![1961 1966 1969 1974 1979 1980 1985 1990 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2013
Per capita consumption growth - 45.9 kWh in 1961 to 917.2 kWh in 2013!
GDP growth rate of 5.02%as seen in 2013 [4].
IMF estimates the growth to rise to 6.72% by 2019 [5].
IEA projects India and China to have lion's share of Asia's energy demand growth
through 2035
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Per Capita Consumtion (kWh) gdp growth rate (
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Per Capita Consumption in kWh](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalpresentation2-230629071257-a04a0339/85/finalpresentation2-pptx-5-320.jpg)
![Potential of solar energy in
India ●
Located in Equatorial belt.
● Has 300-330 sunny days a year, which is
equivalent to 5000 Trillion kWh.
● Average solar incidence stands at a robust 4-7
kWh/sq.meter/day.
● The annual global radiation varies from 1600
to 2200 kWh/squared meter
●
JNNSM – 20 GW by 2022
●
Upgraded to 100 GW by 2022
●
Great Entrepresneurial opportunities
● 5th
position in terms of Renewable Energy
Country Attrativeness Index as published by
Ernst and Young in March 2015[6].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalpresentation2-230629071257-a04a0339/85/finalpresentation2-pptx-6-320.jpg)
![Challenges
Technical: Storage technologies cost comparison: [8]
Technology Maturity Cost ($/kWh) Efficiency Response time
Pumped Hydro Mature 138-338 80-82% Seconds to Minutes
Compressed Air
(Underground)
Demo to Mature 60-150 60-70% Seconds to Minutes
Compressed Air
(Above ground)
Demo to Deploy 390-430 60-70% Seconds to Minutes
Flywheels Demo to Mature 7800-8800 85-87% Instantaneous
Lead Acid Batteries Demo to Mature 350-3800 75-90% Milliseconds
Lithium-ion-batteries Demo to Mature 900-6200 87-94% Milliseconds
Flow Batteries
(Vanadium Redox)
Develop to Demo 620-830 65-75% Milliseconds
Flow Batteries
(Zinc Bromide)
Demo to Deploy 290-1350 60-65% Milliseconds
Sodium Sulfur Demo to Deploy 445-555 75% Milliseconds
Power to Gas Demo - 30-45% 10 minutes
Capacitors Develop to Demo - 90-94% Milliseconds
SMES Develop to Demo - 95% Instantaneous](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalpresentation2-230629071257-a04a0339/85/finalpresentation2-pptx-11-320.jpg)
finalpresentation2.pptx
- 1. Solar Energy Prospects and Challenges
- 2. Why Solar? 6.44 0.23 93.34 World Petroleum Consumption by Sector World Coal Consumption by sector Commercial Industrial Electric Power Sector 18.91 13 30.36 3.42 34.39 World Natural Gas Consumption by Sector Residential Commercial Electric Power Sector Transportation Industrial 70.65 24.15 1.62.89 0.72 Transportation Industrial sector Electric Power Sector Residential Commercial ● Power sector: 41.47%of the total fossil fuel consumption in the world. ● 16 billion metric tonnes of CO2 pumped into atmosphere every year! ● Global temperature to rise by 3.6 degree by 2040 with emission rise of 20%. ● Power Sector must be decarbonized upto 25%to saturate the rise to 2 degree centigrade.
- 3. ● Fossil fuels account for 61%of the electric power generated in world. ● Decarbinsation of power sector upto 25%- Increase in use of Renewable Energy Sources from 13%to 38%by 2040. ● Solar Energy is one of the cleanest sources of energy. ● Harnessing 5%gives 3000 Trillion kWh – 150 times existing demand of 20 Trillion kWh ● Solar Panel costs are now 154 times cheaper than they were in 1970! 38.74 0.75 27.41 0.28 19.47 6.32 13.19 Power Generation with various fuels Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Other Gases Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Pumped Storage Renewable Energy Why Solar? 47.93 11.92 3.08 3.39 33.68 RenewableEnergy Sources Percentageused for power generation Hydro Biomass Geothermal Solar/PV Wind
- 4. 58% 18% 12% 2% 1% 9% Sources of Power Generation in India (2013) Coal H ydro RES Nuclear Diesel Gas Power Source Installed Capacity Thermal 1,30,221 MW Hydro 39,491 MW RES 27,542 MW Gas 20,110 MW Nuclear 4,780 MW Diesel 1202 MW Total 2,23,344 MW Power Generation in India ● India - Fourth largest primary power consumer in the world. ● Installed power generating capacity - 2,23,344 MW. ● 70%of total coal consumption is by Power Sector. ● India is projected to overshoot USA to second place in terms of coal consumption by 2020. China USA Russia India Japan Africa Germany Canada Brazil South Korea 100 80 60 40 20 0 95.06 31.52 23.92 20.31 17.34 13.47 13.35 12.1 11.52 Total Primary Power Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) 120 105.88
- 5. 1961 1966 1969 1974 1979 1980 1985 1990 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2013 Per capita consumption growth - 45.9 kWh in 1961 to 917.2 kWh in 2013! GDP growth rate of 5.02%as seen in 2013 [4]. IMF estimates the growth to rise to 6.72% by 2019 [5]. IEA projects India and China to have lion's share of Asia's energy demand growth through 2035 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Per Capita Consumtion (kWh) gdp growth rate ( % ) Per capita consumption in kWh %GDP growth rate ● ● ● ● Per Capita Consumption in kWh
- 6. Potential of solar energy in India ● Located in Equatorial belt. ● Has 300-330 sunny days a year, which is equivalent to 5000 Trillion kWh. ● Average solar incidence stands at a robust 4-7 kWh/sq.meter/day. ● The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/squared meter ● JNNSM – 20 GW by 2022 ● Upgraded to 100 GW by 2022 ● Great Entrepresneurial opportunities ● 5th position in terms of Renewable Energy Country Attrativeness Index as published by Ernst and Young in March 2015[6].
- 7. Challenges Technical: Efficiency: Crystalline Silicon PV Cell (c-Si) Thin Film PV cell Concentrating PV cell ● Constitutes 85% of market. ● Cut from single crystal Silicon Ingots. ● Processed to create field via pn junction. ● Positive and negative contacts added to convert into PV cell. ● Efficiency: 14%-16% ● 100 times thinner than c-Si. ● Very flexible in nature. ● Made by depositing PV material on substrate such as glass, plastic or metal. ● Efficiency: ● CdTe: 9%-12% ● a-Si (Amorphous): 6%-9% ● CIGS: 8%-14% ● They use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient, multi junction PV cell. ● Capable of much higher efficiency since each junction is designed to absorb different frequency in the spectrum. ● Efficiency: Upto 43.5%
- 8. Challenges Technical: Power Grid Integration: Solar: Unpredictable source giving rise to variability. Three important challenges: 1. Non-Controllable Variability 2. Partial Unpredictability 3. Location Dependancy Non-Controllable Variability: ● Output of the plant is variable. ● Fluctuation in Voltage and Frequency from seconds to minutes. ● AGC, Spinning reserve, AVRs and FACTS to compensate for small varations. ● Increased penetration =Large variations ● Integration over large area reduces variability Partial Unpredictability: ● Inability to predict with exactness whether or not sun will be available for energy production. ● Process of unit commitment and calculation of reserves becomes more complex. ● A dvanced unit commitment methods must be adopted.
- 9. Challenges Technical: Power Grid Integration: Solar: Unpredictable source giving rise to variability. Three important challenges: 1. Non-Controllable Variability 2. Partial Unpredictability 3. Location Dependancy Location Dependancy: ● Remotely located solar resources. Need to build sufficient T&D infrastructure. Influenced by regional politics making the development of transmission for Renewable Energy complex. Vision of micro-grid for distributed generation. ● ● ● ● ● ● Solutions for integrating large-capacity RE: Grid friendly RE generation: Prioritise reliability and stability over Maximum Power Generation. Improved Flexibility in conventional generation Transmission expansion: Geographic diversity can be exploited to reduce variability.
- 10. Challenges Technical: Storage: ● Unpredictable nature of energy source. ● Variable power output. ● Need to convert grid to storage intensive. ● Two Challenges to be tackled: ● Increase storage capacity Reduce Storage expense ● ● ● ● ● Battery storage technology can provide solution upto 50GWh. Pumped Hydro Stations: Upto 50 Gwh; limited by terrains To achieve grid parity, cost of generation and storage must be comparable to conventional sources. Conventional battery storage is very expensive and therefore not economical. Some of the existing storage technologies are: ● Pumped Hydro Compressed air Flywheels Lead acid batteries Lithium-ion batteries Capacitors SMES Flow batteries ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
- 11. Challenges Technical: Storage technologies cost comparison: [8] Technology Maturity Cost ($/kWh) Efficiency Response time Pumped Hydro Mature 138-338 80-82% Seconds to Minutes Compressed Air (Underground) Demo to Mature 60-150 60-70% Seconds to Minutes Compressed Air (Above ground) Demo to Deploy 390-430 60-70% Seconds to Minutes Flywheels Demo to Mature 7800-8800 85-87% Instantaneous Lead Acid Batteries Demo to Mature 350-3800 75-90% Milliseconds Lithium-ion-batteries Demo to Mature 900-6200 87-94% Milliseconds Flow Batteries (Vanadium Redox) Develop to Demo 620-830 65-75% Milliseconds Flow Batteries (Zinc Bromide) Demo to Deploy 290-1350 60-65% Milliseconds Sodium Sulfur Demo to Deploy 445-555 75% Milliseconds Power to Gas Demo - 30-45% 10 minutes Capacitors Develop to Demo - 90-94% Milliseconds SMES Develop to Demo - 95% Instantaneous
- 12. Challenges LCOE= T otal LifeCycleCost T otal Lifetime Energy Production LCOE of Solar far above the conventional sources. Need to improve efficiency and storage technology. Subsidies by Government to ease installation cost. Favourable Policies. Challenges LCOE sus up all the challenges.
- 13. Solar Policies RPO (Renewable Purchase Obligation) : Mechanism by which the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions are obliged to purchase a certain percentage of power from RES. ● A number of State Solar Policies announced in addition to JNNSM. Gujarat: Announced Solar policy in 2009, ahead of JNNSM. ● ● 1000 MW during the first Phase of JNNSM 5000 proposal tuning to Rs. 90 billion. 824 MW installed as on 9th March 2013 accounting for 57.2% of installed capacity in India. Much of the success credited to Solar Parks. ● ● ● ● Revised solar policy of Karnataka launched in 2014. Addition of 2000 MW by 2022 in phased manner: 1600 MW - Grid connected, 400 MW – Rooftop. Surplus energy injected paid by the ESCOMs at tariff determined by KERC. Encouragement for farmers to adopt Solar Powered Irrigation Pump sets. ● ● ●
- 14. Summary ● Need for shift towards Green Energy. Solar energy – Posseses enough potential to meet entire energy needs. Technical Challenges: Efficiency, Power Grid Integration, Storage. Economic Challenges: LCOE much higher than other sources, need for subsidies to reach grid parity. JNNSM: 20 GW by 2022 Solar Policy: Gujarat sets benchmark with its policy aiming 1000 MW in first phase. Karnataka to establish 2000 MW by 2022. ● ● ● ● ● ●
- 15. Thank You!