945
Contract staff compensation
112,133
-
-
-
-
General and Admin. Expenses
-
91,763
172,004
266,284
447,859
Miscellaneous expenses
12,225
-
-
-
Operating Income
-786,630
1,431,650
3,708,494
4,150,234
1,830,723
Non-Operating Revenues (Expenses)
-2,156
-151,561
-109,407
-155,285
-185,561
Contributions
2,074
22,260
-
20,000
-
Consideration for Loan Guarantees
-
-56,656
-
-
-
Interest Income
1,674
-
-
900
8,965
Interest Expense
-5,904
-117,165
-109,407
-176,185
-194,526

Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets
-788,786
1,280,089
3,599,087
3,994,949
1,645,162
Net Assets at the beginning of the Period
-172,465
-961,251
318,838
3,917,925
7,912,874
Net Assets at the end of the Period
-961,251
318,838
3,917,925
7,912,874
9,558,036
Cash flow Statement
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Q1
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
-622,489
244,614
3,112,209
4,232,222
226,383
Cash Flows from Non-capital Financing Activities
944,420
499,137
-526,374
1,824,964
-1,797,004
Cash Flows from Capital & Related Financing Activities
-
-23,251
-9,243
-31,787
-7,015
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
1,674
-
-
900
8,965
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents
323,605
720,500
2,576,592
6,026,299
-1,568,671
Beginning of the year
170,163
493,768
1,214,268
3,790,860
9,817,159
End of the year
493,768
1,214,268
3,790,860
9,817,159
8,248,488

Appendix 2 – Ratio Analysis on MCE Financial Statements
Ratio Analysis
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Q1
Current Ratio
1.62
2.07
3.13
2.44
1.94
Quick Ratio
1.62
1.72
2.62
2.03
1.59
Cost to Sale Ratio
0.75
0.74
0.83
0.77
Operating Margin
0.10
0.16
0.08
0.02
Current Liability / Liability
0.19
0.47
0.62
0.70
0.84
Operating CF / Operating Income
0.17
0.84
1.02
0.12
Financial Leverage
-1.66
10.73
0.94
1.28
1.35
Other Operating Expenses / Sales
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.09
Annual Asset Increase
5.91
2.03
2.38
1.24
Annual Liability Increase
2.15
1.07
2.77
1.27
Annual Net Asset Increase
-
12.29
2.02
1.21
Annual Net Asset Increase
-
2.81
1.11
0.41
Net Profit from Sales
0.00
0.09
0.16
0.08
0.02
Non-Operating Expenses VS. Non- Current Liabilities
0.00
-0.12
-0.06
-0.11
-0.06
Non-Current Liabilities VS. Sales
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.04
Annual Cash Build-up
2.46
3.12
2.59
0.84

Appendix 3 – Potential Solar PV Brownfield Sites in Torrance Site Name Address City Distance to Substation (miles) Max DNI Solar (kWh/m2/day) Estimated Solar PV Capacity Potential (MW)
ALCOA FASTENERS SYSTEMS
3000 W Lomita Bl
TORRANCE
0.35
4.73
2.00
ALLIED SIGNAL/AEROSP SYS & EQ, TORRANCE
2525 W. 190th Street/Dept 62t19
TORRANCE
0.01
4.73
ALS INDUSTRIES INCORPORATED
1942 West Artesia Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.78
4.73
0.61
AMERICAN HONDA MOTOR CO., INC.
1919 Torrance Boulevard (Bldg 510 parking lot)
TORRANCE
0.86
4.73
AMERICAN HONDA MOTORS COMPANY
840 VAN NESS AVENUE
TORRANCE
0.51
4.73
16.66
AMERICAN STANDARD INCORPORATED
360 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD
TORRANCE
0.54
4.73
AMOCO CHEMICALS CORP (2)
1225 WEST 196TH STREET
TORRANCE
0.44
4.91
0.35
AMP, INC., C/O TYCO ELECTRONICS
435 Maple Avenue
TORRANCE
0.55
4.73
ARMCO, INC.
1541 BORDER AVENUE
TORRANCE
0.91
4.73
6.63
CAPITOL METALS PROCESSING, INC.
20000 S. Western Avenue
TORRANCE
0.26
4.73
DON WILSON BUILDERS
22700 Meyler St.
TORRANCE
1.19
4.91
DOW CHEMICAL - TORRANCE
TORRANCE
0.36
4.73
DOW CHEMICALS CO.
TORRANCE
0.53
4.91
EXXON MOBIL OIL CORP
3700 W 190TH ST
TORRANCE
0.24
4.73
EXXON MOBIL REFINERY OFF-SITE IMPACT
3700 W. 190th St., Safety Bldg Rm #117
TORRANCE
0.00
4.73
125.00

EXXONMOBIL OIL CORP TORRANCE REFINERY
3700 W. 190TH ST.
TORRANCE
0.00
4.73
122.33
FOUNDRY SERVICE & SUPPLIES
1906 OAK STREET
TORRANCE
0.50
4.73
FREEMAN PRODUCTS / AVNET INC.
2040 Artesia Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.73
4.73
0.38
GARDENA VALLEY #4 LANDFILL
833 W. Torrance Blvd.
TORRANCE
0.42
4.91
GARRETT AVIATION SVCS. - CFC AVIATION SVCS.
20251 Western Avenue
TORRANCE
0.32
4.73
GCS, INC.
23155 Kashiwa Court
TORRANCE
0.74
4.73
HARVEY MACHINE CO
TORRANCE
0.50
4.73
HI-SHEAR CORP.
2600 Skypark Drive
TORRANCE
0.20
4.73
3.33
HI-SHEAR TECHNOLOGY CORP.
24225 Garnier Street
TORRANCE
0.32
4.73
HONEYWELL - TORRANCE
3201 WEST LOMITA BLVD.
TORRANCE
0.73
4.73
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO., MICROWAVE PROD DIV.
24120 Garnier Street
TORRANCE
0.29
4.73
HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO./SCG
19300 GRAMERCY PLACE
TORRANCE
0.28
4.73
1.16
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY (FORMER)
3100 W LOMITA BLVD BLDG 231
TORRANCE
0.50
4.73
4.33
HUGHES SPACE AND COMMUNICATIONS CO(HSC)
19300 GRAMERCY PLACE
TORRANCE
0.39
4.73
HYDRO RUBBER & PLASTICS
1200 FRANCISCO STREET
TORRANCE
0.36
4.91
HYDROCHEM INDUSTRIAL SERVICES INC
301 CRENSHAW BLVD
TORRANCE
0.56
4.73
INTERNATIONAL LIGHT METAL CORP
19200 S WESTERN AVE
TORRANCE
0.51
4.73
INTERNATIONAL LIGHT METALS
19200 SOUTH WESTERN AVENUE
TORRANCE
0.50
4.73

JCI JONES CHEMICALS INC
1401 DEL AMO BLVD
TORRANCE
0.06
4.73
JONES CHEMICAL
1401 DEL AMO BLVD
TORRANCE
0.19
4.91
KNOLLS LODGE MOBILE HOME PARK
23701 S. WESTERN AVENUE
TORRANCE
1.10
4.73
LOMITA BLVD. DEVELOPMENT
2740-2750 W. LOMITA BLVD.
TORRANCE
0.17
4.73
M/A-COM PHI
1742 Crenshaw Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.61
4.73
MARTIN BRASS FOUNDRY
2341 Jefferson Street
TORRANCE
0.46
4.73
MAT REDIS & DISP CEN
TORRANCE
0.26
4.73
MOBIL
TORRANCE
0.46
4.73
MOBIL OIL, TORRANCE REFINERY
3700 W. 190th Street
TORRANCE
0.25
4.73
MOMIN LODGE
1918 Artesia Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.87
4.73
0.36
MOOG, INC., AIRCRAFT GROUP TORRANCE OPERATIONS
20263 Western Avenue
TORRANCE
0.19
4.73
NIR AIRCRAFT PLT
TORRANCE
1.49
5.39
NORTHROP CORP/AIRCRAFT DIV
540 HAWAII AVE
TORRANCE
0.52
4.73
NORTHROP CORP-AIRCRAFT DIV
19200 SO WESTERN AVE
TORRANCE
0.31
4.73
NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION (K1)
2135 DOMINGUEZ AVE
TORRANCE
0.69
4.73
NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION (K3)
2203 DOMINGUEZ AVE
TORRANCE
0.73
4.73
NSC LONG BCH
TORRANCE
0.20
4.98
PHENOMENEX, INC. (BLDG. 4)
431 Amapola Ave.
TORRANCE
0.61
4.73
PLASMA TECHNOLOGY, INC.
1754 CRENSHAW BLVD.
TORRANCE
0.55
4.73
PPG INDUSTRIES
465 CRENSHAW BLVD
TORRANCE
0.49
4.73
2.41

PPG INDUSTRIES INC
465 CRENSHAW BLVD
TORRANCE
0.57
4.73
REYNOLDS METALS COMPANY
500 CRENSHAW BLVD
TORRANCE
0.59
4.73
0.94
ROCK LOMITA
2740 Lomita Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.06
4.73
4.16
ROYAL BOULEVARD CLASS III DISPOSAL SITE
ROYAL BLVD BTWN 209TH AND 210TH STREETS
TORRANCE
0.69
4.91
1.21
SPECTRUM PLATING CO.
527 Van Ness Ave.
TORRANCE
0.50
4.73
STANDARD BRANDS
TORRANCE
0.55
4.73
1.66
STAR BIOCHEMICALS, SUBDIV. OF MALLINCKRODTE
20916 Higging Ct
TORRANCE
0.61
4.73
SUNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT
TORRANCE
0.66
4.91
THE BOEING CO
3100 W LOMITA BLVD
TORRANCE
0.46
4.73
4.33
THE DAILY BREEZE
5215 Torrance Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.72
4.73
THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
305 CRENSHAW BLVD
TORRANCE
0.20
4.73
8.66
THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
TORRANCE
0.23
4.73
8.66
THE EMPTY ATTIC
736 W. Del Amo Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.08
4.91
1.66
TORRANCE ALUMINUIM PLNT
TORRANCE
0.42
4.73
TORRANCE CITY AIRPORT
TORRANCE
0.79
4.73
TORRANCE LANDFILL
20500 MADRONA STREET
TORRANCE
0.55
4.73
TORRANCE MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER
3330 Lomita Boulevard
TORRANCE
0.65
4.73
TRICO PACCAR
TORRANCE
0.37
4.91
0.38
ULTIMATE CLEANERS
3525 PACIFIC COAST HIGHWAY
TORRANCE
0.62
4.73
UNION CARBIDE, TORRANCE
3651 DEL AMO BLVD
TORRANCE
0.43
4.73
16.66

UNION CARBIDE/CHEM'S & PLAST/TORRANCE
19500 MARINER AVENUE
TORRANCE
0.32
4.73
2.83
UNION OIL PIPELINE, TORRANCE TANK FARM
2650 WEST LOMITA BOULEVARD
TORRANCE
0.00
4.73
UPJOHN COMPANY CPR DIVISION
555 ALASKA AVENUE
TORRANCE
0.67
4.73
VERTEX MICROWAVE PROD., INC
3111 Fujita Street
TORRANCE
0.66
4.73
VOUGHT AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIES INC
640 ALASKA AVENUE
TORRANCE
0.67
4.73
0.98
Total:
336.68

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Baker, D. R. (2011, 4 12). Brown signs law requiring 33% renewable energy. Retrieved 11 11, 2014, from SFGate.com: http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Brown-signs-law-requiring-33-renewable-energy-2375758.php
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