Fpc A Software Package For Physical Maps Fred Engier And Cari Soderlund

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From: Genome Mapping and Sequencing
© 2003 Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, UK
7
FPC: A Software Package for
Physical Maps
Fred EngIer and Cari Soderlund
Abstract
FPC (FingerPrinted Contigs) builds contigs from marker data and
fingerprinted clones. Contigs are ordered by framework markers. The
initial versions of FPC mainly supported interactive assembly of
maps, which would not scale up efficiently to whole genome maps.
Subsequent versions ofFPC added increased automation for assembling
maps. In this chapter, we will explore how to efficiently build physical
maps with FPC using the most recent features. We begin with a brief
history of physical mapping as it relates to FPC, and then analyze the
concepts and parameters incorporated by the software. Finally, we
present a tutorial that guides you through the most useful features of
FPC. The demo files used in the tutorial are available online.
1. Introduction
FPC (fingerPrinted Contigs, Soderlund et al., 1997a) is a program initially
developed at the Sanger Centre, Cambridge, UK to aid in the construction
of physical maps of human chromosomes from restriction fingerprint data.
FPC replaced the contigC (Sulston et a/., 1988) package that was written
to map the nematode C.elegans, a genome ofapproximately lOO MB (million
bases). FPC was written as a temporary software package because it was
thought that restriction fingerprint maps would not be used much longer as
201

Engler and Soderlund
automatic techniques for building maps had not been successful; hence, it
was time consuming for the user to build maps, and the technique
obviously would not scale up to larger genomes. During the development
of FPC, automatic assembly routines were successfully written; additionally,
there was increased utility for interactively building maps, incorporating
markers and frameworks, and support for manually selecting a minimal
tiling path (MTP; Soderlund et aI., 1997b). Marra et al., (1997) improved
fingerprinting techniques in order to reduce the error and uncertainty in the
data. Due to the increased quality of the data and increased automation of
the assembly, restriction digest fingerprinting is now routinely used for
building maps in order to select clones for sequencing and determine the
structure of a genome (Soderlund et al., 2000). There are many regional,
chromosomal, and whole genome FPC projects. The following are some of
the major whole genome sequence ready maps: Marra et al., (1999)
assembled an Arabidopsis map, which was used to select the MTP for
sequencing (The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000). Hoskins et aI.,
(2000) assembled a Drosophila melanogaster map for 81% of the genome,
which was used to verify and locate sequenced contigs from a whole
genome shotgun approach (Adams et aI., 2000). The International Human
Genome Mapping Consortium (2001) assembled a whole genome map of
human, which was used as the basis for sequencing the human genome
(The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2001). Chen
et aI., (2002) assembled a whole genome map of rice, which is used for the
basis for the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project ([RGSP;
.Wing et aI., 2001). FPC was written to use restriction fragments from one
digest, but Ding et aI., (1999) demonstrated that it could be used with three
separate sets of fingerprints to increase the sensitivity of overlap calculation;
with some slight modification to FPC, this technique is now being used by
Dupont to map maize (Tingey, 2000).
Currently, whole genome maps are being constructed for a number of
organisms including mouse, rat, cow, zebrafish, sorghum, maize, and
tomato. Most whole genome maps are accessible from a web-based display
(see http://www.genome.arizona.edulfpc for links to the corresponding
web sites). The maps of sorghum, maize, and rice are displayed at AGCoL
(Arizona Genomics Computational Laboratory) with a Java program
called WebFPC, developed at AGCoL. The maps of human, mouse, rat,
and cow are accessible at the BCGSC (British Columbia Cancer Agency,
Genome Sequencing Center) with a Java program called ICE (Internet
Contig Explorer), developed at the BCGSC. A fingerprint comparison tool
is available for the human map at the GSC in St. Louis.
202

FPC
We have recently developed a FPC based routine called BSS (BLAST
Some Sequence), which uses the program BLAST (Altschul et al., 1997).
It takes as input any sequence (e.g. draft or complete genomic, marker
sequence such as ESTs) and blasts it against any sequence associated with
clones in the FPC database, e.g. genomic or STCs (Sequence Tagged
Connectors, also called BES for BAC End Sequences). BSS consolidates
the output into an interactive report and adds the results to FPC as markers
or remarks. This has been extremely valuable in mapping genetic markers
and draft sequence to the rice FPC map, which helps anchor contigs, close
gaps, and select a minimal tiling path. We have also developed a function
. called FSD (FPC Simulated Digest) to perform a simulated digest on a
sequenced clone; the resulting in silica fingerprint can be automatically
assembled into FPc. This also allows us to close gaps and anchor contigs.
FSD has a synergistic relation with the BSS: as more sequence is added,
more electronic markers can be mapped. These features are covered in
tutotials available at http://www.genome.arizona.edulsoftwarelfpc/faq.htrnl
and in Soderlund et al., (2002). A parallel version of FPC (Ness et al., 2002)
greatly decreases the time to perform a complete assembly of a FPC
database, which has been incorporated into the V6 release.
1.1 Background
As mentioned, FPC was written as a temporary package. The initial
development was to provide interactive tools for building maps. This
included comparing two clones based on the number of shared fragments
(alias bands), where two fragments are shared if they are within a tolerance
of each other. Using the number of shared fragments, FPC computes the
probability of overlap between the two clones; this equation is taken
directly from the contigC program (Sulston et al., 1988), and is referred
to as the Sulston score. The following salient features were added:
• Contig display and Edit Contig menu: The contig display shows the
layout of markers, clones, remarks, and frameworks; this display
was taken from aceDB (Durbin and Thierry-Meig, 1994). A whole
set of editing functions were added that allows the user to move or
remove one or more clones from the contig.
• Clone Text and Marker Text: Clones and markers are clickable and
bring up a text box showing information about the entity (i.e. clone
or marker). From this text box, an Edit window can be initiated and
the entity edited; for example, a clone can be given a remark.
• Fingerprint and Gel window: The fingerprint bands from a set of
clones can be viewed. Additionally, the raw gel image ofclones from
different gels can be displayed as if they were in adjacent lanes.
203

Engler and Soderlund
• The Main Analysis (from the main window) and Contig Analysis
(from the contig window): These provide a set of functions to
compare clones based on the Sulston score for a keyset (i.e. group)
of clones against all the clones in a contig or in the database,
compare the clones at the end of one contig with those at the ends of
all other contigs, or compare a clone against all clones in a contig.
• Merge (from the contig window): Merges two contigs interactively.
Given this set of features, the user can interactively build a contig,
evaluate it, and select a minimal tiling path. This is fine for small
datasets, but does not scale up to ordering 1000's of clones.
During the development of the above features, automatic assembly routines
were developed (Soderlund et aI., 1997a; Soderlund et al., 2000). We feel
it is now possible to build sequence ready maps with a minimal amount of
human interaction. This thesis is being tested as part of the Maize Mapping
Project (Coe et aI., 2002). We are developing a physical map of the 2700
MB genome of maize using fingerprints and markers. 10,000 ESTs have
been hybridized to a 10x set of BACs in collaboration with Dupont and
Inctye Genomics. The map will have 4800 genetic framework markers. A
24x coverage of fingerprinted clones will come from three libraries cut
with different enzymes. We are incrementally assembling in new clones
and markers, and displaying the results on the web monthly (see
http://www.genome.arizona.edulfpc/maize). We will wait until all data is
in the maize FPC database before manually merging contigs. This is the
first time a genome has been assembled in this way, and should drastically
reduce the time spent in manual editing. A new feature that is described in
this manuscript, the DQer, has been extremely important for this project: it
allows us to assemble with a relatively low stringency so as to minimize
the number of contigs, yet reduce the number of bad contigs automatically.
The User's Manual (Soderlund, 1999) was kept up-to-date until 2000, and
can be downloaded from http://www.genome.arizona.edulsoftware/fpc/
download. Since then, all new features and changes are documented in the
User's Guide, which is an on-line document at http://www.genome.
arizona.edulsoftware/fpc/faq.html. Therefore, all features are documented.
But users never found this approach easy. So we are trying a new approach,
which is to present the features of FPC as a tutorial. The remainder of this
chapter is a tutorial that covers the features we are using to build the maize
physical map - that is, incrementally assembling the map, ordering contigs
based on framework markers, adding markers and remarks, and searching.
Other than merging and adding remarks, we will not cover any editing
functions as these are nearly obsolete. If needed, they are covered in the
204

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This is unnecessary if we regard συνεχῆ as predicative, and I
think this way of taking it gives sufficient sense. Polybius is
thinking of the Macedonian army as being so dislocated by the
nature of the ground, that, while some parts were in contact with
the enemy, the rest had not arrived on the scene of the fighting.
84 See 3, 87.
85 Iliad, 13, 131.
86 See 4, 77; 7, 12; 10, 26.
87 See 6, 56; 32, 11.
88 Livy (33, 13) has mistaken the meaning of Polybius in this
passage, representing the quarrel of the Aetolians and Flamininus
as being for the possession of Thebes,—the only town, in fact, on
which there was no dispute.
89 Referring apparently to the conduct of the Hellenic cities in
Asia in presence of Antiochus, who, having wintered in Ephesus
(b. c. 197-196), was endeavouring in 196 by force or stratagem to
consolidate his power in Asia Minor. Livy, 33, 38.
90 Justin. 17, 1-2; Appian Syr. 62. The battle was in the plain of
Corus in Phrygia.
91 The Apocleti, of the numbers of whom we have no
information, acted as a consultative senate to prepare measures
for the Aetolian Assembly. See Freeman, History of Federal
Government, p. 335. Livy, 35, 34.
92 προσένειμαν Αἰτώλοις τὸ ἔθνος, cp. 2, 43. Some have thought
that a regular political union with the Aetolian League is meant.
But the spirit of the narrative seems to point rather to an alliance.
93 Brachylles, when a Boeotarch in b.c. 196, was assassinated by
a band of six men, of whom three were Italians and three
Aetolians, on his way home from a banquet. Livy, 33, 28.
94 Livy, 33, 29.
95 At Thermopylae, in which battle Livy (36, 19) states on the
authority of Polybius that only 500 men out of 10,000 brought by
Antiochus into Greece escaped, b.c. 191.
96 Livy, 37, 9.

97 Son of Antiochus the Great, afterwards King Seleucus IV.
98 This extract, preserved by Suidas, s. v. προστηθιδίων has been
restored by a brilliant emendation of Toupe, who reads
ἐξελθόντες μὲν Γάλλοι for the meaningless ἐξελθόντες μεγάλοι.
Livy calls them fanatici Galli.
99 Dies forte, quibus Ancilia moventur, religiosi ad iter inciderant.
Livy, 37. 33. The festival of Mars, during which the ancilia were
carried about, was on the 1st of March and following days. If this
incident, therefore, took place in the late spring or summer of b.c.
190, the Roman Calendar must have been very far out.
100 The remaining chapters of this book are placed by
Schweighaeuser and others in book 22, 1-27.
101 The text of this fragment is much dislocated.
102 Smoking out an enemy in a mine was one of the regular
manœuvres. See Aen. Tact. 37. It was perhaps suggested by the
illegal means taken by workmen in the silver mines to annoy a
rival; for we find an Athenian law directed against it. See
Demosth. in Pantaen. § 36.
103 Nothing seems to be known of this exile of Fulvius, who had
been granted an ovation in b.c. 191 for his victories in Spain. He
was, however, in opposition to Cato, one of whose numerous
prosecutions may have been against him.
104 Or “a compliment.” The Greek word στέφανος seems to be
used for any present made to a victor. So also in ch. 34, and
elsewhere.
105 Hultsch’s text, supported by the MSS., has Δάμις ὁ κιχησίων,
from which no sense seems obtainable. According to Suidas,
Damis was a philosopher from Nineveh who had settled in Athens.
Livy (38, 10), has Leon Hicesiae filius. He must therefore have
found the name Leon in his copy, which could hardly have been
substituted for Δᾶμις by mistake, though ἹΚΕΣίου may have
become κιχησίων.
106 The Greek text is corrupt. The sense is given from Livy, 38,
14.
107 The dynasty lasted until the time of the Mithridatic wars. The
last Moagĕtes being deposed by Muraena, when Cibyra was

joined to Lycia. Strabo, 13, 4, 71.

108 That is probably “of the necessity of submitting to Rome;” but
the passage referred to is lost.
109 See ch. 6.
110 This is really Plutarch’s version of a story he found in Polybius,
and, to judge from Livy, 38, 24, not a very complete one. It took
place near Ancyra. Plutarch de mulierum virtutibus.
111 See Livy, 38, 28, 29. The fragment here seems to be that
translated by Livy in ch. 29, Romani nocte per arcem, quam
Cyatidem vocant (nam urbs in mare devexa in Occidentem vergit)
muro superato in forum pervenerunt. The people of Same suddenly
threw off the terms under which the rest of Cephallenia had
submitted and stood a four months’ siege.
112 A fragment, arranged in Hultsch’s text as ch. 42, is too much
mutilated to be translated with any approach to correctness.
113 These words are wanting in the text. From Livy (38, 38) it
appears that the territory was defined as between the Taurus and
the R. Halys as far as the borders of Lycaonia.
114 Livy (l.c.) has neve monerem ex belli causa quod ipse illaturus
erit.
115 See Livy, 38, 39. Some words are lost referring to grants to the
people of Ilium.
116 This summary is arranged by Hultsch as chs. 1 and 2 of book
22. It appears as book 23, chs. 4, 5 in Schweighaeuser’s text.
117 In b.c. 191 Philopoemen secured the adhesion of Sparta to the
Achaean league: but the Spartans were never united in their loyalty
to it, and during his year as Strategus (b.c. 189) he punished a
massacre of some Achaean sympathisers in Sparta by an execution
of eighty Spartans at Compasium on the frontier of Laconia. This
number Plutarch gives on the authority of Polybius, but another
account stated it at three hundred and fifty. Plut. Phil. 16.
118 Some words are lost from the text describing their method of
procedure.
119 Some words are lost in the text which would more fully explain
the transaction.
120 Something is lost in the text.

121 Livy (39, 24) gives the names as Q. Caecilius Metellus, M.
Baebius Tamphilus, Ti. Sempronius.
122 Livy (39, 34) more cautiously says: veneno creditur sublatus.
Such accusations were easily made, and not easily proved or
confuted.
123 For the ten Cosmi of Crete, see Aristot. Pol. 2, 10; and Muller’s
Dorians, vol. ii. p. 133 sq. Cydas gives his name to the year as
πρωτόκοσμος, see C.I.G. 2583. The same inscription contains the
title κοσμόπολις, apparently like πολιοῦχος, as a name for a
guardian hero of the city. We have already had this latter title as
that of a chief magistrate at Locri. See bk. 12, ch. 16.
124 There is some loss in the text as to these names. The last is
mentioned on a Greek embassy in 22, 16. See also the index. Livy,
39, 41, says nothing of this committee of three.
125 The ten federal magistrates of the league, who formed a
council to act with the general. Their number probably arose from
the number of the Achaean cantons or towns, after two of the
twelve—Helice and Olenus—were destroyed. Polybius nowhere else
gives them this title in any part of the history we possess, but its
use by Livy, 32, 22, seems to point to his having used it in other
places. It also occurs in a letter of Philip II. (perhaps genuine)
quoted in Demosth. de Cor. 157. Polybius calls them also οἱ
ἄρχοντες, ἀρχαί, προεστῶτες συνάρχοντες, συναρχίαι. See
Freeman’s Federal Gov. p. 282.
126 That is, apparently, by some fresh disturbance towards the end
of b. c. 183. See Strachan-Davidson, p. 495.
127 The Messenians revolted from the league b. c. 183, and in the
course of the fighting which ensued Philopoemen fell into an
ambush, was taken prisoner, and put to death by them. See ch. 12.
128 Stasinus fr..
129 He was ill with fever. Plutarch, Phil. 18.
130 Livy (39, 50) speaks of Lycortas at the time of Philopoemen’s
death as alter imperator Achaeorum. If he had been the
ὑποστρατηγός we know that he would not by law have succeeded
on the death of the Strategus. Plutarch, Phil. 21, seems to assert
that an election was held at once, but not the ordinary popular
election.
131 That is the ten Demiurgi.

132 The second congress of the year seems to mean not that held
for election of the Strategus for the next year, which met about
12th May, but the second regular meeting in August.
133 This looks like a local name, but no place is known
corresponding to it. A Diactorides of Sparta is mentioned in
Herodotus, 6, 127; and perhaps, as Hultsch suggests, we ought to
read “Cletis and Diactorius.”
134 The mission to Eumenes and Pharnaces has been already
mentioned in bk. 23, ch. 9, but the name of the ambassador was
not given; nor is it mentioned by Livy (40, 20), who records the
mission. It is uncertain who is meant by Marcus, some editors have
altered it to Marcius, i.e. Q. Marcius Philippus, who had been sent
to Macedonia, imagining him to have fulfilled both missions.
135 From Strabo (vii. 5, 13), who adds: “But this is not true, for the
distance from the Adriatic is immense, and there are many
obstacles in the way to obscure the view.”
136 Perhaps thirty, which seems to have been the legal age for
admission to political functions. See 29, 24.
137 See Hicks’s Greek Inscriptions, p. 330.
138 Something is lost from the text.
139 From Strabo 3, ch. 4, who quotes Poseidonius as criticising this
statement by remarking that Polybius must count every tower as a
city.
140 The notices are put up at the three places visited yearly by
great numbers, and by many separate pilgrims. It is interesting to
notice the persistence in a custom common from the earliest times,
at any rate as far as Delos and Delphi are concerned. Iton was in
Thessaly, and the temple and oracle of Athena there was celebrated
throughout Greece, and was the central place of worship for the
Thessalians. The town stood in a rich plain on the river Cuarius, and
hence its name—sometimes written Siton—was connected by some
with σιτόφορος, “corn-bearing” (Steph. Byz.) Homer calls it μητέρα
μήλων, “mother of sheep.” Pyrrhus hung up in this temple the spoils
of Antigonus and his Gallic soldiers about b. c. 273. [Pausan. 1, 13,
2]. “Itonian Athena” had temples in other parts of Greece also, e.g.
in Boeotia [Paus. 9, 34, 1].
141 The war in Istria, and the mutiny of the troops against the
consul Manlius, are described in Livy, 41, 8-11.

142 Besides this connexion with Seleucus of Syria, sure to be
offensive to Rome, Perseus gave a sister to Prusias, another enemy
of Rome and Eumenes. Livy, 42, 12.
143 This word, of unknown origin, seems to be used here for the
toga, or some dress equivalent to it. See 10, 4.
144 Marcius on his return to Rome gloried in having thus deceived
the king and gained time for preparations at Rome, but his action
was repudiated by the Senate. Livy, 42, 47.
145 Ismenias had just been elected Strategus of Boeotia; but the
party who had supported a rival candidate had in revenge obtained
a decree of the league banishing the Boeotarchs from all the
Boeotian cities. They had, however been received at Thespiae,
whence they were recalled to Thebes and reinstated by a reaction
in popular feeling. Then they obtained another decree banishing the
twelve men who, though not in office, had convened the league
assembly; and Ismenias as Strategus sentenced them to the loss of
all rights in their absence. These are the “exiles” here meant (Livy,
42, 43). Who Neon was is not certain; but we find in the next
chapter that he had been a leader in the Macedonising party at
Thebes, perhaps a son of Brachylles, whose father’s name was
Neon (see 20, 5). He was captured in b.c. 167 and put to death by
the Romans (Livy, 45, 31).
146 See note 2, page 356.
147 τὰ δίθυρα, Livy (42, 44) says in tribunal legatorum, and
Casaubon contents himself with the same word. Schweighaeuser
translates it podium, as if a “raised platform” on which the
commissioners sat was meant. I think it is used in the natural sense
of a “door” leading into the hall in which they were sitting, and into
which Ismenias fled for refuge. Livy used tribunal from the ideas of
his age as to the construction of such a building.
148 The text has Θήβας, which is inconsistent with what follows as
to the Thebans. An inscription found on the site of Thisbae supplies
the correction of an error as old as Livy (42, 46, 47). See Hicks’s G.
I. p. 330.
149 Gaius Lucretius had seen naval service as duumvir navalis on
the coast of Liguria in b.c. 181. Livy, 40, 26. He was now (b.c. 171)
Praetor, his provincia being the fleet, and commanded 40
quinqueremes. Id. 42, 48.

150 Livy, who translates this passage, calls the missile a
cestrosphendona (42, 65).
151 In Phocis. The name was variously given as Phanoteis,
Phanote, Phanota (Steph. Byz.)
152 Schweighaeuser seems to regard this as a second name. But
the Greeks seldom had such, and it is more likely the designation of
some unknown locality. There was an Attic deme named Cropia,
and therefore the name is a recognised one (Steph. Byz.) Gronovius
conjectured Ὠρωπίῳ “of Oropus.”
153 Apparently the Anticyra on the Sperchius, on the borders of
Achaia Phthiotis.
154 Hence Attalus obtained the name of Philadelphus. The origin of
Eumenes’s loss of popularity in the Peloponnese is referred to in 28,
7, but no adequate cause is alleged. A reference to Achaia in his
speech at Rome was not perhaps altogether friendly (Livy, 42, 12),
and we shall see that he was afterwards suspected of intriguing
with Perseus; but if this extract is rightly placed, it can hardly be on
this latter ground that the Achaeans had renounced him.
155 Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, b.c. 175-164; Ptolemy VI. Philometor,
b.c. 181-146.
156 See 16, 18.
157 The decree referred to is given in Livy, 43, 17. “No one shall
supply any war material to the Roman magistrates other than that
which the Senate has decreed.” This had been extracted from the
Senate by vehement complaints reaching Rome of the cruel
extortions of the Roman officers in the previous two years.
158 Polybius seems to mean the smaller council, not the public
assembly, though Livy evidently understood the latter (43, 47).
159 The expedition of Perseus into Illyricum apparently took place
late in the year b.c. 170 and in the first month of b.c. 169. Livy, 43,
18-20.
160 Hyscana, or Uscana, a town of the Illyrian tribe Penestae.
161 That is, the war between Antiochus and Ptolemy.
162 The Antigoneia was a festival established in honour of
Antigonus Doson, who had been a benefactor of the Achaeans. In
30, 23, it is mentioned as being celebrated in Sicyon. The

benefactions of this Macedonian king to the Achaeans are
mentioned by Pausanias (8, 8, 12).
163 See 27, 19; 18, 1, 17.
164 Seleucus Nicanor, b.c. 306-280.
165 Livy (44, 8) calls it the Enipeus (Fersaliti), a tributary of the
Peneus.
166 In a previous part of the book now lost. See Livy, 44, 25.
167 The extract begins in the middle of a sentence at the top of a
page. I have supplied these words at a guess, giving what seems
the sense.
168 P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum was afterwards Pontifex
Maximus (b.c. 150). See Cic. de Sen. 3, 50.
169 Of the two eldest sons of Aemilius, the elder was adopted by
Quintus Fabius Maximus, the second by P. Cornelius Scipio, son of
the elder Africanus, his maternal uncle.
170 From Plutarch, Aemilius, 15, who adds that Polybius made a
mistake as to the number of soldiers told off for this service, which
to judge from Livy, 44, 35, Polybius probably stated at 5000.
Plutarch got his correction from an extant letter of Nasica (8000
Roman infantry, with 120 horse, and 200 Thracians and Cretans).
171 From Plutarch, who again contradicts this last statement, on
the authority of Nasica, who said that there was a sharp
engagement on the heights.
172 The Roman was saved from a scare by the eclipse being
foretold by Gaius Sulpicius Gallus, famous for his knowledge of
Greek literature and astronomy. He is represented by Cicero as
explaining the celestial globe (sphaera) which Marcellus brought
from Syracuse. He was consul in b.c. 166. Livy, 44, 37; Cicero, Brut.
§ 78; de Repub. 1, § 21.
173 ἐν ἀγορᾷ. The objection, though it served to divert the
magistrates from going on with the proposition at the time, seems
to have been got over before the meeting at Sicyon; unless, indeed,
the latter was considered to be of a different nature in regard to the
age of those attending. But we have no information as to this
restriction of thirty years of age,—whether it was universal, or
confined to particular occasions. This passage would seem to point
to the latter alternative.

174 Livy says viginti millia. By χρυσοῦς Polybius appears to mean
“staters,” worth about 20 drachmae (20 francs). This would give a
rough value of the present as £8000, or on Livy’s computation twice
that amount.
175 Called by Polybius in previous books Conope, 4, 64; 5, 6. Its
name was changed to Arsinoe, from its having been rebuilt and
enlarged by Arsinoe, sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus
(Strabo, 10, 2, 22). It was on the east bank of the Achelous. Its
modern name is Angelokastro. The civil war in Aetolia alluded to
here is mentioned in Livy, 41, 25 (b.c. 174). This particular
massacre appears to have taken place in b.c. 168-167. Livy (45, 28)
narrates that Aemilius was met during his Greek tour in b.c. 167 by
a crowd of Aetolians, in a miserable state of destitution, who
informed him that five hundred and fifty Aetolian nobles had been
massacred by Lyciscus and Tisippus, besides many driven into exile,
and that the goods of both had been confiscated.
176 From Athenaeus, xiv. 4, p. 615. It seems to be part of some
strictures of Polybius on the coarseness of the amusements of the
Romans. This noisy and riotous scene in a theatre would strike a
Greek as barbarous and revolting; and may remind us of the
complaints of the noise and interruption to their actors so often
found in the prologues to the plays of Plautus and Terence. Though
the substance of this extract is doubtless from Polybius, Athenaeus
has evidently told the anecdote in his own language.
177 Menalcidas was one of the Romanising party, who appears to
have been Strategus of the league in b.c. 153 [Pausan. 7, 11, 7],
and to have committed suicide in b.c. 148-147, in despair at his
failure to wrest Sparta from the league.
178 Haliartus had been taken by the praetor L. Lucretius Gallus in
b.c. 171, its inhabitants sold into slavery, and its houses and walls
entirely destroyed. Its crime was siding with Perseus. Livy, 42, 63.
Supra bk. 27, ch. 5; 29, 12.
179 A drachma may be taken as between a sixth and a seventh of
an ounce.
180 Hultsch prints in parallel columns the text of this fragment as it
appears in Athenaeus and Diodorus. The English translation
attempts to combine them.
181 He means that, they being no longer able to decide in
mercantile affairs independently of Rome, the prestige (προστασία),

and consequently the popularity, of this harbour is destroyed.
182 Demetrius had been exchanged for his uncle Antiochus
Epiphanes in b.c. 175, just eleven years before.
183 The Senatus Consultum de Macedonibus (Livy, 45, 29) had
declared all Macedonians free; each city to enjoy its own laws,
create its own annual magistrates, and pay a tribute to Rome—half
the amount that it had paid to the king. Macedonia was divided into
four regions, at the respective capitals of which—Amphipolis,
Thessalonica, Pella, and Pelagonia—the district assemblies (concilia)
were to be held, the revenue of the district was to be collected, and
the district magistrates elected; and there was to be no inter-
marriage or mutual rights of owning property between the regions.
184 The Greek of this sentence is certainly corrupt, and no
satisfactory sense can be elicited from it.
185 Ariarathes, the elder, had been in alliance with Antiochus the
Great, and had apparently given him one of his daughters in
marriage, who had been accompanied by her mother to Antioch,
where both had now fallen victims to the jealousy of Eupator’s
minister, Lysias. See 21, 43.
186 The anger of the Alexandrians had been excited against
Ptolemy Physcon by his having, for some unknown reason, caused
the death of Timotheus, who had been Ptolemy Philometor’s legate
at Rome. See 28, 1. Diodor. Sic. fr. xi.
187 The first line is of unknown authorship. The second is from
Euripides, Phoeniss. 633. The third apophthegm is again unknown.
The last is from Epicharmus, see 18, 40.
188 About £12.
189 In his Censorship (b.c. 184) Cato imposed a tax on slaves under
twenty sold for more than ten sestertia (about £70.) Livy, 39, 44.
190 Called Ptolemy the Orator in 28, 19.
191 A more detailed statement of the controversies between
Carthage and Massanissa, fostered and encouraged by the Romans,
is found in Appian, Res Punicae, 67 sq.
192 Demetrius was now king. On his escape from Rome, described
in bk. 31, chs. 20-23, he had met with a ready reception in Syria,
had seized the sovereign power, and put the young Antiochus and

his minister Lysias to death; this was in b.c. 162. Appian, Syriac. ch.
47.
193 ἐν ταῖς συγκρίσεσιν. But it is very doubtful what the exact
meaning of this word is. Alcaeus seems to be the Epicurean
philosopher who, among others, was expelled from Rome in b.c.
171. See Athenaeus, xii. 547, who however calls him Alcios. See
also Aelian, V. Hist. 9, 12.
194 See note on p. 456.
195 She was the daughter of C. Papirius Carbo, Coss. b.c. 231.
196 The following pedigree will show the various family connexions
here alluded to:—
Publius Cornelius Scipio
ob. in Spain b.c. 212.
│
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus = Aemilia, sister of Lucius Aemilius Paulus = Papiria
ob. b.c. 187. │ ob. b.c. 162. ob. b.c. 160. │
│ ┌───────────┬───────────┐
│
│
│
│
Quintus Fabius
Maximus adopted
by Q. F. M.
Scipio Aemilianus
b.c. 185
two
daughters
┌────────┬──────────────┐
P. Scipio Nasica = Cornelia(1). Cornelia(2)= Tib.
Sempronius
Gracchus
Publius Cornelius
Scipio Africanus
ob. s. p.
adopted his cousin
who became
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Aemilianus Africanus
ob. b.c. 129.
197 τῶν ἐπίπλων, the ornamenta of a bride, consisting of clothes,
jewels, slaves, and other things, in accordance with her station. See
Horace, Sat. 2, 3, 214. For the three instalments in which it was
necessary to pay dowries, see Cicero ad Att. ii. 23; 2 Phil. § 113.
198 ποιοῦντος τὴν διαγραφὴν seems a banker’s term for “paying,”
i.e. by striking off or cancelling a debt entered against a man. The
only other instance of such a use seems to be Dionys. Hal. 5, 28.

199 Of his two younger sons one died five days before his
Macedonian triumph, the other three days after it. See Livy, 45, 40.
200 The two sisters were both named Aemilia; the elder was
married to Q. Aelius Tubero, the younger to M. Porcius Cato, elder
son of the Censor. The daughters were prevented from taking the
inheritance of their mother’s property by the lex Voconia (b.c. 174),
in virtue of which a woman could not be a haeres, nor take a legacy
greater than that of the haeres, or of all the haeredes together. The
object of the law was to prevent the transference of the property of
one gens to another on a large scale. It was evaded (1) by
trusteeships, Gaius, 2, 274; Plutarch, Cic. 41: (2) by the assent of
the haeres, Cic. de Off. 2, § 55. And it was relaxed by Augustus in
favour of mothers of three children, Dio Cass. 56, 10. See also
Cicero de Sen. § 14; de legg. 2, 20; de Rep. 3, 10; Verr. 2, 1, 42;
Pliny, Panegyr. 42; Livy, Ep. 41.
201 That is, the morning from daybreak till about ten or eleven.
The salutationes came first, and the law business in the third hour.
202 Ariarathes V. had been expelled his kingdom by Demetrius,
who, in consideration of one thousand talents, had assisted his
reputed brother Orophernes, who had been palmed off on
Ariarathes IV. by his wife, to displace him. The Senate, when
eventually appealed to, decided that the two brothers should share
the kingdom. Livy, Ep. 47; Appian, Syr. 47.
203 Ariarathes arrived in the summer of b.c. 158.
204 τὴν Ἰακὴν καὶ τεχνητικὴν ἀσωτίαν. The translation given above
is in accordance with the explanation of Casaubon, who quoted
Horace (Odes 3, 6, 21), Motus doceri gaudet Ionicos matura virgo.
Orophernes had been sent to Ionia, when Antiochis had a real son
(Ariarathes V.), that he might not set up a claim to the throne. He
had been imposed by Antiochis on her husband Ariarathes IV.
before she had a real son.
205 Orophernes was soon deposed, and Ariarathes V. restored, but
we have no certain indication when this happened. See 3, 5.
206 The episode of Oropus here referred to, Polybius’s account of
which is lost, was made remarkable by the visit of the three
philosophers to Rome as ambassadors from Athens. The story, as
far as Athens was concerned, as told by Pausanias, 7, 11, 4-7. The
Athenians had been much impoverished by the events of the war
with Perseus (b.c. 172-168), and had made a raid or raids of some

sort upon Oropus. The Oropians appealed to Rome. The Romans
referred the assessment of damages to an Achaean court at Sicyon.
The Athenians failed to appear before the court at Sicyon, and were
condemned by default to a fine of five hundred talents. Thereupon
Carneades the Academician, Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the
Peripatetic were sent to plead for a remission of a fine which the
Athenians were wholly unable to pay. They made a great
impression on the Roman youth by their lectures, and Cato urged
that they should get their answer and be sent away as soon as
possible. The Senate reduced the fine to one hundred talents: but
even that the Athenians could not collect; and they seem to have
managed to induce the Oropians to allow an Athenian garrison to
hold Oropus, and to give hostages for their fidelity to the Athenian
government. This led to fresh quarrels and an appeal to the
Achaean government. The Achaean Strategus, Menalcidas of
Sparta, was bribed by a present of ten talents to induce an
interference in behalf of Oropus. Thereupon the Athenians withdrew
their garrison from Oropus, after pillaging the town, and henceforth
took no part in the quarrels which ensued, arising from the
demands of Menalcidas for his ten talents; which the Oropians
refused to pay, on the ground that he had not helped them as he
promised; quarrels which presently centred round the question of
the continuance of Sparta in the Achaean league. The date of the
original quarrel between Athens and Oropus is not fixed, but the
mission of the philosophers was in b.c. 155. See Plutarch, Cato, 22;
Pliny, N. H. 7, 112-113; Aulus Gellius, 6, 14; Cic. ad Att. 12, 23;
Tusc. 4, § 5.
207 C. Marcius consul adversus Dalmatas parum prospere primum,
postea feliciter pugnavit. The war was continued in the next year
(b.c. 155), and the Dalmatians subdued for the time by the consul
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Livy, Ep. 47.
208 Temnus was in Mysia, s. of the river Hermus. Cynneius or
Cyneius Apollo seems to mean Apollo guardian of the shepherd
dogs. There was, according to Suidas (s. v. κυνήειος), a temple to
Apollo at Athens with that title, said to have been the work of
Cynnis, a son of Apollo and a nymph Parnethia.
209 The battle, in which Prusias is here said to have conquered
Attalus, was a treacherous attack upon Attalus who was waiting, in
accordance with an arrangement made by Roman envoys
Hortensius and Arunculeius, to meet Prusias on his frontier,
accompanied by only one thousand cavalry. The Roman envoys
even had to fly for their lives. Appian, Mithridates, 3.

210 Hultsch places an extract from Aulus Gellius (6, 14, 8) relating
to the mission of the three philosophers as ch. 2 of this book. The
substance is given in the note on p. 466. It is more in place there,
as Polybius expressly said that he would give the whole story
together (32, 25).
211 This war appears to have arisen from a treacherous attack of
the Cretans upon the island of Siphnos. Exc. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588.
212 See 32, 27, note.
213 Ligurian tribes between Nice and Marseilles. Pliny, N. H. 3, §
47.
214 Surnamed Philometor. He succeeded his uncle Attalus
Philadelphus in b.c. 138, and at his death in b.c. 133 left his
dominions to Rome.
215 Alexander Balas was an impostor of low origin set up by
Heracleides as a son of Antiochus Epiphanes. He entered Syria in
b.c. 152, defeated and killed Demetrius in b.c. 150, and was himself
defeated in b.c. 146 by Ptolemy Philometor (who also fell) in favour
of a son of Demetrius, and was shortly afterwards murdered. Livy,
Ep. 52. Appian, Syr. 67; Joseph. Antiq. 13, 2, 4.
216 Odyss. 12, 95.
217 Odyss. 12, 105.
218 Odyss. 9, 82.
219 Panchaia or Panchēa, the fabulous island or country in the Red
Sea or Arabian gulf, in which Euhemerus asserted that he had
discovered the inscriptions which proved the reputed gods to have
been famous generals or kings. Plutarch, Is. et Osir. 23, Diodor. fr.
6, 1. The Roman poets used the word as equivalent to “Arabian.”
See Verg. Georg. 2, 139.
220 That is “as great a liar as Antiphanes of Berga.” See below.
Strabo classes Antiphanes with Pytheas and Euhemerus more than
once (see 2, 3, 5). Hence came the verb βεργαΐζειν, “to tell
travellers’ tales” (Steph. Byz.). But there is considerable doubt as to
the identification of the traveller Antiphanes, some confounding him
with a comic poet of the same name, and others with the author of
an essay περὶ ἑταιρῶν. Berga was in the valley of the Strymon.
221 Strabo here protests against Dicaearchus being treated as a
standard of geographical truth. For Pytheas see Appendix.

222 Polybius proves his point by the demonstration of the
proposition “The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled-
triangle is equal to the squares of the sides containing the right
angle.”
By applying this principle AD = 7745.9... and DC = 11019.9..., and
the whole AC = 18765.8; whereas AB + BC (i.e. the coasting
voyage) = 19200 stades (a difference of 434.2 stades, not 500).
Add to this the 3000 from the Peloponnese to the Straits, the total
coast voyage is 22,200 stades, as against Dicaearchus’s 10,000.]
223 Strabo quotes this reckoning of the distance from the
Peloponnese to the head of the Adriatic to prove that Polybius, on
his own showing, is wrong in admitting that this distance (8250
stades) is greater than that from the Peloponnese to the Pillars,
which Dicaearchus said was 10,000 stades, and which Polybius
showed to be 18,765 stades by the shortest route.
224 To enable the reader to follow this list of prices, a short table is
here sub-joined of Greek weights and money,—though he must be
warned that values varied at different times and places,—with
approximate values in English weights and money.
1 obol =1/40 oz. =1/8 shilling.
6 obols =1 drachma=3/20 oz. 9d.
100 drachmae=1 mina =15-1/2 oz. £3 : 18 : 6.
60 minae =1 talent =57 lbs. £235.
A medimnus=11 gals. 4 pts. (dry measure).
A metreta =8 gals. 5 pts. (liquid measure).
225 Which member of the Cornelian gens this was is unknown. He
appears to have been at Marseilles in the 4th century b.c. inquiring
as to centres of trade open to Rome in rivalry with Carthage.
226 Varro (Serv. ad Æn. 10, 13) adds a fifth by the Graian Alps, i.e.
Little St. Bernard.

227 Strabo corrects this, saving that the distance is 3000 stades.
228 The islands were called also Vulcaniae and Aeoliae.
229 Strabo reckons 8 stades to a mile, thus making the number of
stades 4280. The exact calculation by Polybius’s reckoning is 4458-
1/3 stades. The miles are Roman miles of 5000 feet; therefore, by
Strabo’s calculation, the stade is 625 feet, by Polybius’s 600 feet.
230 Strabo, however, supports the measurement of Artemidorus—
6500, explaining that Polybius is taking some practical
measurement of a voyage, not the shortest.
231 Homer, Odyss. 4, 485.
232 Probably in February, the month usually devoted by the Senate
to legationes.
233 Since b.c. 195 up to b.c. 154 the two divisions of Spain had
been entrusted to Praetors.
234 Livy, Ep. 48. Provocatorem barbarum tribunus militum occidit.
235 τῶν ἐκ συγκλήτου καὶ τῆς γερουσίας. The same distinction
occurs in 10, 18, and seems to refer to the two bodies known as
the Hundred and the Gerusia. See Bosworth Smith’s Carthage and
the Carthaginians, p. 27.
236 The envoys first report to the Gerusia. Appian, Pun. 91.
237 Phameas was afterwards persuaded by Massanissa to join the
Romans. Livy, Ep. 50.
238 The incident referred to is narrated in Appian. Punica, 103.
Scipio relieved this body of men, who were beleaguered on the top
of a hill, by a rapid and bold movement of his cavalry.
239 Odyssey, 20, 495. Cato had always been opposed to the
Scipios, but Livy seems to attribute his former criticisms of the
younger Africanus to his general habit of caustic disparagement (vir
promptioris ad vituperandum linguae), and we know that his elder
son had married a daughter of Paulus, sister to the younger
Africanus.
240 Livy, Ep. 49.
241 He seems to have forgotten his namesake mentioned in 11,
15.

242 For Callicrates, the author of the Romanising policy, see 26, 1-
3. One of the statues raised to him by the Spartan exiles was at
Olympia, the base of which has been discovered. See Hicks’s Greek
Inscriptions, p. 330. To what the fragment refers is not clear, but
evidently to something connected with the popular movement
against Sparta, and a recurrence to the policy of Philopoemen as
represented by Lycortas, which eventually brought down the
vengeance of Rome.
243 Prusias was killed at Pergamum by his son Nicomedes with the
connivance of Attalus (Livy, Ep. 50).
244 A considerable passage is here lost, with the exception of a few
words, insufficient to ground a conjectural translation upon.
245 Demetrius II., son of Antigonus Gonatas.
246 Pseudophilippus, after cutting to pieces a Roman legion under
the praetor Juventius, was conquered and captured by Q. Caecilius
Metellus in b.c. 148 (Livy, Ep. 50; Eutrop. 4, 6).
247 Massanissa, feeling himself to be dying, had asked Scipio to
come to him. He left his sons strict injunctions to submit the
arrangements of the succession and division of his kingdom to
Scipio. Appian, Punica, 105; Livy, Ep. 50. Livy has adopted the
statement of Polybius as to the age of Massanissa at his death; and
Cicero (de Sen. § 34) has made Cato take the same reckoning,
perhaps from Polybius also. But it does not agree with another
statement of Livy himself, who (24, 49) speaks of him as being
seventeen in b.c. 213, in which case he would be in his eighty-
second year in b.c. 148. It is, however, proposed to read xxvii. for
xvii. in this passage of Livy.
248 Livy (Ep. 48) in speaking of this victory says that Massanissa
was ninety-two, and ate and enjoyed his bread without anything to
flavour it (sine pulpamine).
249 The task of subduing the country in b.c. 147 was entrusted to
the proconsul Calpurnius Piso, while Scipio was engaged in
completing the investment of Carthage. Appian, Pun. 113-126.
250 After the capture of Megara, the suburban district of Carthage,
by Scipio, Hasdrubal withdrew into the Byrsa, got made
commander-in-chief, and bringing all Roman prisoners to the
battlements, put them to death with the most ghastly tortures.
Appian, Pun. 118.

251 τὰ χώματα, that is, apparently, the mole of huge stones
constructed by the Romans to block up the mouth of the harbour.
252 μετὰ τῶν ἰδίων ἐνδυμάτων. The German translator Kraz gives
up these words in despair. Kampe translated them in ihrer
gewöhnlicher Tracht. Mr. Strachan-Davidson says, “προσειληφυῖα,
etc., ‘folding them in her own robe with her hands,’” which seems
straining the meaning of προσειληφυῖα. The French translator says,
deux enfans suspendus à ses vêtemens.
253 According to Livy (Ep. 51) she had tried to induce her husband
to accept the offer described in 38, 2.
254 Homer, Il. 6, 448.
255 4000 under Alcamenes, Pausan. 7, 15, 8.
256 In the battle with Metellus at Scarphea.
257 Pausanias on the contrary says that Pytheas was caught in
Boeotia and condemned by Metellus (7, 15, 10).
258 The pit is the place dug out (σκάμμα) and prepared in the
gymnasium for leapers. To be in the pit is to be on the very ground
of the struggle, without possibility of escaping it.
259 See note on 30, 17.
260 For this proverb see Plutarch, Themist. 29; de Alex. Virt. 5; de
Exil. 7.
261 Plutarch reports the same anecdote much more briefly in Cato
Maj. 12, as do others. Professor Freeman (History of Federal
Government, p. 142) seems to regard it as a serious indication that
the Amphictyonic council had become a body exercising some
literary authority, in default of any other. I think that Cato had no
such meaning. He mentioned any body of men, however unlikely to
exercise such an influence, which at any rate was Greek.
262 Seems to mean “he lost before he began,” before he got even
at the threshold of his enterprise. There is nothing to show to what
the fragment refers.
263 The base of a statue of Polybius has been discovered at
Olympia with the inscription ἡ πόλις ἡ τῶν Ἡλείων Πολύβιον
Δυκόρτα Μεγαλοπολείτην. But the statue mentioned in the text
seems to be one set up by the Achaeans. For the statues of
Polybius, see Introduction, pp. xxxi. xxxii.

264 Thebae quoque et Chalcis, quae auxilio fuerant, dirutae. Ipse L.
Mummius abstinentissimum virum egit; nec quidquam ex iis opibus
ornamentisque, quae praedives Corinthus habuit, in domum ejus
pervenit. Livy, Ep. 52.
265 Ptolemy Philometor, king of Egypt, is called, by way of
distinction, “King of Syria,” because that title was bestowed on him
by the people of Antioch during his last expedition in Syria. This
was undertaken in support of Alexander Balas, who repaid him by
conniving at an attempt upon his life. Whereupon Ptolemy joined
Demetrius, the son of Demetrius Soter, and supported his claim
against Alexander Balas. Joseph. Ant. 13, 3; 1 Maccabees 11, 1-13.
266: Dionysius Hal. (1, 74) quotes this statement of Polybius with
the remark that it is founded on a single tablet in the custody of the
Pontifices. Various calculations as to the date were:—
Eratosthenes
followed by
Olymp. 7, 1 b.c. 752.
Apollodorus
Nepos
Dionysius
Lutatius
Q. Fabius Pictor Olymp. 8, 1 b.c. 748.
Timaeus 38th year before Olymp. 1 b.c. 813.
L. Cincius Alimantus Olymp. 12, 4 b.c. 729.
M. Porcius Cato 432 years after the Trojan war. b.c. 752.
Varro
Olymp. 6, 2 b.c. 755.
Velleius Paterculus
Pomponius Atticus Olymp. 6, 3 b.c. 754.
But even granting a definite act of foundation (on which see
Mommsen, H. of R. vol. i. p. 4), the Olympic register before 672 b.c.
is a very uncertain foundation on which to build. See Journal of
Hellenic Studies, vol. ii. p. 164 sq.
267 From Eusebius. It may be noted that this statement of Polybius
is an earlier evidence than any other for the existence of an
Olympian register prior to b.c. 600. Pausanias also dates the register
from the year of Coroebus’s victory (5, 8, 6).
268 I have translated this passage as it stands in the various
editions of Polybius. But I feel convinced that none of it belongs to
him except the first sentence. It comes from Athenaeus, 440 E.

269 See Livy, i, 34. Dionys. Halic. 3, 46.
270 Hesiod, Works and Days, 40, νήπιοι· οὐδὲ ἴσασιν ὅσῳ πλέον
ἥμισυ παντός.
271 Polybius is perhaps referring to the Acrocorinthus especially.
But we must remember that many of the citadels in the third
century b.c. were in the hands of Macedonian garrisons.
272 This has been referred by some to the account of Scipio
Aemilianus’s single combat with the Spaniard. See 35, 5.
273 Perhaps L. Postumius, Livy, 23, 24 (Hultsch).
274 b.c. 272. Plutarch, Pyrrh. 31-34.
275 See Pausan. i. 9, 6. His disaster compelled him to give up his
dominions beyond the Danube. Another and more successful war in
Thrace seems referred to in Diod. Sic. 18, 14.
276 Livy, however, records more than one success of Marcellus
against Hannibal, see 23, 16, 46; 27, 14. Scipio’s victory of course is
at Zama.
277 From Zosimus, 5, 20, 7. See 1, 26.
278 Some refer this to a circumstance narrated in Livy, 41, 2. But
Hultsch points out that Livy is not using Polybius in that period.
279 From Constantine Porphyrogenneta de thematibus, p. 18, ed.
Bonnensis (Hultsch). He says that there are two Cappadocias, great
and little. Great Cappadocia extending from Caesarea (Neo-
Caesarea), and Mount Taurus to the Pontus, bounded on the south-
west by the Halys and on the east by Melitene.
280 See 6, 23. The excellence of Spanish steel has never perhaps
been surpassed even to our day.
281 See 35, 2-4.
282 Plutarch, Pelop. 17, who says that other authorities reckoned it
at 500 and 700 men. There were originally six morae in the Spartan
army. See Xenophon, Rep. Lac. 11, 4; Hell. 6, 4, 12-17.
283 See 6, 25.
284 This is referred by Nissen to the account of the origin of the
third Punic war. See 36, 3-5.

285 This moderation in the number of slaves was perhaps imitated
from Cato. See Cato, Orationum frgm. 3. Ed. Jordan.
The references are to Books and Chapters, except where the volume
and page of this translation are indicated by vol. — p. —; Fr. indicates
the minor fragments at the end of vol. ii.

INDEX.
Abba, town in Africa, 14, 6, 7
Abia, town in Messenia, 23, 17
Abila, town in Palestine, 5, 71; 16, 39
Abilyx, a Spaniard, 3, 98, 99
Abrupolis, a Thracian prince, 22, 8
Abydus, town in Asia Minor, on the Hellespont, 4, 44; 5, 111; 16, 29-35;
its situation and fall, 18, 2, 44; 34, 7
Academy, the, 12, 26c; 16, 27
Acarnania, 4, 6, 30, 63, 65, 66; 5, 3-5; 9, 34; 28, 4, 5; 30, 13; 32, 20; 39, 14
Acarnanians, 2, 6, 10, 45, 65, 66; 4, 5, 9, 15, 25, 30, 63; 5, 3-6, 13, 96; 9, 32,
38-40; 10, 41; 16, 32; 21, 29, 32; 24, 12; 28, 5
Acatides, a Theban runner, 39, 7
Acerrae, a town of the Insubres, 2, 34
Acesimbrotus of Rhodes, 18, 1, 2
Achaeans, the, 1, 3, passim;
appealed to by the Epirotes, 2, 6, 9, 10, 12;
the rise of their league in the Peloponnese, 2, 37-70;
assist Messenians against the Aetolians, and call in Philip V., 4, 1-19, 22;
proclaim war with Aetolians, 4, 25-27.
See also 4, 59-85;
agree to furnish Philip with subvention, 5, 1;
join Philip in his invasion of Laconia, 5, 18-24;
harassed by Aetolians, 5, 30, 35;
elect Aratus after the incapable Strategus Eperatus, 5, 91-95;
make peace with the Aetolians, 5, 101-105;
instructed in military exercises by Philopoemen, 10, 23;
at war with Machanidas of Sparta, 11, 11-18;
Philopoemen summons a levy at Tegea to invade Laconia, 16, 36, 37;
incline to Philip’s part against Rome, 16, 38;
send envoys to the congress at Nicaea, 18, 1-8;
receive back Corinth by the advice of Flamininus, 18, 45 fin.;

and Triphylia and Heraea, 18, 47;
offer to help the Boeotians, who however abandon their alliance, 20, 4, 5;
Megara leaves their league, 20, 6;
make alliance with Eumenes, 21, 9;
Roman legates at the congress at Cleitor, 22, 2;
Eumenes offers 120 talents to the congress at Megalopolis, Seleucus 10
ships of war, 22, 10-12;
difficulty as to the renewal of a treaty with Ptolemy, 22, 12;
Q. Caecilius before the congress at Argos remonstrates on the subject of
Sparta, 22, 13;
their dealing with Messene after the murder of Philopoemen, 23, 16-18;
send an embassy to Rome in regard to Messene, 24, 1;
Ptolemy presents the league with 10 ships of war, 24, 6;
the league officers condemn Chaeron of Sparta for the murder of
Apollonides, 24, 7;
debate in the assembly as to the orders from Rome about the Spartan
exiles, 24, 10-12;
attitude towards Rome, 24, 13-15;
ordered to guard Chalcis for Rome, 27, 2 fin.;
Gaius Popilius and Gnaeus Octavius address the congress, 28, 3;
decide to take the side of Rome against Perseus openly, 28, 12, 13;
two embassies at Alexandria, 28, 19, 20;
the two Ptolemies ask their help against Antiochus, 29, 23-25;
Romanising party in Achaia, 30, 13;
embassy to Rome, 31, 6, 8; 32, 7, 17; 33, 1, 3;
Cretans ask the Achaeans for help, 33, 16;
Achaean detenus released, 35, 6;
Thessalians ask for help against the pseudo-Philip, 37, 2;
asked to send Polybius to Lilybaeum, 37, 3;
dissolution of the league by the Romans, 38, 3-11; 39, 7-17;
Achaean assembly or congress, at Aegium, 2, 54; 4, 7, 26, 82; 5, 1; 16, 27;
28, 3; at Cleitor, 22, 2; at Corinth, 29, 23; 33, 16; 38, 10; at
Megalopolis, 23, 10, 16; at Sicyon, 5, 1; 23, 17; 28, 13; 29, 24;
election of magistrates, 4, 37, 82; 5, 1; 30, 7;
soldiers, 29, 24;
arms, 11, 9;

cavalry, 10, 23;
ships, 2, 10
Achaeus, son of Xuthus, the mythical ancestor of the Achaeans, 39, 14
Achaeus, son of Andromachus, nephew of Laodice, mother of Antiochus the
Great, 4, 2, 48-91, 51; 5, 40-42, 57, 58, 61, 66, 67, 72, 78, 87, 107, 111; 7,
17; 8, 2;
his capture and death, 8, 17-23
Achaia Phthiotis, 18, 46; 47, 7
Achelous, river, 4, 63; 5, 6-7, 13
Achradina, a part of Syracuse, 8, 5, 6
Acilius Glabrio, M’., consul b.c. 191, 20, 9, 10; 21, 3-5
Acilius, Gaius, 33, 2
Acrae, a town in Aetolia, 5, 13
Acriae, a town in Laconia, 5, 19
Acrocorinthus, the citadel of Corinth, 1900 feet high, 2, 43, 45, 50, 51, 52, 54; 4,
8; 7, 11; 18, 45
Acrolissus, citadel of the Illyrican city of Lissus, 8, 15, 16
Acte, the, east coast of Laconia, 5, 91
Actium, temple and town in Acarnania, on the narrowest point of the Ambracian
gulf, 4, 63
Acusilochus, an Asiatic ruler, 25, 2
Adaeus, governor of the town of Bubastus in Egypt, 15, 27
Adaeus of Beroea, legate of Perseus to Genthius, 28, 8
Adeiganes, a magistrate at Seleucus on the Tigris, 5, 54
Adeimantus of Sparta, 4, 22, 23
Adherbal, a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, 1, 44, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53
Admetus, put to death by Philip V., 23, 10
Adriatic Sea, the, 1, 2; 2, 14, 16, 17, 26; 3, 47, 61, 86-88, 110; 10, 1; 24, 3; 32,
23; 34, 6, 7
Adrumetum, a city in Africa, 15, 5, 15
Adua or Addua, the river Adda, a tributary of the Po, 2, 32; 34, 10
Adys, a town in Africa, 1, 30
Aeacidae, descendants of Aeacus (Peleus, Achilles, Telamon, Ajax), 5, 2
Aecae, a town in Apulia, 3, 88
Aegae, a town in Aeolis, 5, 77; 33, 13
Aegean Sea, 3, 2; 16, 34

Aegina, island, 9, 42; 11, 5; 22, 11
Aegira, a town in Achaea, 2, 41; 4, 57, 58
Aegitna, a town of the Oxybii, a Ligurian tribe, 33, 10, 11
Aegium, chief town of the Achaean league, 2, 41, 55; 4, 57; 5, 30, 101, 102; 16,
38;
meetings of the congress at, 2, 54; 4, 7, 26, 82; 5, 1; 16, 27, 28;
territory of, 5, 94
Aegosagae, a tribe of Gauls invited into Asia by Attalus, 5, 77, 78, 111
Aegospotami, the Goat’s river, on the Hellespont, 1, 6; 12, 25k
Aegusa, one of the Aegates (Farignano), 1, 60
Aegusae (the Aegates), 1, 44
Aegys, a town in Laconia, 2, 54
Aemilia, wife of Scipio Africanus the elder, and sister of Aemilius Paullus, 32, 12-
14
Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul b.c. 232, 2, 21, 22
Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul b.c. 187, 16, 34; 22, 3; 28, 1; 32, 21
Aemilius Papus, L., consul b.c. 225, 2, 23, 26-31
Aemilius Paullus, M., consul b.c. 255, 1, 36, 37
Aemilius Paullus, L., consul b.c. 219 and 215, 3, 16, 18, 19, 106, 107, 116, 117;
4, 37, 66; 5, 108; 15, 11
Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, L., consul b.c. 182 and 168, 18, 35; 29, 1, 7, 10,
14, 15, 17, 20; 30, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19; 31, 3; 32, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 21;
his wives, 32, 8
Aemilius Regillus, L., praetor b.c. 190, 21, 8, 10, 24
Aena, a temple at Ecbatana, 10, 27
Aeneas Tacticus (middle of 4th cent. b.c.), 10, 44
Aenianian Gulf (=Sinus Maliacus), so called from the Aenianes, 10, 42
Aenus, a town in Thrace, mod. Enos, 5, 34; 22, 9, 15; 30, 3
Aeolian Islands. See Liparae
Aeolis, a district of Mysia between the rivers Carius and Hermus, 5, 77; 21, 13,
14
Aeolus, king of the Winds, 34, 2, 11
Aerenosii, a Spanish tribe, 3, 35
Aeschrion, a Romanising Acarnanian, 28, 5
Aethaleia, name of the island of Lemnus, 34, 11
Aethiopia, 3, 38

Aetna, Mt., 1, 55
Aetolians, the, 1, 3, etc.;
attack Medion, 2, 2-4;
help the Epirotes against the Illyrians, 2, 6-12;
engage in the Social war, 2, 37;
make peace with the Achaeans, 2, 44;
make alliance with Antigonus Doson, and Cleomenes of Sparta, 2, 45-49;
refuse Antigonus passage, 2, 52;
joined by Mantinea, 2, 57, 58;
intrigue with Antiochus, 3, 6, 7;
invade Messenia, 4, 9-19, 22-27, 29-31, 34-37, 53-59, 61-67, 77-80, 84;
attacked by Philip V., 5, 2-14;
attempt to invade Thessaly, 5, 17;
evade peace with Philip, 5, 29. See also 30, 35, 63, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99, 100-
103, 105, 107;
attend a conference at Sparta, 9, 28-39;
attack Acarnania, 9, 40;
in alliance with Rome against Philip, 10, 25, 26, 41, 42;
receive a legation from Rhodes on the subject of peace, 11, 4-7;
distress and revolutionary measures, 13, 1, 2;
fresh offence with Philip, 15, 23;
in alliance with Nabis, 16, 13;
at the battle of Panium, 16, 18;
addressed by Roman envoys in Naupactus, 16, 27;
attend a conference at Nicaea, 18, 1-10;
fight on the Roman side in Thessaly, 18, 19;
their superiority in cavalry, 18, 22;
discontented with their share of spoil after Cynoscephalae, 18, 27, 34, 38,
39;
claim Heraea, 18, 42;
discontented with the Roman settlement of b.c. 196, 18, 45;
claim Pharsalus, 18, 47;
addressed by Roman legates, 18, 48;
once in league with Achaeans against Boeotia, 20, 4;
submit unconditionally to Rome after the battle of Thermopylae, 20, 9-11;
the Roman terms with, 21, 3-4;

six months’ truce allowed them in which to appeal to the Senate, 21, 5, 8;
the Romans proclaim war with them, 21, 25-32;
sell Aegina to Attalus, 22, 11;
Gaius Popilius and Gnaeus Octavius order them to give hostages, 28, 4;
their violence and habits of pillage, 30, 11;
improvement after the death of Lyciscus, 32, 19;
their principle of “spoil from spoil,” 18, 4;
their character and habits, 2, 3, 4, 45, 46, 49; 4, 67; 9, 38; 18, 4, 34;
their officers, 21, 32
Agathagetus of Rhodes, 27, 7; 28, 2
Agatharchus, a Syracusan sent as ambassador to Carthage, 7, 4
Agatharchus, son of Agathocles, king of Syracuse, 7, 2
Agathinus of Corinth, 5, 95
Agathocleia, daughter of Aristomenes, 15, 31
Agathocleia, mistress of Ptolemy Philopator, 14, 11; 15, 25, 31-33
Agathocles, king of Syracuse, 1, 7, 82; 8, 12; 9, 23; 12, 15; 15, 35
Agathocles, son of Oenanthe and guardian of Ptolemy Epiphanes, 5, 63; 14, 11;
15, 25-36
Agathyrna, a city on the north coast of Sicily, 9, 27
Agelaus of Naupactus, 4, 16; 5, 3, 103-105, 107
Agema, or guard, in the Macedonian army, 5, 25;
in the army of Ptolemy Philopator, 5, 65, 84;
in the army of Antiochus Epiphanes, 31, 3
Agepolis of Rhodes, 28, 16, 17; 29, 10, 19; 30, 4
Agesarchus of Megalopolis, father of Ptolemy, governor of Cyprus, 15, 25; 18, 55
Agesias, an Achaean, 30, 13
Agesilaus II., king of Sparta, 3, 6; 9, 8, 23 (b.c. 398-361)
Agesilaus, son of Eudamidas, 4, 53
Agesilochus of Rhodes, 27, 3; 28, 2, 16; 29, 10
Agesipolis, son of Cleombrotus II., king of Sparta, 4, 35
Agesipolis III., king of Sparta, son of the last, 4, 35; 23, 6 (b.c. 221)
Agesipolis of Dyme, 5, 17
Agetas, Aetolian Strategus, 5, 91, 96
Agones, a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, 2, 15
Agrai, a tribe in Aetolia, 18, 5

Agrianes, a Thracian tribe, 2, 65; 5, 79; 10, 42
Agrigentum, in Sicily, 1, 17-20, 27, 43; 2, 7; 9, 27; 12, 25
Agrigentus, a river, 9, 27; mod. Fiume di S. Biagio, which joins the Hypsas (mod.
Drago)
Agrii, 25, 4
Agrinium, a city of Aetolia, near the Achelous, 5, 7
Agron, king of the Illyrians, 2, 2, 4
Alabanda, city in Caria, 5, 79; 16, 24; 30, 5
Alba, in Latium, 2, 18; 37, 2
Alcaeus of Messene, 32, 6
Alcamenes of Sparta, 4, 22
Alcamenes of Achaea, friend of Diaeus, 39, 10
Alcetas, Boeotian Strategus, 22, 4
Alcibiades, son of Clinias of Athens, 4, 44
Alcibiades, a Spartan exile, 22, 1, 15; 23, 4
Alcithus of Aegium, 28, 12, 19
Aletas, discoverer of the silver mines in Spain, 10, 10
Alexamenus, an Aetolian Strategus, 18, 43
Alexander the Great, 2, 41, 71; 3, 6, 59; 4, 23; 5, 10, 55; 8, 12; 9, 28, 34; 10,
27; 12, 12b, 17, 18, 19, 22; 18, 3; 22, 8; 29, 21; 38, 4
Alexander, son of Acmetus, officer of Antigonus Doson, 2, 66
Alexander, commander of cavalry to Antigonus Doson and a minister of Philip V.,
2, 66, 68; 4, 87; 5, 28; 7, 12
Alexander of Aetolia, friend of Dorimachus, 4, 57, 58
Alexander, father of Antigonus, the legate from Perseus to Boeotia, 27, 5
Alexander, ambassador to Rome from Attalus, 18, 10
Alexander Balas, 33, 15; 18, 6
Alexander, king of Epirus, 2, 45; 9, 34
Alexander Isius, an Aetolian, 13, 1; 18, 3, 4, 10, 36; 21, 25, 26
Alexander, brother of Molo, commander of Persis under Antiochus the Great, 5,
40, 41, 43, 54
Alexander, tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly, 8, 1; 39, 2
Alexander, made governor of Phocis by Philip V., 5, 96
Alexander of Trichonium, 5, 13
Alexander, tower of, in Thessaly, 18, 27

Alexandria, capital town of Egypt, 2, 69; 4, 51; 5, 35, 37, 40, 63, 66, 67, 79, 86,
87; 7, 2; 12, 25d; 13, 2; 14, 11; 15, 25, 26, 30; 16, 10, 22; 22, 7, 12; 27,
19; 28, 1, 17, 20, 22, 23; 29, 2, 24, 27; 30, 9; 31, 5, 12, 26-28; 34, 4, 14;
39, 18;
obols of Alexandria, 34, 8
Alexandria Troas, 5, 78, 111; 21, 13, 14
Alexis, captain of Apamea, 5, 50
Alexo, an Achaean, 1, 43
Alipheira, a city of Arcadia, 4, 77, 78
Allaria, a city of Crete, 5, 63, 65
Allobroges, 3, 49-51
Alpheus, river in the Peloponnese, 4, 77, 78; 12, 4d; 16, 17
Alps, 2, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 28, 32, 34, 35; 3, 34, 39, 47, 48, 50-56, 60-62,
64, 65; 34, 10
Altars, the. See Philaenus
Althaea, a town in Spain, 3, 18
Amaeocritus, Boeotian Strategus, 20, 4
Amanides Pylae, pass between Cilicia and Syria, N.N.E. of Issus, 12, 17
Ambracian Gulf, the, 4, 63, 66; 5, 5, 18
Ambracus, or Ambracia, 4, 61, 63; 18, 10; 21, 26-30. Sometimes Ambracia
means the territory, 4, 61
Ambrysus, a city of Phocis, 4, 25
Ammonius Barcaeus, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, 5, 65
Amphaxitis, a maritime district of Macedonia on the left bank of the Axius, 5, 97
Amphiaraus, fr. xliii.
Amphictyonic league, 4, 25; 39, 12
Amphidamus, Strategus of Elis, 4, 75, 84, 86
Amphilochians, an Aetolian tribe, 18, 5; 21, 25
Amphipolis, a city of Macedonia, 29, 6
Amphissa, a city of Locris, 21, 4
Amyce, plain of, near Antioch, 5, 59
Amyclae, a town in Laconia, 5, 18-20, 23
Amynander, king of the Athamanes, 4, 16; 16, 27; 18, 1, 10, 36, 47; 20, 10; 21,
25, 29
Amyntas, father of Philip II., 2, 48; 22, 8
Amyrus, plain of, in Thessaly, 5, 99

Anacleteria of Ptolemy Epiphanes, 18, 55;
of Philometor, 28, 12
Anadendritis, a vine, 34, 11
Anamares, or Ananes, or Andres, or Anares, a Cisalpine Gallic tribe, 2, 17, 32, 34
Anas, a river in Spain (Guadiana), 34, 9
Anaxidamus, an Achaean officer of Philopoemen, 11, 18
Anaxidamus, an Achaean ambassador to Rome, 31, 6; 33, 3
Ancus Marcius, king of Rome, fr. v.
Ancyra, a city of Galatia, 21, 39
Anda, a city in Libya, 14, 6
Andania, a city in Messenia, 5, 92
Andobales (or Indibilis), king of the Ilergetes, 3, 76; 9, 11; 10, 18, 35, 37, 40;
11, 26, 29, 31, 33; 21, 11
Andosini, a Spanish tribe, 3, 35
Andranodorus of Syracuse, 7, 2, 5
Andreas, physician of Philopator, 5, 81
Androlochus of Elis, 5, 94
Andromachus, father of Achaeus, 4, 51; 8, 22
Andromachus of Aspendus, an officer of Ptolemy Philopator, 5, 64, 65, 83, 85, 87
Andromachus, ambassador from Philopator to Rome, 33, 8
Andronicus, ambassador of Attalus, 32, 28
Andronidas, a Romanising Achaean, 29, 25; 30, 23; 39, 10, 11
Androsthenes of Cyzicus, 11, 34
Aneroestes, king of the Gaesatae, 2, 22, 26, 31
Aniaracae, a tribe in Media, 5, 44
Anicius Gallus, L., praetor b.c. 168, 30, 14; 32, 20; 33, 9
Anio, river in Latium, 9, 5, 7
Antalces of Gortyn in Crete, 22, 19
Antalcidas, 1, 6; 4, 27; 6, 49
Antanor of Elis, 5, 94
Antenor, ambassador of Perseus to Rhodes, 27, 4, 14
Anticyra, in Locris, 9, 39;
in Phocis, 18, 45; 27, 16
Antigoneia, a city of Epirus, 2, 5, 6
Antigoneia, games at Sicyon in honour of Antigonus Doson, 28, 19; 30, 23

Antigonus the One-eyed, successor of Alexander the Great in Syria, b.c. 323-301,
1, 63; 5, 67; 10, 27; 18, 3; 28, 20
Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, b.c. 283-
239, 3, 41, 43-45; 9, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38; 18, 6; 20, 6
Antigonus Doson, grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes, guardian of Philip V., and
really king of Macedonia, b.c. 229-220, 2, 45, 47-70; 3, 16; 4, 1, 3, 6, 9, 16,
22, 34, 69, 76, 82, 87; 5, 9, 16, 24, 34, 35, 63, 89, 93; 7, 11; 9, 29, 36; 20, 5
Antigonus, son of Alexander, an ambassador from Perseus to Boeotia, 27, 5
Antilibanus, a mountain in Coele-Syria, the eastern range of Lebanon, 5, 45, 59
Antimachus, a friend of Perseus, 29, 6
Antinous of Epirus, a friend of Perseus, 27, 15; 30, 7
Antioch in Mygdonia, 5, 51
Antioch on the Orontes, capital of Syria, 5, 43, 59, 60, 87; 31, 17; 32, 4
Antiochis, sister of Antiochus the Great, 8, 25
Antiochus I., Soter, king of Syria b.c. 280-261, 31, 7
Antiochus II., Theos, king of Syria b.c. 261-246
Antiochus Hierax, son of Antiochus II., ob. b.c. 227, 5, 74
Antiochus III., the Great, king of Syria b.c. 223-187, 1, 3; 2, 71; 3, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11,
12, 32; 4, 2, 37, 48, 51; 5, 1, 29, 31, 34, 40-71, 73, 79-87, 89, 105, 109; 7,
15-18; 8, 18-23, 25; 10, 27-31, 49; 11, 34; 13, 9; 15, 20, 25, 37; 16, 18, 19,
22, 27, 39; 18, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47-52; 20, 1-3, 7-11; 21, 2, 4, 6, 8-21, 24, 25,
33, 8 43-48; 22, 4, 5; 23, 14; 24, 12, 15; 25, 4; 28, 1, 4, 20; 29, 6; 39, 14,
19;
his treaty with Rome, 21, 45
Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, second son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria b.c.
175-164, 3, 3; 16, 18, 19; 26, 1; 27, 7, 19; 28, 1, 17-23; 29, 2, 4, 24, 26, 27;
30, 17; 31, 3-6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 33, 18
Antiochus V., Eupator, son of Epiphanes, king of Syria b.c. 164-162, 31, 12, 19
Antiochus, another son of Antiochus the Great according to the historian Zeno,
16, 18, 19
Antipater, guardian of Alexander the Great’s son Philip III., and practically king in
Macedonia b.c. 323-319, 5, 10; 9, 29, 30; 12, 13
Antipater, nephew of Antiochus the Great, 5, 79, 82, 87; 16, 18; 21, 16, 17, 24
Antipatria, a town of the Illyrian Dassaretae, on the River Apsus, 5, 108
Antiphanes of Berga, a proverbial liar (whence βεργαΐζειν), 34, 6
Antiphatas, of Gortyn in Crete, 33, 16
Antiphilus, an ambassador of Prusias, 32, 28
Antipolis, a colony from Marseilles (Antibes), 33, 7

Antisthenes of Rhodes, 16, 14-15
Antium, in Latium, 3, 22, 24
Antonius, M., Trib. Pl. b.c. 167, 30, 4
Aous, a river in Illyria (Viósa), 5, 110; 27, 16
Apameia, a town in Syria (Kulak-el-Mudik), 5, 45, 50, 56, 58, 59
Apameia, a town in Phrygia (Denair), 21, 43-45, 48
Apasiacae, a Nomad tribe between the Oxus and the Asiatic Tanais, 10, 48
Apaturius Gallus, assassin of Seleucus III., 4, 48
Apega, wife of Nabis, 13, 7; 18, 17
Apelaurum, a mountain in Arcadia, 4, 69
Apelles, guardian and friend of Philip V., 4, 76, 82, 84-87; 5, 1;
he conspires against the king, 5, 2, 4, 14, 16, 26-29
Apelles, another friend of Philip V., 22, 18; 23, 1
Apennines, the, 2, 14, 16, 17, 24; 3, 90, 110; 33, 11
Aperantia, a district and city of Thessaly, 21, 25
Aphrodite of Eryx, 1, 55; 2, 7;
temple of, at Pergamum, 18, 2, 6;
near Saguntum, 3, 97
Aphther, a Libyan, 32, 2
Apia, plain of, a city of Phrygia, 5, 77
Apis, a harbour in Egypt, 31, 26, 27
Apocleti, magistrates of the Aetolians, 4, 5; 20, 1; cp. 21, 4
Apodoti, an Aetolian tribe, 18, 5
Apollo of the Greeks and Carthaginians, 7, 9;
temples of Apollo at Amyclae, 5, 19;
at Delphi, 39, 17;
at Thermus, 11, 7;
near Temnus, 32, 27;
statue of, at Sicyon, 18, 16;
sacred land of, in Sicyonia, ib.;
mound of, at Tarentum, 8, 30
Apollodorus, governor of Susiana, 5, 54
Apollodorus, tyrant of Cassandreia, 7, 7
Apollodorus, secretary of Philip V., 18, 1, 8
Apollodorus, Boeotian ambassador, 23, 16

Apollonia, town in Illyria, 2, 9, 11; 5, 109, 110; 7, 9; 34, 12
Apollonia, a city of Assyria, 5, 43, 44, 51, 52
Apollonia, a city of Crete, 28, 14
Apollonias, wife of Attalus I., 22, 20
Apollonidas of Sicyon, 22, 11, 15, 16; 28, 6
Apollonides of Sparta, 24, 7
Apollonides of Clazomenae, 28, 19
Apollonius of Clazomenae, 28, 19
Apollonius, a friend of Seleucus IV., 31, 21;
and his son Apollonius, 31, 19, 21
Apollophanes of Seleucia, a physician, 5, 56, 58
Apro, a river in Liguria (some would read Οὔαρος Varus the Var), 33, 11
Aptera, a town in Crete, 4, 55
Apuleius Saturninus, L., 32, 28
Apustius, P., 32, 1
Aquileia, on the Adriatic, 34, 10, 11
Arabia, 5, 71;
Arabians, 5, 71, 79, 82, 85; 13, 9
Arachosia, district in Asia, 11, 34
Aradus, an island off the coast of Phoenicia (Ruad), 5, 68
Aratthus, a river in Epirus, 21, 26
Aratus of Sicyon, son of Clinias, his history, 1, 3; 2, 40; 4, 2;
his policy and character, 2, 40, 43-52, 56-60; 4, 6-12, 14, 19, 24, 37, 67, 76,
82, 84-87; 5, 1, 5, 7, 12, 15, 16, 23, 26-28, 30, 91-103; 7, 11;
his death, 8, 14.
See also 9, 17, 23; 10, 22; 24, 6; 34, 14. Vol. i. p. 283, note.
Aratus, the younger, son of the last, 2, 51; 4, 37, 60, 67, 70, 72, 82; 5, 1; 7, 11;
24, 6, 10
Araxus, promontory of Achaia, 4, 59, 65
Arbo, a city in Illyria, 2, 11
Arbucala, a city of the Vaccaei in Spain, 3, 14
Arcades, a city in Crete, 4, 53
Arcadia and the Arcadians, 2, 38, 54, 56, 62; 4, 17, 20, 21, 33, 70-77; 12, 4; 18,
14; 39, 7;
practice of music in, 4, 20, 21
Arcas, the ancestor of the Arcadians, 4, 77

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Fpc A Software Package For Physical Maps Fred Engier And Cari Soderlund

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