FORMULATION of research problem and ethical issues

Dr. Krishna K . Trivedi
Assistant Professor
Department of Law
Janardan Rai Nagar
Rajasthan Vidyapeeth
(Deemed-To-Be-University)
Udaipur Rajasthan
Formulation of
Research Problem &
Ethical considerations

Before we start discussion on
Formulation of Research Problem
We have to consider one important
word which is Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism

 UGC (University Grants Commission) Role: UGC
establishes regulations and guidelines to
promote academic integrity in higher education
institutions in India.
UGC’s Guidelines on Plagiarism (2018):Mandates
the use of plagiarism detection software.
Limits acceptable similarity index to a
maximum of 10% in research.
Strict penalties for plagiarism, including
debarment from academic programs.
UGC Norms on Plagiarism

 Level 1: Warning and Revision (10–40%)
If plagiarism is found in 10–40% of the submitted work, it is
considered minor. The researcher receives a warning and is required
to revise the work thoroughly to eliminate plagiarism. This level is
treated as a learning opportunity for the individual.
 Level 2: Cancellation and Disqualification (40–60%)
For plagiarism between 40–60%, the consequences are severe. The
research work is canceled, and the individual faces disqualification
from academic or research activities for a specified period. This aims
to deter deliberate malpractice and reinforce academic integrity.
 Level 3: Legal Actions and Expulsion (Above 60%)
If the similarity index exceeds 60%, it indicates blatant and intentional
plagiarism. Legal proceedings may be initiated, and the individual
could face permanent expulsion from the institution. This ensures
zero tolerance for unethical practices, upholding the credibility of
academic research.
Plagiarism Monitoring and Punitive
Measures

 Case 1: University of Delhi v. R.K. Verma, AIR 2016 Del 235
Facts: Professor R.K. Verma's research article was found to have substantial
plagiarized content.
Ruling: The Delhi High Court ruled in favor of the University, emphasizing the
importance of plagiarism-free academic content. Strict measures were imposed
to ensure ethical compliance in research and to maintain academic integrity.
Impact: This judgment strengthened the norms for university faculty, making
adherence to research ethics a top priority in academic institutions.
 Case 2: Dr
. R.K. Gupta v. Indian Medical Association, AIR 2015 SC 789
Facts: Dr. R.K. Gupta, a renowned medical practitioner, was found to have plagiarized
research content and presented it as his original work.
Ruling: The Supreme Court ordered the withdrawal of the publication and imposed a
monetary fine. The decision reinforced the importance of ethical research and the
accountability of professionals in maintaining originality.
Impact: This case set a precedent, emphasizing that plagiarism in professional and
academic circles is a serious offense with legal consequences.
 Case 3: Board of Secondary Education v. Ravi Kumar, AIR 2020 SC 1124
Facts: Ravi Kumar's dissertation contained extensive plagiarized material sourced
from previously published works.
Ruling: The Supreme Court upheld the Board’s decision to cancel his doctoral degree
and imposed a one-year ban on his enrollment in any university.
Impact: The case highlighted the enforcement of UGC norms and demonstrated how
institutions can effectively address academic dishonesty to uphold research
standards.

- Proper Citation: Always cite the original
author/source.
- Paraphrasing: Use your own words, and provide
citations.
- Use Plagiarism Checkers: Tools like Turnitin and
Grammarly.
- Understand Fair Use: Learn what constitutes
acceptable use of others’ work under copyright
law.
How to Avoid Plagiarism

Research Process
Hypothesis
Define Research
Problem
Design Research
Problem
Collect Data
Analyses
of Data
Test
Of
Hypothesis
Report writing
Define Research
Problem
Process Starts by Hypothesis
Process Starts by Research Problem
Hypothesis
Design Research
Problem
Collect Data
Analyses
of Data
Analyses
of Data
Report writing

Title
The title should contain three elements:
 the particular aspect or system
studied
 the variable(s)
 Your contribution
 Methods
Grammatically creative is Myth !
Some titles:
Right to Life with Dignity also includes Right to
Die with Dignity: Time To Amend Article 21 of
Indian Constitution and Law of Euthenesia

?
Research Topic
Its not Research topic
It is Research Problem

One of the most important aspects of a
research is the Title. Sometimes success
depends on right selection because the
writing is so much more fun when you know
what you are writing about.
LET’S SEE THESE TIPS
1.PICK UP A SUBJECT THAT OF YOUR INTERESTS
2. SELECT SOMETHING YOU KNOW ABOUT
3.FIND AN INTERESTING WAY TO APPROACH A
RESEARCH
4. LOOK AROUND OF YOU
5.BRAINSTORM
6. USE A TOPIC ONCE AGAIN

HOW TO FORMULATE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Step1: Identifyareaofinterest.
Step 2: Investigate the nature of the problem.
Step 3: Define the Variable Relationships.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate and Assess your objectives

1. Interest,
2. Experience and Expertise
3. Relevance,
4. Availability of data,
5. Ethical issues.

Area of Interest defiantly connect to your subject
But What is
my Interest ?
Sometime it is difficult to prefer a subject
Sometime it is not difficult to prefer a subject
Online
Business and
Real Market
Society and
development
Business and
technology
Business
Management
Tulsi Das
Medicine and
health
Education
and learning
Law and
Governance
Failure of
Product in
Market
Road safety

Step 2: Investigate the Nature of the Problem
.
I select Following Problem
Any of your
Problem
Analytical Critical
Interdisciplinary
Professional
Doctrinal
Technical
Non Doctrinal
Geographical
Commercial
Artistic
Comparative
Historical

Step 3: Define the Variable Relationships
.
Any of Problem
Data Changed
Method Change
Market Changed
Year Changed

Step 4: Raise research questions
Observe following questions:-
1 -What is the effect of problem over Political, Economic
or Social Sectors?
2- Why your subject is Important for current period ?
3- Why you select this area (Hypothesis)?
4- What will be result of your research?
5- How this problem will solve?

1. Your objectives grow out of your research questions.
2. The main difference between objectives and research
questions is the way in which they are written.
3. Research questions are obviously that—questions.
Step 5: Formulate and Assess your objectives

Assess your objectives in the light of:
1- work involved
2- time available to you
3- financial resources available
4- your technical expertise in the area

Contribution of your Problem
 Theoretical contributions.
 Empirical contributions.
 Methodological contributions.
 Practical contributions.

Example
Step 1
Start with your Hypothesis
Indian Economy is poor in comparison with
Japan ?

Step 2
Indian Economy is poor in comparison with Japan ?
Indian Economy is poor in Manufacturing Industries
in comparison with Japan

Step 3
Indian Economy is poor in comparison with Japan ?
Indian Economy is poor in Manufacturing Industries
in comparison with Japan.
Indian Economy is poor in Car Manufacturing
Industries in comparison with Japan.

Step 4
•Indian Economy is poor in comparison with
Japan ?
•Indian Economy is poor in Manufacturing
•Indian Economy is poor in Car Manufacturing
Industries in Comparison with Japan

Step 5
•Indian Economy is poor in comparison with
Japan ?
•Indian Economy is poor in Manufacturing
Industries in Comparison with Japan
• Indian Economy is poor in Car Manufacturing
Industries in Comparison with Japan in year 2010 to
2020

Step 6
Indian Economy is poor in Car Manufacturing
Industries in Comparison with Japan in year 2011 to
2020
“A study of Indian Car Manufacturing Industries
with Japan
(An Comparative Study of Economic growth
between year 2011 to 2020)

FORMULATION of research problem and ethical issues

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