Foundations of programming

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  1
Foundations of Programming
Building Better Software

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  2
Foundations of Programming
Based on a free EBook from Karl Seguin
www.codebetter.com

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Agenda
 ALT.NET
 Domain Driven Design
 Persistence
 Dependency Injection
 Unit Testing
 Object Relational Mappers
 Conclusion

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ALT.NET
 The MSDN Way vs. ALT.NET
 Data centric versus Domain driven
 Goals: Maintainability
– > 50% in maintenance state
– iterative development  continuous changes

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ALT.NET – Principles
 Simplicity
 YAGNI
 Last Responsible Moment
 DRY
 Explicitness and Cohesion
 Coupling
 Unit Tests and Continuous Integration

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DOMAIN DRIVEN DESIGN

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„What is Design? It’s where you stand with a foot in two
worlds – the world of technology and the world of people
and human purposes – and you try to bring the two
together.”
MITCHELL KAPOR

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Data Driven Design
 How to design your system?
– Data-driven or domain-centric
 Build your system around the data
 Database first
 Then mimick in .NET
 Great MS tool support

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Domain Driven Design (DDD)
 Focuses on the problem domain
 Data AND behaviour
 Tool  OOP

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„In the past, I'd frequently get pissed off with clients.
They were annoying, didn't know what they wanted and
always made the wrong choice.
Once I actually thought about it though, I realized that I
wasn't nearly as smart as I thought I was. The client
knew far more about his or her business than I did. Not
only that, but it was their money and my job was to
make them get the most out of it.
As the relationship turned more collaborative and
positive, not only did the end result greatly improve, but
programming became fun again.”
KARL SEGUIN

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24.02.2009  11
Users, Clients and Stakeholders
 Client: pays the bill, should make decisions
about features and priorities, often User
 User: uses System, different types
 Stakeholders: anyone with a stake in the
system
 Domain experts

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Domain Objects
 Find domain objects
 Tool  OOP (classes, encapsulation)
 Domain experts  business knowledge
 Purpose of an enterprise developer 
understand problem domain
 Start with key noun words
Clients, Cars, Models, Packages, etc.

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Domain Objects sample
 Inter-dependency between upgrades

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public class Car
{
private Model _model;
private List<Upgrade> _upgrades;
public void Add(Upgrade upgrade) { //todo }
}
public class Model
{
private int _id, _year;
private string _name;
public ReadOnlyCollection<Upgrade> GetAvailableUpgrades()
{
return null; //todo
}
}
public class Upgrade
{
private int _id;
public ReadOnlyCollection<Upgrade> RequiredUpgrades
{
get { return null; //todo }
}
}

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public class Car
{
private Model _model; //todo where to initialize this?
public void Add(Upgrade upgrade)
{
_upgrades.Add(upgrade);
}
public ReadOnlyCollection<Upgrade> MissingUpgradeDependencies()
{
List<Upgrade> missingUpgrades = new List<Upgrade>();
foreach (Upgrade upgrade in _upgrades)
{
foreach (Upgrade dependentUpgrade in
upgrade.RequiredUpgrades)
{
if (!_upgrades.Contains(dependentUpgrade)
&& !missingUpgrades.Contains(dependentUpgrade))
{
missingUpgrades.Add(dependentUpgrade);
}
}
}
return missingUpgrades.AsReadOnly();
}
}

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UI
 Domain is presentation layer independent
don‘t mix presentation and domain logic !
 Cohesive code  focus on one thing
– Redirect to another page
– Display error messages
– Request additional information
– NO DOMAIN FUNCTIONALITY !
 Code in codebehind will violate DRY

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UI
 ASP.NET & WinForms with domain-centric code
– Databind to any .NET collection
 ASP.NET Page Framework Alternatives ?
– MVC Framework
– MonoRails, etc.

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Tips & Tricks: Factory Pattern
public class Car
{
private Model _model;
private Car()
{
_upgrades = new List<Upgrade>();
}
public static Car CreateCar(Model model)
{
Car car = new Car();
car._model = model;
return car;
}
}

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24.02.2009  19
Factory Pattern: Advantages
 We can return a null object
 Chance to provide more meaningful function
names
User.CreateByCredentials(string username, string password)
User.CreateById(int id)
User.GetUsersByRole(string role)

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Tips & Tricks: Access Modifiers
 Keep API small
 Prefer more restrective access modifier
 internal, visible within same assembly

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Tips & Tricks: Interfaces
 To decouple the code
 Allows creating mock classes for testing
 Interface = contract
internal class SqlServerDataAccess {
internal List<Upgrade> RetrieveAllUpgrades() {
return null; //todo implement
}
}
public class Sample {
public void ASampleMethod() {
SqlServerDataAccess da = new SqlServerDataAccess();
List<Upgrade> upgrades = da.RetrieveAllUpgrades();
}
}

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internal interface IDataAccess
{
List<Upgrade> RetrieveAllUpgrades();
}
internal class DataAccess
{
internal static IDataAccess CreateInstance()
{
return new SqlServerDataAccess();
}
}

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internal class SqlServerDataAccess : IDataAccess
{
public List<Upgrade> RetrieveAllUpgrades()
{
return null; //todo implement
}
}
public class Sample
{
public void ASampleMethod()
{
private IDataAccess da = DataAccess.CreateInstance();
private List<Upgrade> upgrades = da.RetrieveAllUpgrades();
}
}

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24.02.2009  24
Tips & Tricks:
Information Hiding & Encapsulation
 Hide design decisions from other components
 Implentation changes without impact
 Example
– Private fields with public properties

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  25
PERSISTENCE

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The Gap
 Relational database  objects
 Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch
 DataSets
– Relational representation within OO-code
• Poor testability
• Leaky abstraction
• Poor maintainability
• Poor performance
 or
 ... bridge the gap

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public class Upgrade {
private int _id;
private string _description;
private decimal _price;
private List<Upgrade> _requiredUpgrades;
public int Id {
get { return _id; }
internal set { _id = value; }
}
public string Name {
get { return _name; }
set { _name = value; }
}
public string Description {
get { return _description; }
set { _description = value; }
}
public decimal Price {
get { return _price; }
set { _price = value; }
}
public List<Upgrade> RequiredUpgrades {
get { return _requiredUpgrades; }
}
}

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CREATE TABLE Upgrades
(
Id INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
[Name] VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
Description VARCHAR(512) NOT NULL,
Price MONEY NOT NULL,
)

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internal class SqlServerDataAccess
{
private static readonly string _connectionString = "FROM_CONFIG"
internal List<Upgrade> RetrieveAllUpgrades()
{
//use a sproc if you prefer
string sql = "SELECT Id, Name, Description, Price FROM
Upgrades";
using (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand(sql))
{
using (SqlDataReader dataReader = ExecuteReader(command))
{
List<Upgrade> upgrades = new List<Upgrade>();
while (dataReader.Read())
{
upgrades.Add(DataMapper.CreateUpgrade(dataReader));
}
return upgrades;
}
}
}
...
}

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internal static class DataMapper
{
internal static Upgrade CreateUpgrade(IDataReader dataReader)
{
Upgrade upgrade = new Upgrade();
upgrade.Id = Convert.ToInt32(dataReader["Id"]);
upgrade.Name = Convert.ToString(dataReader["Name"]);
upgrade.Description =
Convert.ToString(dataReader["Description"]);
upgrade.Price = Convert.ToDecimal(dataReader["Price"]);
return upgrade;
}
}

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internal static class DataMapper
{
...
internal static SqlParameter[] ConvertUpgradeToParameters(Upgrade
upgrade)
{
SqlParameter[] parameters = new SqlParameter[4];
parameters[0] = new SqlParameter("Id", SqlDbType.Int);
parameters[0].Value = upgrade.Id;
parameters[1] = new SqlParameter("Name", SqlDbType.VarChar,
64);
parameters[1].Value = upgrade.Name;
parameters[2] = new SqlParameter("Description",
SqlDbType.VarChar, 512);
parameters[2].Value = upgrade.Description;
parameters[3] = new SqlParameter("Price", SqlDbType.Money);
parameters[3].Value = upgrade.Price;
return parameters;
}
}

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  32
We have a problem
 Relationships not handled

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CREATE TABLE UpgradeDepencies
(
UpgradeId INT NOT NULL,
RequiredUpgradeId INT NOT NULL
)

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internal List<Upgrade> RetrieveAllUpgrades() {
string sql = @"SELECT Id, Name, Description, Price FROM Upgrades;
SELECT UpgradeId, RequiredUpgradeId FROM
UpgradeDepencies";
using (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand(sql)) {
using (SqlDataReader dataReader = ExecuteReader(command)) {
List<Upgrade> upgrades = new List<Upgrade>();
Dictionary<int, Upgrade> localCache = new Dictionary<int,
Upgrade>();
while (dataReader.Read()) {
Upgrade upgrade = DataMapper.CreateUpgrade(dataReader);
upgrades.Add(upgrade);
localCache.Add(upgrade.Id, upgrade);
}
dataReader.NextResult();
while (dataReader.Read()) {
int upgradeId = dataReader.GetInt32(0);
int requiredUpgradeId = dataReader.GetInt32(1);
Upgrade upgrade;
Upgrade required;
if (!localCache.TryGetValue(upgradeId, out upgrade) ||
!localCache.TryGetValue(requiredUpgradeId, out required))
{
//probably should throw an exception
//since our db is in a weird state
continue;
}
upgrade.RequiredUpgrades.Add(required);
}
return upgrades;
}
}

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24.02.2009  35
Limitations
 Much repetitive code
 No lazy loading
 No identity
 Persistence of updated, referenced objects
 Not flexible enough

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DEPENDENCY INJECTION

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„I would say that modern software engineering is the
ongoing refinement of the ever-increasing degrees of
decoupling. Yet, while the history of software shows that
coupling is bad, it also suggests that coupling is
unavoidable. An absolutely decoupled application is
useless because it adds no value. Developers can only
add value by coupling things together. The very act of
writing code is coupling one thing to another. The real
question is how to wisely choose what to be coupled to.”
JUVAL LÖWY

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24.02.2009  38
Decoupling
 Layering to provide extensibility
– Different databases
– Different frontends
– YAGNI ?
 Layering as result of cohesive and decoupled
code
 Decoupling = key ingredient in writing testable
code
1. Coupling/Decoupling
2. Unit Testing

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  39
Sneak Peak at Unit Testing
 Important: Unit-Testing
 Method to test might have a dependency

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  40
public class Car
{
private int _id;
public void Save()
{
if (!IsValid())
{
//todo: come up with a better exception
throw new InvalidOperationException("Car must be in valid
state");
}
if (_id == 0)
{
_id = DataAccess.CreateInstance().Save(this);
}
else
{
DataAccess.CreateInstance().Update(this);
}
}
private bool IsValid()
{
//todo: make sure the object is in a valid state
return true;
}
}

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public class Car
{
private int _id;
public void Save()
{
if (!IsValid())
{
state");
}
if (_id == 0)
{
_id = DataAccess.CreateInstance().Save(this);
}
else
{
DataAccess.CreateInstance().Update(this);
}
}
private bool IsValid()
{
//todo: make sure the object is in a valid state
return true;
}
}
1. Make sure the correct exception is thrown when we try
to save a car which is in an invalid state,
2. Make sure the data access’ Save method is called
when it’s a new car, and
3. Make sure the Update method is called when it’s an
existing car.
Functionality of IsValid, Save and Update should
not be tested!

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How to do that?
 Mocking frameworks will support that
 We can‘t use mocking frameworks with tightly
coupled code

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24.02.2009  43
Don‘t avoid coupling like the Plague
string site = "CodeBetter";
 Coupled to System.String
 Coupling isn‘t always bad
 But, no coupling to external components, code
that requires extensive setup or generates
random output

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  44
Dependency Injection
 A pattern that turns a hard-coded dependency
into something that can be injected at runtime

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  45
Constructor Injection
internal interface IDataAccess
{
int Save(Car car);
void Update(Car car);
}
internal class MockDataAccess : IDataAccess
{
private readonly List<Car> _cars = new List<Car>();
public int Save(Car car)
{
_cars.Add(car);
return _cars.Count;
}
public void Update(Car car)
{
_cars[_cars.IndexOf(car)] = car;
}
}

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24.02.2009  46
public class Car
{
private int _id;
private IDataAccess _dataProvider;
public Car() : this(new SqlServerDataAccess()) {}
internal Car(IDataAccess dataProvider) {
_dataProvider = dataProvider;
}
public void Save() {
if (!IsValid()) {
state");
}
if (_id == 0) {
_id = _dataProvider.Save(this);
}
else {
_dataProvider.Update(this);
}
}
}

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24.02.2009  47
Almost a test
public void AlmostATest()
{
Car car = new Car(new MockDataAccess());
car.Save();
if (car.Id != 1)
{
//something went wrong
}
}

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  48
DI Frameworks
 StructureMap
 Castle Windsor
 Unity (Microsoft)
 ObjectBuilder (Microsoft)
 Spring.NET
 Autofac
 Etc.

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24.02.2009  49
StructureMap configuration
<StructureMap>
<DefaultInstance
PluginType="CodeBetter.Foundations.IDataAccess,
CodeBetter.Foundations"
PluggedType="CodeBetter.Foundations.SqlDataAccess,
CodeBetter.Foundations"
/>
</StructureMap>

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24.02.2009  50
DI with StructureMap
Constructor Injection removed
public class Car
{
private int _id;
public void Save()
{
if (!IsValid())
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("The car must be in a valid
state");
}
IDataAccess dataAccess = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IDataAccess>();
if (_id == 0)
{
_id = dataAccess.Save(this);
}
else
{
dataAccess.Update(this);
}
}
}

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  51
Inject a Mock
public void AlmostATest()
{
ObjectFactory.InjectStub(typeof(IDataAccess), new
MockDataAccess());
car.Save();
if (car.Id != 1)
{
//something went wrong
}
ObjectFactory.ResetDefaults();
}

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24.02.2009  52
A Final Improvement
public static class DataFactory
{
public static IDataAccess CreateInstance
{
get
{
return ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IDataAccess>();
}
}
}

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24.02.2009  53
Reducing coupling
 Easy to do – great impact
 Required:
– A bit of knowledge
– Discipline
– Tools
 More benefits ?
– Unit Testing

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UNIT TESTING

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Unit Testing benefits
 Higher product quality
 Improved maintainability
 Confidence
– For changes, refactorings

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Why unit testing
 Improved quality
but more than that
 Easier to change, maintain the system
 Better design
„TDD isn't about testing because you're not
thinking as a tester when doing TDD – you’re
thinking as a designer.”
SCOTT BELLWARE

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  57
The Tools
 nUnit / MSTest
Testing frameworks
 RhinoMocks / Moq / TypeMock
Mocking framework
 Visual Studio/ReSharper/TestDriven.NET
Integration/TestRunner
 Visual Studio/NCover
measures test coverage

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24.02.2009  58
nUnit - Startup
 Create Test project assembly
CodeBetter.Foundations.Tests
 Add references
nunit.framework.dll
Rhino.Mocks.dll
 Make internals visible (AssemblyInfo.cs)
[assembly:
InternalsVisibleTo(„CodeBetter.Foundations.Test
s“)]

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24.02.2009  59
Configuration with Attributes
using NUnit.Framework;
[TestFixture]
public class CarTests
{
[SetUp]
public void SetUp() { //todo }
[TearDown]
public void TearDown() { //todo }
[Test]
public void SaveThrowsExceptionWhenInvalid() { //todo }
[Test]
public void SaveCallsDataAccessAndSetsId() { //todo }
//more tests
}

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Example
[Test]
public void MathUtilityReturnsZeroWhenNoParameters()
{
Assert.AreEqual(0, MathUtility.Add());
}
[Test]
public void MathUtilityReturnsValueWhenPassedOneValue()
{
Assert.AreEqual(10, MathUtility.Add(10));
}
[Test]
public void MathUtilityReturnsValueWhenPassedMultipleValues()
{
Assert.AreEqual(29, MathUtility.Add(10,2,17));
}
[Test]
public void MathUtilityWrapsOnOverflow()
{
Assert.AreEqual(-2, MathUtility.Add(int.MaxValue, int.MaxValue));
}

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24.02.2009  61
Assert
 Assert.IsFalse
 Assert.IsTrue
 Assert.IsNull
 Assert.IsNotNull
 Assert.AreSame
 Assert.AreNotEqual
 Assert.Greater
 Assert.IsInstanceOfType
 etc.

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  62
What is a Unit Test ?
 Test/validate behaviour at a very granular level
 One test for each behaviour
 Quick to run

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24.02.2009  63
Mocking
 Tested method often have dependencies
car.Save()  database
 Setup test database too complicated/slow
 We want to test only if Save() interacts properly
with DAL
 DAL will be tested separately

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  64
Mocking
 Manual Mocks
 Limitations
– Calls to our mock object not testable
 Solution
– Mock Framework: RhinoMocks

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SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  65
Mock – Test example
[TestFixture]
public class CarTest
{
[Test]
public void SaveCarCallsUpdateWhenAlreadyExistingCar()
{
MockRepository mocks = new MockRepository();
IDataAccess dataAccess = mocks.CreateMock<IDataAccess>();
ObjectFactory.InjectStub(typeof(IDataAccess), dataAccess);
dataAccess.Update(car);
mocks.ReplayAll();
car.Id = 32;
car.Save();
mocks.VerifyAll();
}
}

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24.02.2009  66
Let it fail
[Test]
public void SaveCarCallsUpdateWhenAlreadyExistingCar()
{
IDataAccess dataAccess = mocks.CreateMock<IDataAccess>();
mocks.ReplayAll();
car.Id = 32;
car.Save();
mocks.VerifyAll();
}

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24.02.2009  67
Check return values
[Test]
public void SaveCarCallsSaveWhenNew()
{
IDataAccess dataAccess = mocks.CreateMock< IDataAccess>();
private Car car = new Car();
Expect.Call(dataAccess.Save(car)).Return(389);
mocks.ReplayAll();
car.Save();
mocks.VerifyAll();
Assert.AreEqual(389, car.Id);
}

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24.02.2009  68
Extract repetitive code
[TestFixture]
{
private MockRepository _mocks;
private IDataAccess _dataAccess;
[SetUp]
public void SetUp()
{
_mocks = new MockRepository();
_dataAccess = _mocks.CreateMock<IDataAccess>();
ObjectFactory.InjectStub(typeof(IDataAccess), _dataAccess);
}
[TearDown]
public void TearDown()
{
_mocks.VerifyAll();
}
...
}

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24.02.2009  69
Test for exceptions
[TestFixture]
{
...
[Test,
ExpectedException("CodeBetter.Foundations.PersistenceException")]
public void SaveCarCallsSaveWhenNew()
{
Expect.Call(_dataAccess.Save(car)).Return(0);
_mocks.ReplayAll();
car.Save();
}
}

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24.02.2009  70
TDD
1. Write test
2. Let test fail
3. Write code to make the test pass
red  green  refactor

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24.02.2009  71
UI and Database Testing
 ASP.NET Testing
– Very tight coupled
– Not easy/worth the effort to test
 Data Access Layer Testing
– Possible & recommended
– Test-Database
– Use SetUp and TearDown to create a known state

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24.02.2009  72
OBJECT RELATIONAL MAPPERS

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„With very few exceptions, I'd say that at this point that
if you're writing ADO.Net code or SQL by hand, you're
stealing money from your employer or client.”
JEREMY D. MILLER

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24.02.2009  74
ORM Benefits
 A lot less code => more maintainable system
 Abstraction from data source (mapping)
 Code becomes simpler, low impedance
mismatch

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24.02.2009  75
NHibernate
 Open-Source ORM framework
 Complex 
 Completely transparent 
– No base class, no decorator attributes
– Unit testing of domain layer possible
 Maps domain objects to database objects
– Decouples code from specific DB implementation

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24.02.2009  76
NHibernate configuration
<configuration>
<configSections>
<section name="hibernate-configuration"
type="NHibernate.Cfg.ConfigurationSectionHandler, NHibernate" />
</configSections>
<hibernate-configuration xmlns="urn:nhibernate-configuration-2.2">
<session-factory>
<property name="hibernate.dialect">
NHibernate.Dialect.MsSql2005Dialect </property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.provider">
NHibernate.Connection.DriverConnectionProvider </property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.connection_string">
Server=SERVER;Initial Catalog=DB;User Id=USER;Password=PASSWORD;
</property>
<mapping assembly="CodeBetter.Foundations" />
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
</configuration>

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24.02.2009  77
NHibernate Mapping File
<hibernate-mapping xmlns="urn:nhibernate-mapping-2.2"
assembly="CodeBetter.Foundations"
namespace="CodeBetter.Foundations">
<class name="Model" table="Models" lazy="true" proxy="Model">
<id name="Id" column="Id" type="int" access="field.lowercase-
underscore">
<generator class="native" />
</id>
<property name="Name" column="Name"
type="string" not-null="true" length="64" />
<property name="Description" column="Description"
type="string" not-null="true" />
<property name="Price" column="Price"
type="double" not-null="true" />
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  78
Interacting with the database
private static ISessionFactory _sessionFactory;
public void Sample()
{
//Let's add a new car model
Model model = new Model();
model.Name = "Hummbee";
model.Description = "Great handling, built-in GPS to always find
your
way back home, Hummbee2Hummbe(tm)
communication";
model.Price = 50000.00;
ISession session = _sessionFactory.OpenSession();
session.Save(model);
//Let's discount the x149 model
IQuery query = session.CreateQuery("from Model model where
model.Name = ?");
Model model = query.SetString(0, "X149").UniqueResult<Model>();
model.Price -= 5000;
session.Update(model);
}

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  79
Relationships
public SalesPerson SalesPerson { get; set; }
<many-to-one name="SalesPerson"
class="SalesPerson"
column="SalesPersonId"
not-null="true"/>

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  80
The other side of the relationship
private IList<Sale> _sales;
public IList<Sale> Sales
{
get { return _sales; }
}
<bag name="Sales" access="field.lowercase-underscore"
table="Sales" inverse="true" cascade="all">
<key column="SalesPersonId" />
<one-to-many class="Sale" />
</bag>

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  81
Querying
string lastName = "allen";
//retrieve a salesperson by last name
IQuery query = s.CreateQuery("from SalesPerson p where p.LastName =
'allen'");
SalesPerson p = query.UniqueResult<SalesPerson>();
//same as above but in 1 line, and with the last name as a variable
SalesPerson p = session.CreateQuery("from SalesPerson p where
p.LastName = ?").SetString(0, lastName).UniqueResult<SalesPerson>();
//people with few sales
IList<SalesPerson> slackers = session.CreateQuery("from SalesPerson
person where size(person.Sales) < 5").List<SalesPerson>();

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  82
Lazy Loading
 By default, collections are lazy loaded
e.g. SalesPerson.Sales
 lazy="false"
 Session.Load<T>(id) loads Proxy

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  83
Lazy Loading
Sale sale = new Sale(session.Load<Model>(1), DateTime.Now, 46000.00);
salesPerson.AddSales(sale);
session.SaveOrUpdate(salesPerson);

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  84
WRAPPING IT UP

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  85
Wrapping it up
 The most flexible solution is the simplest.
– YAGNI, DRY, KISS and explicitness.
 Coupling is unavoidable, but must be
minimized.
– The more dependencies you have, the harder your
code is to change.
– Unit Tests are the path to mastering low-coupling.
Badly coupled code will be impossible to test.

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  86
Wrapping it up
 Higher quality should be good enough reason
to write tests, but, there are better reasons.
– Testing helps you identify bad coupling.
– Testing helps you find awkwardness in your API.
– Testing helps you document behavior and
expectations.
– Testing lets you make small and radical changes
with far greater confidence and far less risk.

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  87
Wrapping it up
 It's possible to build successful software
without being Agile - but it's far less likely and a
lot less fun.
– ongoing customer collaboration
– iterative development
– No signed off specifications before starting to
develop

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  88
References
 Foundations of Programming, Karl Seguin
http://codebetter.com/blogs/karlseguin/archive/2008
/06/24/foundations-of-programming-ebook.aspx
with additional topics
– Back to Basics: Memory
– Back to Basics: Exceptions
– Back to Basics: Proxy This and
Proxy That

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  89
Links
 http://www.codebetter.com
 http://structuremap.sourceforge.net
 http://www.nunit.org
 http://ayende.com/projects/rhino-mocks.aspx
 http://www.nhibernate.org

BusinessSolutions
SoftwareEngineering
24.02.2009  90
THE END
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Foundations of programming

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