- FIRST EXAM SPRING 20201. Describe how the view of operations.docx
- 1. - FIRST EXAM SPRING 2020 1. Describe how the view of operations as a process can be applied to the following: a. Acquisition of another company b. Marketing Research for a New Product c. Design of an Information System 2. An operations manager was heard complaining “My boss never listens to me ----- all the boss wants from me is to avoid making waves. I rarely get any capital to improve operations. Also, we do not have weekly, biweekly or even monthly meetings with our product managers, supply chain department, customer service or the sales department. We only meet with the accounting and finance departments when there are issues with the monthly budgets. Furthermore, our department has interacted with information service department about four times in past fiscal year” Please assess the following: a. Whether this business has a business strategy ? b. Does it have an operations strategy? c. What would you recommend? 3. Firm A has recorded the following costs in 2018: Incoming materials and inspection $20,000 Training of Personnel $40,000 Warranty $45,000
- 2. Process Planning $15,000 Scrap $13,000 Quality Laboratory $30,000 Rework $25,000 Allowances $10,000 Complaints $14,000 a. What are the Prevention, Appraisal, Internal Failure and External Failure costs? b. What inferences can you draw on Quality Measures taken by Firm A? c. What would you recommend to improve quality programs in Firm A? d. What initiatives should Firm A implement for 2019 and 2020? 4. Please explain the House of Quality (QFD) as discussed in class. 5. A certain process is under statistical control and has a mean value of 130 and a standard deviation of 8. The specifications for the process are: a. USL (upper specification limit) = 150 b. LSL(lower specification limit) =100 a. Calculate the cp and cpk
- 3. b. Which of these indices is a better measure of process capability and why? c. Assuminng a normal distribution what percentage of output is expected to fall ourside the specification. Why is it important to know this? d. What would you recommend? 2 Chapter 7 Government Ethics and the Law William A. Myers, Ph.D. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) • Describe some of the reasons why there has been a loss of trust in government. • Explain the purpose of various government committees on ethics. • Discuss how public policy protects the rights of citizens.
- 4. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) • Describe federal laws designed to protect each individual’s rights. • Explain the concept of political malpractice. • Understand the importance of ethics in public service. Let every American, every lover of liberty, every well wisher to his posterity, swear by the blood of the Revolution, never to violate in the least particular, the laws of the country; and never to tolerate their violation by others. —Abraham Lincoln Executive Branch: U.S. Office of Government Ethics • Exercises leadership in the executive branch to prevent conflicts of interest.
- 5. • Resolves those conflicts of interest. • Fosters high ethical standards for employees. • Strengthens public confidence in government business. House of Representatives: Committee on Ethics • Designated the “supervising ethics office” for the House of Representatives. • Only standing committee of the House of Representatives with membership divided evenly by party. Committee on Ethics: Common Ethical Issues (1 of 2) • Gifts from outside sources • Gifts between employees • Conflicting financial interests
- 6. • Remedies for financial conflicts of interest • Impartiality in performing official duties • Seeking other employment Committee on Ethics: Common Ethical Issues (2 of 2) • Misuse of position – Outside activities – Post-employment – Representation to government agencies and courts – Supplementation of salary – Financial disclosure Senate: Select Committee on Ethics • Authorized to receive and investigate – Allegations of improper conduct that may reflect upon the Senate
- 7. – Violations of law – Violations of the Senate code of official conduct – Violations of rules and regulations of the Senate – Recommend disciplinary action – Recommend additional Senate rules or regulations to ensure proper standards of conduct – Report violations of law to federal and state authorities. Office of Congressional Ethics • Independent, nonpartisan office • Governed by a board composed of private citizens • Provides more public review and insight into the ethical conduct of members of the House of Representatives • Mission is to assist the House in upholding high standards of ethical conduct for its members,
- 8. officers, and staff. U.S. Judicial Code of Conduct • Provides guidance for judges on issues of – Judicial integrity and independence – Judicial diligence and impartiality – Permissible extrajudicial activities – Avoidance of impropriety or even its appearance Public Policy: A Principle of Law Principle of law that holds no one can lawfully do that which tends to be injurious to public. Sources of Public Policy • Legislation • Administrative rules, regulations, or decisions • Judicial decisions
- 9. • Professional code of ethics may contain an expression of public policy Sources of Public Policy: Veterans Administration • House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs – Reviews veteran programs – Examines current laws – Reports bills and amendments to strengthen existing laws concerning veterans and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): • Health care and disability compensation • Headlines suggest failure in providing health care Laws Influence Ethical Principles: Protecting Individual Rights (1 of 2) • 1868: Fourteenth Amendment to U.S.
- 10. Constitution • 1964: Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964 • 1890: Sherman Antitrust Act • 1974: Privacy Act • 1996: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act • 1986: Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act Laws Influence Ethical Principles: Protecting Individual Rights (2 of 2) • 1986: Health Care Quality Improvement Act • 1989: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality • 1989: Ethics in Patient Referral Act • 1990: Patient Self-Determination Act • 2002: Sarbanes-Oxley Act • 2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- 11. Fourteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution States – Cannot deny any person equal protection of law. – Shall not make or enforce any law which shall abridge privileges or immunities of citizens. – Shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. – Shall not deny any person equal protection of laws. Title VI: Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Racial discrimination prohibited. • HHS program discrimination prohibited. Sherman Antitrust Act
- 12. • Contracts in restraint of trade illegal • Areas of concern for health care – Reduced market competition – Price-fixing – Preferred-provider arrangements – Exclusive contracts Privacy Act of 1974 • Safeguards individual privacy • Provides individuals access to records • Established Privacy Protection Safety Commission Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act • Designed to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and security of patient information. • Standards are applicable to all health
- 13. information in all of its formats: – Electronic – Paper – Verbal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act • Hospital emergency departments are – Required to provide an appropriate medical- screening exam. – Forbidden to “dump” patients from one emergency department to another. Case: EMTALA Violated (1 of 2) In Burditt v. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, EMTALA was violated by a physician when he ordered a woman with dangerously high blood pressure (210/130 mm Hg) and in active
- 14. labor with ruptured membranes transferred from the emergency department of one hospital to another hospital 170 miles away. Case: EMTALA Violated (2 of 2) • What are the main issues in Burditt? • What ethical theories, principles, and values are of concern? Describe them. Health Care Quality Improvement Act • Restricts ability of incompetent physicians to move from state to state without disclosure of incompetence. • Provides professional review bodies limited immunity from damages. • Facilitates exchange of information among professionals conducting peer review. • Protects physicians improperly subjected to disciplinary action. Agency for Healthcare
- 15. Research and Quality • Improve quality of health care • Reduce healthcare costs • Broaden access to essential healthcare services Ethics in Patient Referral Act • Prohibits physicians who have ownership interest or compensation arrangements with clinical lab from referring Medicare patients to that lab. • Requires Medicare providers to report names and provider numbers of all physicians or their immediate relatives with ownership interests in a provider entity. Patient Self-Determination Act • Right to be informed of rights.
- 16. • Right to execute advance directives. • Right to accept or refuse medical care. • States required to provide description of state laws regarding advance directives to providers. • Providers ensure written policies and procedures regarding advance directives are established. Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law by President Bush on July 30, 2002, in response to the Enron debacle and high-profile cases of corporate mismanagement. Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Promoting Due Diligence • Act is not about regulation; it is about self- regulation.
- 17. • Selecting a leader with morals and core values. • Examining incentives. • Monitoring the organization’s culture. • Building a strong, knowledgeable governing body. • Searching for conflicts of interest. • Focusing attention on the right things. • Having the courage to speak out. Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Know Your Moral Values • Be willing to stand up for them. • Be prepared to pay the cost. Sarbanes-Oxley Act: The “System” Do not think lightly of evil, saying, “It will not come to me.” By the constant fall of water drops in a pitcher, a pitcher is filled, accumulating evil little by little, becomes full of evil.
- 18. — Buddha, Dhammapada, verse 121 Patient Protection Affordable Care Act • A federal statute that contains a set of healthcare reforms passed by Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. Hope remains that ethics will become something of value that is practiced both in the workplace and in one’s personal life. It is more meaningful than a word to discuss, a book to read or a course of study. Ethics in Practice Political Malpractice • Political malpractice is the negligent or unethical conduct on part of an elected official.
- 19. 1. Duty to care 2. Breach of duty 3. Injury 4. Causation • Foreseeability – Nonaction seems to be harming the nation (e.g., Veterans care) Review Questions 1. Discuss how the various branches of government address ethical issues. 2. Discuss how public policy protects individual rights (e.g., privacy and self-determination). 3. Discuss the legal and ethical implications of the public policy acts presented here. 4. Describe how the concept of “political malpractice” is similar to “medical malpractice”
- 20. as discussed in this chapter. 5. Should the role of an ethics committee be expanded from one of consultation to that of a decision-maker? Support your position. Here there is no right or wrong answer, but a better answer. Review Questions