Fraud Detection: A Review on Blockchain

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1040
Fraud Detection: A Review on Blockchain
Anuska Rakshit1, Shriya Kumar2, Ramanathan L 3
3Professor at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
1-2Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
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Abstract - A blockchain is a distributed database of records,
commonly known as a public book, of all completed
transactions or digital events that may be shared between
participants. Most program participants double check each
activity in the community manual. Once the data is entered, it
will never be erased. Keeping track of what is being done
permanently, implicitly, and irrevocably, can help prevent
many types of information fraud. Fraudulent transactions
cannot surpass accumulated guarantees and guarantees as
each transaction must be made by a group of miners. With
moderate data storage and administrative systems, hacking,
hacking, and breach are all possible, but the widespread
blockchain compliance mechanism prevents this. Any asset,
goods, or service may be directed. Identity theft, fraud, and
network or system failure. On the Internet, maliciousbehavior
includes identity theft, fraud, and networkorsystemintrusion.
Blockchain-based trading has to deal with challenges such as
online fraud, identity theft, and fraud. We will examine how
blockchain technology works in detecting fraud in this study.
While there are many more types of informationfraud, wewill
focus on a few of the most common ones in this study, such as
rating fraud, insurance fraud, employment history fraud,
fraudulent acquisition fraud, and various other fraudulent
scams. our industries.
Key Words: Fraud, Blockchain supported, Detection,
Consensus, Intrusions
1.INTRODUCTION
In recent years, blockchain technology has attracted a lot of
attention. A number of measures have been proposed and
implemented to detect fraudulenttransactionsandactivities
that deviate from normal patternsofactivity.Outlieranalysis
approaches include guided classificationslikedecisiontrees,
support vector machines, evolutionary algorithms,Bayesian
belief networks, and neural networks. Despite the fact that
previous research has substantially improved the accuracy
of information fraud detection, only a few models are
capable of accurately detecting all fraudulent situations.
Even if the deception is exposed and the sources of input are
properly identified, we may still beunabletoaccessthetruth
and make informed decisions. Maintaining security,
correctness, reliability, and transparency among the
market's participating parties is crucial in a world where
everything is done digitally. This research looks at a variety
of fraud detection systems that are presently in use around
the world and have proven to be effective in combatting
swindling. We've looked at ten various areas where
blockchain technology has made an impact, and we've come
up with practical solutions to the problems that people
encounter on a daily basis.
2. PROPOSED ANALYSES
2.1 Blockchain for Fraud Detection: Work-History
Prevention System
A vast number of documents must be submitted as part of
the current job application process. Verifying an applicant's
work history is a vital stage in therecruiting process because
it verifies that the individual is qualified for the job. This
paper uses blockchain to improve work history verification.
Blockchain is used to preserve encrypted versions of work
history as a way of data authentication. This technology will
also allow potential employees to bundle many records and
present them to employers, who will be able to authenticate
each record against the blockchain version while respecting
the privacy of both parties. Although it should be impossible
to edit a work history record after it has been produced,
mistakes may happen, such as when data is entered
incorrectly.
2.2 Fraud Detections for Online Businesses
On the internet, interactions with anonymous people can be
risky. As a result, in the cyber world, it is preferable to use
reputation systems to assess a potential seller's
trustworthiness ahead of time, allowing customerstoassess
the quality of unknown suppliers. Reputation management
systems collect, integrate, and publish information about an
entity's previous actions. Despite their efficacy, they are
prone to rating fraud, which occurs when raters profit from
giving skewed evaluations. It proposes a preventive
technique against subjective information fraud to assist
prevent rating fraud. While blockchain systems can avoid
some sorts of rating fraud, such as badmouthing and
whitewashing, they may not be able to eliminate ballot
stuffing. Using blockchain-based technologies, sybil,
continuous, and disguise assaults can all be prevented. As a
result, blockchain systems can prevent bogus decisions by
anonymous individuals utilising genuine identities. As a
result, no illegal ratings will be distributed, and a legitimate
buyer-vendor relationship can be established.
2.3 The Influence of Blockchain Detection on Fraud and
Fake Prevention
Blockchain is one of the most well-known new technical
trends, with applications in both financial and non-financial
activities. People are cautious of media reporting and news

commercials because we live in a distrustful atmosphere.
This article focuses on reducing revenue losses as a result of
fraud attacks and fraudulent activity, as well as securing
finance and supply chain business processes. By adopting a
shared digital ledger in which thevisibilityandtransparency
of transactions can be raised among the members of a
business network, blockchain technology aids to the
reduction of fraud crime. Blockchain technology benefits
food trust, diamond commerce, the vehiclesupplychain,and
online voting. As a result, Blockchain technology can help
businesses reduce fraud while also enhancing employee
morale.
2.4 Are Blockchains Immune to all Malicious Attacks?
The data management capabilities and functionality of a
repository determine the integrity of any data. In contrastto
this centralized system, a blockchain uses a peer-to-peer
network to register and store transactions. Every network
node stores a copy of the blockchain. Cyberspace is a perfect
setting for deceit and fraud because of its low entry barriers,
user anonymity, and spatial and temporal separation
between users. Potential dangerssuchasa 51percentattack,
identity theft, system hacking, and more can be mitigated
using blockchain techniques. Because transactions on a
blockchain are anonymous and irrevocable, it is a highly
effective tool for preventing fraud.
2.5 A Blockchain-Based Framework for Fraud Detection
This model includes the followingfourmajorentities/layers:
1) The Federal Government in General 2) The
Administration of the State 3) Municipal Government 4)
Additional Departments and Sub-Departments
The proposed architecture is Ethereum blockchain
compatible. Central authorities will deploy smart contracts
(schemes), and other entities will only be able to update
existing smart contracts. As a result, only data updates will
be used to carry out transactions.
2.6 Counterfeit Detection of Documents using
Blockchain
This paradigm incorporates the following four major
entities/layers: 1) The National Government 2)
Administration of the State 3) Municipalities 4) Sub-
Departments that aren't listed above.
The framework that has been proposed is Ethereum-
compatible. Central authority will deploy smart contracts
(schemes), and other entities will only be able to amend
smart contracts that have already been published. As a
result, only data updates will be used for transactions.
2.7 A Multifaceted Approach to Bitcoin Fraud Detection:
Global and Local Outliers
Outliers are divided into two categories: global outliers and
local outliers. In this study, global outliers are examples that
are farther apart from the centroids in terms of Euclidean
distance, as determined by the use of trimmed k-means. The
top 1% of occurrences based on kd and trimmed k-means
will be labelled as anomalies, while the rest will be
categorized as normal. In this way, the two algorithms actas
proxies for normality and abnormality, allowing supervised
learning techniques to be used for assessment.
2.8 Video Fraud Detection using Blockchain
A workable prototype of a rudimentary Blockchain system
for detecting video fraud has been constructed as part of the
proposed study. Our graphical User Interface was built with
Java and MySQL (GUI). Finally, in our study, nodes are
captured on a network. Some of theusersarerepresented by
the nodes in this network. A video will be transferred from
one node to the next, and the video's hash will be kept on all
nodes. Because each movie has its own hash, as previously
stated, a node will distribute one film to other users, each of
whom will keep a hash of it. If a node tries to tamper with
the video later, the hash will be modified, and the other
nodes will get a different hash when that node uploads the
same video, signaling that fraud has occurred and the video
has been tampered with. As a result, the solution is found in
this manner.
2.9 Avoiding Insurance Fraud: A blockchain-based
Solution for the Vehicle Sector
The insurance industry is a massive economic sector with
several complex business activities and vast amounts of
operational data. Unfortunately, insurance companies
confront more issues than just carrying out their
responsibilities and storing information about insured
automobiles. Fraud is another significant problemthatcosts
them a lot of money, and some fraudscenariosaredifficult to
avoid without the assistance of insurance carriers. The
proposed solution is for all insurance companies to have
access to the data, however there are a few difficulties. A
client-serverdesignincorporating blockchaintechnology can
address these issues. It aids in the connection of every node
in the network to another node, resulting in a decentralized,
non-nuclear system. Second, the issue of security is solved
when blockchain is used.
2.10 Avoiding Insurance Fraud: A Blockchain-based
The first challenge can be solved by creating a blockchain-
based application in which each node is connected to every
other node via the network. The second challenge, data
security, is also solved by taking into consideration the
blockchain's intrinsic qualities of data durability and
immutability, as well as the consensusproceduresutilizedto
store new data. The data used in the fraud prevention
insurance support system that we propose is available to all
insurance firms. Every organization that participates in this
solution receives a copy of the data and code stored in the
blockchain. There is no longer a single point of failure that

compromises the entire network; instead, numerous
computers in the same network interact with one another.
3. KEY CHALLENGES OF PROPOSED ANALYSIS
3.1 Blockchain for Fraud Detection: A Work-History
Prevention System
The proposed method has a number of challenges, including
the need to rely on data producers to keep a public valid
sender address up to date. To put data andsmart contactson
the public blockchain, employers must pay a transactionfee.
Employees must maintain their private keys in a secure
location. If an employee's private key is lost, heorshewill be
unable to access the system. She can't make sense of the
information about her career history. These are some of the
constraints that this argument must impose.
3.2 Fraud Detections for Online Businesses
Customers may make erroneous purchases as a result of
rating fraud, decreasing their motivation for future
interactions. It's tough to discern the difference between
honest and phony raters because their evaluations are so
identical. Although blockchain protocols can avoid some
objective frauds, subjective frauds continue to be a source of
concern for market portals. Even though the research
proposes an important strategy for reducing subjective
rating fraud, more work needs to be done to improve
accuracy.
3.3 The Influence of Blockchain Detection on Fraud and
Fake Prevention
During this time, the number of fraud attempts and the
expense of preventing those fraudissueshasskyrocketed.As
a result, as fraud becomes more sophisticated, merchants
and security firms will need to invest more in fraud
detection systems. In a variety of exclusive trade areas, the
adoption of blockchain technology to prevent fraud and
impersonation has made transactions more secure and less
vulnerable to impersonation. Despite these advancements,
there is still opportunity for cost-effectiveness and
dependability enhancement.
3.4 Are Blockchains Immune to all Malicious Attacks?
Fraud has always been a source of concern for the financial
industry, since it has the potential to result in serious
consequences and financial losses for those who fall victim
to it. Malefactors may devise novel methods for stealing
money and committing fraud. Despite the fact that
blockchain developers are constantly improving the
technology, new threat detection strategies and procedures
are required. As a result, blockchain is not immune to all
types of fraud, hacking, attacks, and other malicious activity.
3.5 A Blockchain-Based Framework for FraudDetection
The goal of this study is to show and suggest a blockchain-
based framework for preventing corruption and
embezzlement during the transfer of monies from
government schemes. Because corruption leads to
inequitable moneydistributionandpoverty,governmentsall
over the world have begun to design and implement
strategies, frameworks, and policies to improve
transparency and openness in cash transfers.
3.6 Counterfeit Detection of Documents using
Blockchain
Organizations issue certificates in the form of a paper
document, which can be easily altered using modern
technologies. Both the entity that issues the document and
the organization that receives it are at danger. As a result,
the document must be independently checked. We take
advantage of the immutability of the blockchain to improve
the security and transparencyoftheproposedsystem,which
generates digital certificates with more precise information
without the need for a third party.
3.7 A Multifaceted Approach to Bitcoin Fraud Detection:
Global and Local Outliers
The Bitcoin network's lack of class classifications makes it
difficult to comprehend unexpected financial behavior. To
investigate fraud in the financial sector's most recent
expansion, a holistic strategy is offered. Recent anomaly
detection research has taken a comprehensive approach to
the problem. A three-pronged approach to anomaly
detection challenges faced by domain researchers is
considered in a study. This includes truths like the fact that
1. datasets are unbalancedbynature,2.staticproceduresare
often used, and 3. the real world operates in dynamic
conditions.
3.8 Video Fraud Detection using Blockchain
According to recent data, 93 percent of marketers use video
advertising, with 65 percent placing their digital ads on
YouTube. This issue is feasible, given the large number of
online films available via the World Wide Web, Internet
news feeds, electronic mail, business databases, and digital
libraries. To our knowledge, no video fraud detection
technique that uses Blockchain to determine whether a
video has been modified has been reported in the literature.
In addition, this industry is quickly growing.
As previously said, the biggestconcernofvideofraudcan put
individuals in danger since fraudulent information can
brainwash them and radically alter their judgement. As a
result, the project's purpose is to concentrate on detecting
such video frauds.

3.9 Avoiding Insurance Fraud: A blockchain-based
The purpose of this study is to describe a blockchain-based
method for combating insurance fraud. This is a significant
issue that is costing insurance companies a significant
amount of money. The suggested blockchain-based fraud
protection system helps to eliminate various issues brought
on by falsified papers and fraud. One of the mentioned
constraints is that a company may not want its data to be
made public and hence will not use the system. In order to
cope with the insurance plans that may be offered in such a
system, the client may require anonymity fromthecompany
with whom he is dealing.
3.10 Avoiding Insurance Fraud: A Blockchain-based
Servers hold all of the data and wait for client requests to
process it and return the results. Despite the fact that this
architecture is well-known and widely utilized, with a
significant number of successful applications produced and
running, it has a few flaws: The server isa vital componentof
the system since it is a single point of failure; if it fails, the
entire system fails. Even if security measures are in place,
data stored on the server has the potential to be altered or
deleted. This is a severe problem that iscostinginsurersa lot
of money. The proposed method aims to prevent a type of
fraud known as double-dipping, which entails buying
multiple insurance policies for the same car from different
companies with the intention of simulating them after a
traffic accident and thus receiving money from multiple
insurance policies for the same event.
4. APPLICATIONS OF PROPOSED TECHNIQUES
In recent years, blockchain applications have attracted a lot
of attention. They are more valuable than money and can be
used to replace fiat money and traditional banking. The
ability to trade wealth on a blockchain, on the other hand, is
at the heart of the system and must be reliable. Blockchains
have built-in features that assure the system's stability and
durability. Malicious actors can still use well-known tactics
to steal money, such as virus software or falsifiedemails.We
also undertake a sensitivityanalysistoshowhowthemodels
offered rely on specific attributes and how the lack of some
of them impacts overall systemperformance.Blockchaincan
be used to fight and prevent fraud in a business network.
One of the fundamental characteristics that determines
blockchain's worth is its ability to share data rapidly and
securely without relying on a single institution to assume
responsibility for data security.
One of the most significant advantages of blockchain
technology is increased security. The increased security
provided by blockchain is due to the way the technology
works: With end-to-end encryption,blockchaingenerates an
unalterable record of transactions, preventing fraud and
unauthorized activity. Furthermore, blockchain data is kept
across a network of computers, making it nearly impossible
to attack (unlike conventional computer systems that store
data together in servers). Furthermore,byanonymizingdata
and requiring permissions to limit access, blockchain can
solve privacy concerns better than traditional computer
systems.
Because blockchain transactions cannot be removed or
modified, they are immutable. Before a "block" of
transactions can be added to the blockchain, network
participants must agree that the transaction is valid via a
consensus process.
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
The comparative analysis of the various strategies will be
presented in a tabular format in this section (Table 1). The
comparison can be conducted based on the papers
examined, the methods used, and the results obtained, the
strategy employed, and the outcomes received with a
validated future scope for the methods.

Table-1: Detailed Survey
Ref. No Methods Advantages Disadvantage Future scope
1-Fraud
detections for
online
businesses: a
perspective
from
blockchain
technology
This research looks at
how to rate fraud by
distinguishing between
subjective and objective
fraud. It goes on to talk
about how effective
blockchain technology is
for objective fraud and
how limited it is for
subjective fraud. Finally,
it examines the reliability
of blockchain-based
reputation systems. It is
based on the Reputation
System concept. They
essentially collect,
aggregate, and
disseminate information
about entities' previous
actions. Customers have
found them to be
effective in pre-
evaluating the object's
quality and controlling
interaction-specific risks.
The user account can
be created with a
genuine identity in
blockchain-based
reputation systems,but
the real identity is not
revealed. One of the
few benefits of
reputation
management systems:
a) Use reputation
systems to assess a
potential seller's
dependability in
advance, allowing
people to appraise the
quality of unknown
suppliers.
b) They've beenproven
to be particularly
successful at
safeguarding clients
against transactional
threats. c) It boosts
retailers' sales by
increasing client
confidence and
assisting them in
making purchasing
selections. Also, if a
seller offers tokens to
fake ratings, the
quantity of legitimate
transactions will be
reduced.
These systems aid in
the purchasing of high-
quality goods, which is
crucial for client
satisfaction.
Rating systems are subject
to rating fraud, which can
lead to customers making
erroneous purchases and
lowering their motivation
for future interactions.
Because their evaluations
are so identical, it's
impossible to tell the
difference between a
fraudulent ratter and a
genuine one. There are six
different models of
fraudulent ratter
behaviour.Constantattack,
camouflage attack, and
whitewashing attack are
three of them. By using
skewed ratings, these
attacks have an impact on
the customer's choices.
"Ballot stuffing" refers to
fraudulentrattersinjecting
unduly high ratings into a
target entity, whereas
"bad-mouthing" refers to
inappropriately poor
ratings. Fraudulent raters
can either complete the
transaction, submit the
rating, and then be
reimbursed by the seller,
or they can complete the
transaction, submit the
rating, and then be
reimbursed by the seller.
When a vendor is targeted
by Sybil assaults, he or she
is more inclined to
advertise his or her own
product by encouraging
ratters to make legitimate
transactions.
Blockchain systems are
extremely good at
avoiding objective
information fraud, such
as loan application fraud,
in which the fake
information is based on
facts. However,
subjective information
fraud, such as rating
fraud, when the fake
information is difficult to
verify, is a different
storey. It's a type of
record-keeping system
that keeps records that
are both permanent and
incorruptible. However,
because blockchain
systems preserve users'
privacy, we can only
enable accounts created
with true identities to
submit reviews. The
development of new
methods for identifying
both objective and
subjective information
frauds, as well as a
deeper understanding of
blockchain technology,
will be the focus of future
study.

2-Avoiding
Insurance
Fraud: A
Blockchain-
based
Solution for
the Vehicle
Sector
They hope to explainhow
blockchain and smart
contracts might be
combined to improve
organisational operations
in this study. They show
how these technologies
could be utilised tocreate
a system that prevents
certain sorts of fraud in
the automobile insurance
industry.
The proposed system's
goal is to make data
from used car policies
available to all
insurance firms. This
can be accomplished
via a blockchain-based
client-server
architecture in which
each node can view but
not modify data. This
aids in the consumer-
buyer relationship's
security, dependability,
and transparency. By
using blockchain, the
system becomes
decentralised,
eliminating the need
for a single system to
serve as the central
node. The primary
solution entails the
formation and
termination of
insurance policies, the
creation of claims, and
the keeping of a
vehicle's life history.
Blockchain also aids in
the prevention of a sort
of fraud known as
"double-dipping,"
which comprises
acquiring many
insurance policies for
the same car with
different companies in
order to simulate a
traffic accident and
collect money from
multiple plans. In
addition to combating
insurance fraud, the
technology allows
insurancecompaniesto
access a vehicle's
insurance history
without having to rely
on third parties.
The goal of this essay is to
discuss a blockchain-based
solution thatdemonstrates
how this new technology
could be used to avoid
insurance fraud. This is a
severe problem that is
costing insurers a lot of
money.
The proposed blockchain-
based fraud prevention
system aids in the
elimination of different
challenges caused by
forged documents and
fraud. Some of the
proposed constraints
include the fact that a
corporation might not
want its data to be visible
to the public and hence
would not participate in
the system. The client may
require privacy from the
company with which he is
dealing to deal with the
insurance policies that
may be given in such a
system.
Other features could be
added in the future to
improve efficiency and
alleviate the limits of the
existing approach.
Because this project is
still in the hypothetical
stage, where it has been
tested with fictitious
insurance companies,
clients, and automobiles,
it must be implemented
and thoroughly tested.
3-Blockchain
for Fraud
Prevention: A
Work-History
Fraud
This article looks at how
blockchain technology
can provide real-time job
history verification at a
low cost. The proposed
The proposed system's
goal is to ensure that
once a person's
employment history
has been confirmed, it
The verification procedure
is frequently outsourcedto
external parties, whichcan
be time consuming. The
following are some
The project's future
scope would entail
delving more into the
idea of a time-consuming
process that every

Prevention
System
method additionally
assures that (work-
history) data sharing is
secure and private. As a
means of authenticating
data, blockchain is used
to store encrypted
versions of work history.
This technology will also
allow prospective
employees to bundle
many records and submit
them to prospective
employers, who will be
able to authenticate each
record against the
blockchain version while
maintaining both parties'
privacy. The Smart
Contract's sole purposeis
to store the three
elements that the System
requires: encrypted data,
a hash of unencrypted
data, and the Smart
Contract's creator.
can be stored in the
system, eliminating the
need for subsequent
employers to
separately seek such
information. Individual
employee work history
verification is one of
the benefits. b)
Reduction in the
amount of time it takes
to verify job history. b)
Individual employee
data ownership,
privacy, and integrity.
This technology will
also allow prospective
employees to bundle
many records and
submit them to
prospective employers,
who will be able to
authenticate each
record against the
blockchain version
while maintaining both
parties' privacy.
drawbacks: a) time-
consuming and expensive
process for employers.
This blockchain method
aids in the protection of
data privacy. b) Relies on
Data Producer to keep a
public sender address up
to date. There will be no
way for the system to
verify if the Data Producer
deletes or removes access.
c)To deploy data (work
history) and smart
contacts in the public
blockchain, employers
(data Producers) must pay
a transaction fee.
d)Employees must keep
their private keys in a
secure location. If an
employee's private key is
lost or stolen. She is unable
to decipher the work-
history information.
company must go
through when employing
new staff. It might serve
as a foundation for
additional blockchain
systems, allowing them
to aid fraud detectionand
keep user data private
and undamaged across
convergent parties. It
quickly implemented
smart contact to protect
people's privacy. For
further information, we
can experiment with
alternative blockchain
implementations to see
how the goal we set for
ourselves, namely
retrieving work history,
has changed.
4-The
Influence of
Blockchain
Technologyon
Fraud and
Fake
Protection.
The goal of this paper is
to examine existing ideas
and solutions that
leverage Blockchain to
reduce fraud and theft in
some businesses and our
society. The relationship
between a supplier and a
consumer, as well as a
buyer and a seller, has
become increasingly
trusting.
By protecting against
financial losses due to
fraud, cheating, and
counterfeiting,
can assist to address
several social and
financial problems in a
variety of domains,
including finance,
healthcare, supply
chain, automobiles,
democracy, and so on.
By drastically lowering
fraud and untruth,
Blockchain technology
is opening the road for
the development of
community trust.
Because openness,
visibility, and the
integrity of
organisations are
crucial characteristics
in an era, blockchain
technology will be one
of the most important
attributes in
cybersecurity in the
Blockchain applications
can be too costly and time-
consuming to be useful in
certain areas of society.
The network size adopted
by blockchain is
considerably too large and
necessitates far too many
servers, which are out of
reach for most businesses.
The paper's future scope
is to delve deeper into
the details of blockchain
as a fraud detection
environment in various
industries. For a rising
economy like ours,
looking into numerous
combat aspects such as
reliability,
trustworthiness, and
visibility. Blockchain is a
valuable future asset for
the country, and it must
be included into future
technical projects.

near future.
5-Are
blockchains
immune to all
malicious
attacks?
This study looked at a
variety of strategies that
have been suggested and
used to detect fraudulent
transactions and
behaviours that depart
from normal patterns of
behaviour. Guided
classifications such as
decision trees, support
vector machines,
evolutionary algorithms,
Bayesian beliefnetworks,
and neural networks are
common outlier analysis
methods.
Due to the distributed
consensus and
cryptographic
transactions enforced
by blockchain
technology, it is
difficult to damage the
integrity of its records
without being noticed
by the whole network.
Registration, verifying,
and managing
transactions are some
of the unique features
of blockchain. Double-
spending and record
hacking are two sorts
of online criminal acts
that blockchain
technology prevents.
Fraud is a sort of malicious
behaviour that involves
deceiving people in order
to get an advantage or
benefit. Fraud has long
been a source of concern
for the financial industry
since it can result in major
consequences and losses
for its victims. 51 percent
attack, account takeover,
digital identity theft,
money laundering, and
hacking are all potential
hazards for blockchain.
Blockchain technology's
bookkeeping and attack
prevention capabilities
are highlighted by
distributed consensus,
trustlessness, anonymity,
cryptography, and other
aspects. The following
suggestions address
methods to improve its
resilience, fraud
prevention, and anti-
hacking capabilities. a)
Detection equipment. b)
Blockchains for identity
and reputation.
c)Legislation and
regulation, as well as
widespread acceptance
6-A
Blockchain-
Based
Framework
for Fraud
Detection
The goal of this study is
to use blockchain
technology to minimise
corruption and fraud. To
develop our system, we
used a generic scenarioin
which a government runs
several schemes for the
benefit of the general
public, and the moneyare
dispensed through a
layered government
architecture that passes
through various
institutions. Corruption
in variousprogrammesat
various levels can be
caused by lack of
transparency, poor
administration of
government documents,
and delays in the
verification process.
Blockchain technology
is described in this
paper as a way to
decrease the layers of
corruption in
government
procedures.
This study focuses on
employing a novel form
of encryption method
to overcome security
and privacyconcernsin
blockchain.
The proposed model
ensures that everyone
linked to a soon-to-be-
implemented
blockchain network
may see all government
procedures. This
enables ordinary
citizens to investigate
the operation of any
government scheme,
track its progress, and
track financial
transfers.
The following are some of
the drawbacks of this
model:
• Stagnation of funds
caused by middle-level
authorities.
• Money is
misappropriated in the
middle levels, with
everyone blaming each
other.
• Schemes are executed
slowly.
• Identifying the true
needy/beneficiary is a
challenge.
• Inappropriate financial
allocation.
• The beneficiary's
illiteracy and stupidity
Because it is secure and
meets the required triad
of cryptography, namely
confidentiality, integrity,
and authenticity,
blockchain has now
become the future of
finance.
As a result, ordinary
people may audit this
system to track the
financial flow of any plan,
making it completely
open and equitable.
7-Counterfeit
Detection of
Documents
using
Blockchain
Document verification is
a domain that entails a
number of problems and
time-consuming
processes in order to
authenticate documents.
The blockchain's
immutability provides
greater security and
transparency in the
proposed system's
transactions, which
In terms of public security,
the scrutiny of printed
documents is crucial. In
theory, there are two
methods to approach the
problem of document
This paper can be used to
offer a blockchain-based
solution to the problem
of counterfeitdocuments.
The blockchain
technology offers the

The purpose of this
article is to use
blockchain to improve
document verification.
For storing and
distributing data in a
distributed file system,
we present a system that
employs the
InterPlanetary File
System [IPFS] protocol as
well as a peer-to-peer
network. We can offer a
more secure and efficient
digital certificate
validation by utilising
blockchain technology.
produce digital
certificates with more
accurate information
without the
intervention of a third
party.
The blockchain allows
for the storing of
immutable data. The
is being utilised to
reduce document
frauds. The papers on
the blockchain must
meet certain basic
requirements,
including
authentication,
authorization, secrecy,
ownership, and
privacy.
This method is
designed to eliminate
the problem of phoney
certificates or
document fraud.
counterfeit detection:
model-based or
generically.
Themodel-basedapproach
necessitates prior
knowledge of the
characteristics of the
document to be checked
and then searchesforthem
precisely. Frequently,
papers are prepared with
the prospect of such
checks in mind,
incorporating security
elements that are easy to
check for later, either with
the naked eye or with the
aid of special instruments.
Generic counterfeit
detection systems have a
higher rate of mistakethan
model-based systems due
to limited knowledge, but
they have the advantage of
being applicable to a
broader class of
documents. In most cases,
the generic method does
not work.
user's documents with
authentication,
authorisation, privacy,
confidentiality, and
ownership, which are all
necessary features of
digital documents. As a
result, this system will
benefit both the students
and the company.
8-A
Multifaceted
Approach to
Bitcoin Fraud
Detection:
Global and
Local Outliers
The lack of class
designations in the
Bitcoin network tends to
obfuscate the
interpretation of unusual
financial behaviour.
Using trimmed k-means
and kd-trees, this article
describes Bitcoin fraud
from both a global and
local perspective.
Random forests,
maximum likelihood-
based, and boosted
binary regressionmodels
are used to study the two
spheres further.
Using global and local
reference frames, this
study will use a dual
approach to identifying
fraud and non-fraud
behaviour.
The results of the
supervised learning
algorithms utilised in
this study highlighted
the most essential
features that were
beneficial in detecting
perceived anomalous
actions on the network.
It should be noted that
certain nodes were
exclusively involved in
sending or receiving
Bitcoins. As a result, there
were missing values in the
final dataset, which
necessitated the use of
imputation. Based on the
concept of equivalent to
giving or receiving 0 BTC,
all missing quantities were
imputed with zeroes.
Random forest was
determined to be the
highest performing
classifier with 8 features
across the three models,
regardless of class
imbalances. The results
of the supervised
learning algorithms
utilised in this study
highlighted the most
essential features that
were beneficial in
detecting perceived
anomalous actions onthe
network.
9- Video
Fraud
Detection
using
Blockchain
The subject of Video
Fraudulence has been
addressed in this study,
which means that
attackers can tamper
with the original video
and generate their own
phoney video. Given the
vast volume of online
To make it a real-time
fraud detection tool for
films, the scheme is
totally developed on
the Ethereum or
Hyperledger
Blockchain
frameworks.
The discussion of how
A dangerous environment
is created by a lack of
regulation. Because of its
intricacy, end users have a
hard time appreciating the
benefits.
To offer security and
achieve consensus over a
dispersed network,
The entire real-time
Blockchain network will
be used in our future
effort to detect video
fraudulence on a wide
scale.

films available via the
World Wide Web,
Internet news feeds,
electronicmail,corporate
databases, and digital
libraries, this challenge is
quite practical. The focus
is on Blockchain's
usability and how to
utilise it to get the
desired result.
Decentralization, data
transparency, and
security and privacy are
three properties of
Blockchain that are being
used to give a viable
solution.
cryptography and
can be used to detect
video fraud has been
summarised in this
article.
blockchain relies on
encryption. This
essentially means that
complicated algorithms
must be executed in order
to "prove" that a user has
authorization to write to
the chain, which requiresa
lot of processing power.
This, of course, comes at a
price.
10- Avoiding
Insurance
Fraud: A
Blockchain-
based
Solution for
the Vehicle
Sector
We will explain how
blockchain and smart
contracts can be utilised
together to improve
organisational operations
in this article. We show
how these technologies
could be utilised to
design a system that
prevents certain sorts of
fraud in the vehicle
insurance industry.
The purpose of this
article is to discuss a
blockchain-based
solution that highlights
the possibleapplication
of this new technology
in the area of insurance
fraud prevention. The
proposed approach
aims to prevent one
type of fraud known as
double dipping, which
involves purchasing
many insurance
policies for the same
car with different
companies in order to
later imitate a traffic
accident and getmoney
from multiple
insurance plans for the
same occurrence.
The server plays a critical
function in the system,
serving as a primary point
of failure in the sense that
if it fails, the entire system
fails.
Even if security
precautions are in place,
the data stored on the
server has the potential to
be modified or erased.
The purpose of this
article is to discuss a
blockchain-based
solution that highlights
the possible application
of this new technology in
the area of insurance
fraud prevention. Our
proposed approach is
now in the prototyping
stage. It has been proven
to operate with data from
fictitious insurancefirms,
clients, and automobiles.
We plan to expand the
solution's functionalityin
the future and, possibly,
evolve it into a finished
product.
CONCLUSION
All of the papers mentioned above have introduced
blockchain technology and its defining characteristics. They
also review state-of-the-arttechnologiesfordetectingonline
fraud and intrusions, identify certain fraud and malicious
activities that blockchain technology caneffectivelyprevent,
and make recommendations forstrategicallyfightingvarious
attacks to which blockchain technology may be vulnerable.
Existing machine learning and data-miningalgorithmscould
find new uses in identifying fraud and intrusions in
blockchain-based transactions. Guided machine learning
methods like deep-learning neural networks,supportvector
machines, and Bayesian belief networks may help detect
outlier behaviors by profiling, monitoring, and detecting
behavioral trends based on people's transaction histories.
Despite the advancement in technology, still, the problems
regarding Video Fraudulence are faced and there is no
concrete solution for this problem. To improve the
technology and related anti-attack methods, more research
is required.
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