Freedom of Speech & Expression

Gretchen Cundiff

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What is it? Regional
Examples

What‟s the What can be
problem? done?

Why does it Additional
matter? Resources

Works
Cited

What is it?
Background
Information

Definition Goals

International The Communality of
Legislation Freedom

Definition
An indivisible right, which forms the basis of all
other human rights and measures the
effectiveness of laws.

Freedom of expression constitutes one of the
essential foundations of a democratic society and
one of the basic conditions for its progress and
for each individual‟s self-fulfillment.

What isit?

Goals
To enable all people, regardless of race, gender,
or ethnicity, the right to speak their mind and
write down ideas without fear of condemnation.

“It is applicable not only to information or ideas
that are favorably received or regarded as
inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also
to those that offend, shock, or disturb.” – Luiza
Savage, Maclean's Magazine

What isit?

International Legislation
Prior to the proposal of any human rights legislation, the
first session of the United Nations General Assembly in
1946 passed a resolution stating that "freedom of
information is a fundamental human right and ... the
touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations
is consecrated."

Free speech doctrines caught the attention of the
international community following World War II, with the
instatement of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) in 1948.

Article 19 of the UDHR applies to free speech &
expression.

December 10th established as Human Rights Day.
What isit?

The Communality of
Freedom
It is freedom of expression that guarantees the
rights of individuals, minorities, the collective and
the community. Any suggestion that freedom of
expression is a luxury of the West insults the
historic struggles of individuals and communities
all over the world for the dignity and well-being of
their kind, for social fulfillment, equality of
opportunity, equitable sharing of resources,
access to shelter, nourishment and health. Such
claims are an attempt to diminish our humanity,
to reduce us to marginal existence even within
our own societies. It is a clear vote for the party
-Wole Soyinka, Nigerian
of Power against the communality of Freedom.
writer
What is
it?

What‟s the problem?
Communication
Limitations

Culture Press
Freedom

Global Divide Role of Hate Speech
Journalists

Culture
The main factor contributing to the variance of free speech
perspectives that shape the actions of the press and
public.
Lack of free speech and expression separates
industrialized countries from undeveloped nations, which
creates a universal disconnect between people of different
cultures.
Variance of human rights liberties in developed/ developing
societies.
Freedom of expression often called “luxury of the West.”
Most people in the world still cannot exercise that right
partly because of crippling poverty and lack of education,
but also because governments stop them.

What‟s the
problem?

Global Divide
In modern societies, the amount of press
freedom around the world is an indicator of a
healthy democracy, where the public can speak
its mind and write down ideas without fear of
condemnation.

U.S. President Barack Obama defends the right
of people to freely access information, claiming
that, "the more freely it flows, the stronger
societies become.”

Lack of international coverage in repressed
countries, focus on ethnocentric issues.
What‟s the
problem?

Role of Journalists
Journalists, reporters, and bloggers perform society‟s
"watchdog" function by monitoring the government and
serving the public interest.

Covering often sensitive or controversial topics such as
female genital mutilation or genocide, the media has revealed
information that governments have tried to suppress to avoid
conflict.

Most non-democratic societies employ state-run news
organizations to promote the propaganda critical to
maintaining an existing political power base.

Expose corruption and disseminate balanced and impartial
information to the public.

Essential to reporting human rights abuses.

What‟s the
problem?

Press Freedom
More than 1/3 of the world's people live in countries
where there is no press freedom.
Jean-Francois Julliard, the secretary-general of the
human rights organization, Reporters Without
Borders, insists, "Press freedom must be defended
everywhere in the world with the same energy and
the same insistence.”
Governments have historically used „national security‟
as an excuse to stifle political opposition and
criticism. In recent years, heightened fears about
terrorism and security have been invoked to justify
increased repression of individuals and groups
exercising their right to free expression.
What‟s the
problem?

Hate Speech
Defamation of religion is often the source of conflict
which may incite intolerance between groups.
Government restricts media in certain cultures from
discussing sensitive topics that might “incite hatred”
or “endanger national security.”
Punitive laws: punish the press for use of libel or
defamation.
A fine line exists between upholding the right to
freedom of expression and protecting other human
rights.
Views causing illegitimate harm often driven
underground.

What‟s the
problem?

Hate Speech cont.
•In 2005, Danish “Muhammad cartoons” were published in the Jyllands-
Posten newspaper, which set off riots by Muslims who were offended by
the controversy.
• Islamic nations have succeeded in passing "blasphemy" resolutions at
the UN General Assembly. The measures call on states to limit religiously
offensive language or speech.
U.S. Other countries

• 1st Amendment of the • Canada, Britain, France,
Constitution guarantees: Germany, the Netherlands,
South Africa, Australia and India
Congress shall make no law all have laws or have signed
respecting an establishment of international conventions
religion, or prohibiting the free banning hate speech.
exercise thereof; or abridging
the freedom of speech, or of the • Israel and France forbid the sale
press; or the right of the people of Nazi items like swastikas and
peaceably to assemble, and to flags.
petition the Government for a
redress of grievances. • It is a crime to deny the
Holocaust in Canada, Germany
• Exceptions: slander, threats, and France.
inciting violence, community
standards, etc. result in legal What‟s the
consequence.
problem?

Why does it matter?
Rights vs.
Responsibilities
Government Reporter Punishment
Censorship

Public
Technolog Awareness Global Actors
y

Government Censorship
Censorship is the act of changing a message,
including the act of deletion, between the sender and
the receiver, without the sender's and receiver's
consent and knowledge.

Claim “national interest” as reasoning for censoring
what should be open information.

Media faces opposition from political powers whose
views challenge its own.

Fear is constantly on the minds of journalists, which
often leads them to censor themselves.

Why does it
matter?

Technology
The Internet has continually been a target of critics
hoping to pose further restrictions on the global
exchange of information.
Pros and cons: while it has enabled civilians to
spread truth and expose injustice about humanitarian
issues, government structures have been given more
room for regulation.
“Blogging has flourished in countries where
restrictions on media are toughest," with forty-five
percent of all media workers imprisoned as bloggers.
Journalists circumvent electronic barriers to inform
the public.

Why does it
matter?

Public Awareness
Environmental and health issues have been
jeopardized by censorship because they depend on
freedom of information and expression.
The lack of public awareness about AIDS, STDs, and
birth control has contributed to sickness and
premature deaths of millions.
Starvation is one implication of government
repression because those suffering weren't able to
cry out for help so their lives couldn't be saved,
whereas in "countries where a relatively free press
regularly addresses the issue of food shortages,
major famines have not arisen in recent years.”

Why does it
matter?

Reporter Punishment
Most importantly, censorship threatens the "right to life"
when individuals are murdered, harassed, or imprisoned
when governments take extreme measures against
dissidents.
Everyday, press freedoms are infringed upon, and "many
people face illegal detention, persecution, torture and
death because their governments do not protect their
rights.”
A government can't make it impossible to say certain
things- can only punish people after they have said, written
or published their thoughts.
Those who publicly express or disseminate views or
images that are critical of the regime are subject to harsh
punishments, including lengthy prison sentences, as well
as assault and intimidation.
Human rights defenders are also targeted. it
Why does
matter?

Reporter Punishment cont.

An annual index is complied by Reporters Without Borders, which measures
press freedom violations using questionnaires completed by journalists and
media consultants worldwide.

Why does it
matter?

Global Actors
NGOs have witnessed the suffering of people under
corrupt and repressive governments and aren't afraid
to speak up and directly get involved.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has developed
programs to "promote the growth of communication
systems in developing countries.”
On May 3, 1991, the Windhoek Declaration was
adopted by UNESCO and has helped identify the
needs of media around the globe. Today, it is
recognized as International Press Freedom Day.

Why does it
matter?

Global Actors cont.
The International Centre Against Censorship,
founded in 1986, defends victims of censorship
while promoting freedom of expression.

The International Freedom of Expression
eXchange (IFEX) created an electronic network
in 1992 connecting international freedom of
expression groups with each other.

Recognize the legal and economic conditions
necessary for an independent and pluralistic
press.

Why does it
matter?

Regional Examples cont.
A Free country is one where there is broad scope for
open political competition, a climate of respect for
civil liberties, significant independent civic life, and
independent media.
Partly Freecountries are characterized by some
restrictions on political rights and civil liberties, often
in a context of corruption, weak rule of law, ethnic
strife, or civil war.
A Not Free country is one where basic political rights
are absent, and basic civil liberties are widely and
systematically denied.
The Freedom House survey found that only 17% of
the world‟s inhabitants live in countries that enjoy a
Free press, while 41%have a Partly Free press and
42% have a Not Free press.

Regional Examples cont.
In its 2009 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders measured the
number of press freedom violations occurring in 175 countries internationally
between September 1, 2008 to August 31, 2009.

The results determined that democracies ranked best while totalitarian and
communist regimes ranked worse.

The countries where the press was the most free were: Finland, Norway,
Ireland, Sweden, and Denmark.

The U.S. ranked 20th.

A majority of human rights abuses and free expression violations can be traced
to countries in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

Specifically, seven countries in those regions ranked within the top ten spots
for press freedom violations.

Vietnam (166), China (168), Cuba (170), Burma (171), Iran (172), North Korea
(174), and Eritrea (175) hold the titles as some of the most repressed nations
in the world.

Regional Examples
Taking a Closer Look

North
Iran
 Korea

Cuba 

China
Eritrea  

Burma
Vietnam

Cuba
The top priority of the Cuban government is total
control of information as users can be imprisoned for
up to twenty years for posting "counter-revolutionary"
opinions online.
Watchdog groups in the U.S. have been calling for an
end to "systemic harassment" of bloggers and
independent journalists in Cuba while urging the
international community to interfere and lobby in
support of the blogs.
Bloggers insist that hope is on the horizon because
they have "opened a new space for free expression in
Cuba" while offering a "rebirth of independent ideas in
Cuba's closed system.”

Cuba cont.
For nearly five decades, Fidel Castro silenced virtually all
forms of dissent in Cuba, locking up anyone who dared to
criticize his government.

Under Cuba's "dangerousness" law, authorities can
imprison people who have not committed a crime on the
suspicion that they might commit one in the future.

"Dangerous" activities include handing out copies of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, writing articles
critical of the government, and trying to start an
independent union.

Cuba doesn't allow human rights groups to intervene, so
they are forced to gather information from phone
interviews, reports from local groups and the copies of
prison sentences smuggled out by visiting relatives.
Regional

Eritrea
In 2009, Eritrea claimed the un-praiseworthy title
as the country with the most press freedom
violations thanks to its President,
IssaiasAfeworki, who eliminated his country's
independent press as of 2001.
Eritrea has been politically and virtually cut off
from the rest of the world as there is no privately
owned press in the country whatsoever.
With a stringent government force and unyielding
dictator in power, “Eritrea's climate of fear has
crippled the capacity of freedom of expression to
exist.”
Regional

Burma (Myanmar)
The people of Burma face one of the world's most
repressive regimes, where free expression is
certainly not exempt from government interference.

Internet users are prohibited from sending and
receiving emails unless the government owns the
messaging services.

As of August 2009, there were 800 active blogs run
by Burmese citizens, which proves that even threats
of death, forced labor, and imprisonment haven't
stopped them from expressing their opinions online.

More than 2,100 political prisoners are currently
being held in Burma's jails.

Burma (Myanmar) cont.
The detainment of human rights defender Aung
San SuuKyi thirteen years ago, caught the
attention of international media then and still is
relevant today as she is still under house arrest.
As a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and the
United States Presidential Medal of Freedom,
SuuKyi has "symbolized the struggle of Burma's
people to be free."
Her campaign for human rights and democracy is
a straightforward and powerful call to action:
"Please use your liberty to promote ours."

Regional

Iran
Since the heavily disputed re-election of president
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad made headlines on June 12,
2009 after huge displays of protest, Iran has forcefully
crackdown on Internet usage through increased
online surveillance.

This censorship has primarily focused on politically
motivated websites or those promoting women's
rights movements or defending human rights.

Social networking and entertainment websites such
as Facebook, Twitter, Flicker, and YouTube were also
blocked and Gmail was suspended after the election.

Iran cont.
Iran has become one of the largest prisons in the
Middle East for journalists, but that hasn't
prevented young Iranians from expressing their
uncensored thoughts and opinions on blogs.

More than 3,500 respected writers and press
freedom leaders, including Thomas Friedman,
Margaret Atwood, and Ahmed Rashid, have
petitioned Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah
Sayed Ali Khamenei, to release the dozens of
journalists currently imprisoned there.

Regional

North Korea
North Korea, under the communist rule of Kim Jong-
il, has transformed journalism by regulating
information and censoring free speech to help spread
the regime's propaganda to foreign countries.
Communication is limited to an excessive extent, in
which North Korea has been proclaimed to be the
only country in the world in which the telephone book
is classified as “top secret.”
However, journalists have found ways of
circumventing online censorship, by expressing their
views by transmitting messages to North Koreans via
independent radio stations in South Korea.

Regional

China
Article 35 of the Chinese constitution guarantees freedom
of speech, assembly, association, and publication.

Even though authorities insist that China has a "completely
open" Internet, its censorship system is one of the most
technologically advanced with continuous cyber-attacks
"aimed at dozens of human rights activists and journalists.”

With 380 million Internet users, China has the word's
largest population online as well as the world's biggest
prison for netizens.

The Chinese Communist Party vowed to grant foreign
journalists complete media freedom to cover the 2008
Olympic Games, but this never became a reality.

China cont.
China's free expression restrictions also made
headlines when Google revealed the extent of
Internet censorship of its Chinese search engine on
January 12, 2010.
Google has threatened to withdraw from the country
due to recent hacking of its email service and a
tightening of China's restrictions on free speech on
the internet.
To the dismay of Chinese people, censors have
blocked out tens of thousands of websites using URL
filtering blocking keywords from "Dalai Lama" to
"democracy."
Reportedly, on the day prior to the 20th anniversary
of the Tiananmen Square fatalities, a dozen websites
including Twitter, YouTube, Flicker, and Blogger were
Regional
blocked.

Vietnam
Vietnam's Internet growth has increased significantly,
which has promoted web use by young Vietnamese while
heightening government censorship efforts.
Since January 2010, the number of cyber-attacks has
grown steadily with hackers shutting down sites that
protest the ruling Communist Party.
Access to social networking sites, such as Facebook, have
also been limited after pro-democracy groups denounced
arrest of human rights activists on the web.
Vietnam is reportedly the world's "second biggest prison for
netizens" even though the right to independent thought and
free expression is enshrined in the Vietnamese
constitution.

Regional

What can be done?
Finding a
Solution

Globalizatio Work toward
n Democracy

Current Limitations Take Action

Intervention Efforts Raise your Voice

Globalization
The undeniable fact is that free expression has
become especially apparent, relevant, and necessary
in the increasingly interconnected world of
communication today.
Globalization is occurring, forcing actors to rely on
each other and exchange ideas through new
channels of economic, social and political
interactions.
However, the world is only as strong as its weakest
link, so as long as one nation and its people are
suffering, the rest of the global community feels the
negative effects as well.
In this century of "cross-cultural" communications,
interdependent relationships must be formed,
recognized and sustained despite cultural differences.
What can be

Current Limitations
On an international scale, legislation has been
ineffective because it is not enough to just have laws
if they aren't properly enforced or respected.
Free speech and expression need to be defined in
terms of the rights versus responsibilities of
individuals and their governing bodies so certain lines
aren't crossed and freedoms aren't abused.
A clear line must be drawn outlining what “defines
appropriate standards and rules” for recognizing and
respecting the right to freedom of expression and
opinion worldwide.

What can be

Intervention Efforts
While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had
the best intentions, it doesn't hold nations legally
accountable for the protection or obliteration of its
people‟s rights.
Sixty years have passed since Article 19 was first
instated, and while its overall purpose is promising, it
has failed to positively influence the entire global
population.
“Human rights are what reason requires and
conscience demands; they are us and we are them.”
– UN Sec. General Kofi Annan
Need to promote the concept of global free speech
and peaceful coexistence of culturally diverse
nations.
What can be

Work toward Democracy
In order for individuals to be able to trust and respect their
leaders, governments need to objectively interact with
citizens rather than solely listening to those who support
their self-interests while silencing opposition.

Human and economic development relies directly upon the
amount and type of information that the government and
citizens are subject to.

Therefore, actors on all levels of the international system
must demand that their rights be respected by authority
figures, and governments, in return must take into account
the will of the people and respect its moral and ethical
objectives to allow free speech and expression to not only
occur, but thrive.

What can be

Take Action
Cultural reform can be achieved by the
combination of many factors: a change to the
institutions and practice of government,
increased awareness among civil society and the
general public, and probably an effective law to
promote and protect the right to information.

Since change cannot simply happen overnight
and solve all the world's problems, individuals
need to look to each other for support of
humanitarian rights and set a precedence for
other global actors to follow toward achieving
universal freedom.
What can be

Take Action cont.
Spreading truth and exposing injustice aren't
necessarily a part of a citizen's defined role, but if
individuals are striving for free speech and
expression for both the press and public, then it
needs to be their main objective.

For example, Iranian people have not let
government intimidation interfere with them
“speaking out on behalf of their human rights,”
which has inspired people all over the world to do
the same.

What can be

Raise your Voice
While the public can take a tough stand against
repressive governments, it can't expect long-lasting
improvements and legitimate results without a little
help from outside sources, namely NGOs.
The role of human rights organizations is to "drive
standards up rather than down" by helping to prevent
and eliminate further government corruption and
enabling sustainable growth of free expression and
speech rights.
Consider social, political, and religious implications
and how constructive criticism can benefit the
international system.

What can be

Additional Resources
Find out more about how to become a free speech
advocate
The focus should be on “changing the culture
of a government and society from one that is
closed to one that is open.”

Show your support for free speech &
expression reform by signing a petition,
donating to an NGO, or joining a human rights
organization.

Websites Videos

Websites
ARTICLE 19, the Global Campaign for Free Expression
undertakes regional freedom of expression activities in
Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Latin
America and Asia. It has produced a series of international
standard setting documents and an online freedom of
expression handbook that are used by governments and
civil society groups worldwide.

The Committee for the Protection of Journalists
(CPJ)promotes press freedom worldwide by defending the
right of journalists to report news without fear of reprisal. It
also shares information on breaking cases with other press
freedom organizations worldwide through the International
Freedom of Expression Exchange(IFEX), a global e-mail
network.

Additional

Websites cont.
The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
represents around 500,000 members in more than 100
countries and promotes international action to defend
press freedom and social justice through strong, free and
independent trade unions of journalists.

TheInternational Press Institute is a global network of
editors, media executives and leading journalists,
dedicated to freedom of the press and improving the
standards and practices of journalism.

Reporters Sans Frontieres(Reporters Without Borders)
challenges practices to restrict press freedom through
public awareness raising campaigns. A new judicial arm to
the organization provides journalists with legal services
and represents them before national and international
courts.
Additional

Websites cont.
Freedom Houseis an independent NGO that supports the
expansion of freedom worldwide. It has assessed the
degree of print, broadcast and internet freedom in every
country in the world since 1980.
Human Rights Watch is one of the world‟s leading
independent organizations dedicated to defending and
protecting human rights. The group has laid the legal and
moral groundwork for deep-rooted change and has fought
to bring greater justice and security to people around the
world.
Amnesty International has campaigned on behalf of
thousands of prisoners of conscience – people who are
imprisoned because of their political, religious or other
conscientiously held beliefs, ethnic origin, sex, color,
language, national or social origin, economic status, birth,
sexual orientation or other status.
Additional

Videos
Free Speech, Hate Speech, the UN, and
YouTube

UN Wants to Regulate Free Speech of Every
Nation

Video Report: Imprisoned in Iran

Free Speech Issues at the Olympics
64 for Suu: Global Campaign To Free Aung San
SuuKyi

Additional

Works Cited
"About Aung San SuuKyi." 64 Words for Aung San SuuKyi. 64forsuu.org. Web. 15 Apr.
2010.

The British Council. Freedom of Expression and the Media. , 2004. Web. 13 Apr 2010.
<www.britishcouncil.org/governance-foe-booklet.doc>.

Callamard, Agnes. "USA: Obama Meets Human Rights Defenders, including ARTICLE 19,
in Human Rights Discussion." Article 19. Article 19, 23 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2010.

Clinton, Hillary. "Internet Freedom." Speech. Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy, 21 Jan. 2010.
Web. 13 Apr. 2010. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/internet_freedom?
page=0,3&print=yes&%3Bhidecomments=yes&%3Bpage=full>.

Coliver, Sandra. The Article 19 Freedom of Expression Handbook. Article 19, 1993. Print.

Darbishire, Helen. "Free Speech- Democracy's Watchdog." UNESCO Courier 47.3 (1994):
Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Apr. 2010.

European Court of Human Rights. A People's History of the European Court of Human
Rights. By Michael D. Goldhaber. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers UP, 2007. Print.

"Freedom of Expression." Human Rights Education Associates. HREA, 2009. Web. 13 Apr
2010. <http://www.hrea.org/index.php?doc_id=408>.

"Freedom of the Press." Freedom House. Freedom House, Inc., 10 May 2004. Web. 13
Apr. 2010.

Works Cited cont.
Haven, Paul. "Journalism Watchdog Calls for Cuba Blogger Freedom."
Associated Press Online. Associated Press, 11 Sept. 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2010.
<http://abcnews.go.com/Technology /wireStory?id=8546157>.

"Human Rights." Global Education. AusAID, 15 001 2010. Web. 13 Apr 2010.
<http://www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/cache/offonce/pid/180;js
essionid=827E5A23CA3626F2C778DC469B782A1C>.

Liptak, Adam. "Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is
protected in U.S." New York Times, 11 June 2008: Web. 10 Apr. 2010.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008 /06/11/world/americas/11iht-
hate.4.13645369.html?pagewanted=all>.

"Media Watchdog Warns That the Free Press 'faces Extinction' in Eritrea."
Associated Press Worldstream. Associated Press, 29 Oct. 2004. Web. 11 Apr.
2010.

"Press Freedom Index 2009." Reporters Without Borders. Reporters Without
Borders, 2009. Web. 13 Apr 2010. <http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-
2009,1001.html>.

Savage, Luiza CH. "Stifiling Free Speech- Globally." Maclean's 4 Aug. 2008:
MasterFILE Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2010.

Works Cited cont.
Steinberg, Nik. "Imprisoned for Dangerousness in Cuba."
Washington Post 27 Feb. 2010: Web. 12 Apr. 2010.
<http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/02/27/imprisoned-
dangerousness-cuba>.
Stocking, Ben. "2 Popular Web Sites Blocked in Vietnam."
Associated Press Online. Associated Press, 11 Feb. 2010.
Web. 10 Apr. 2010. <http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-
news-technology/2-popular-web-sites-blocked-in-vietnam-
20100211-nupw.html>.
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ,
1948. Web. 13 Apr 2010.
<http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/>.
Van Mill, David. "Freedom of Speech." Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2008. Web.
<http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-speech/>.

Site Map
• Introduction- Article 19
• Home Page • What can be done?
Finding a Solution
• What is it? - Globalization
Background Information - Current Limitations
- Definition - Intervention Efforts
- Goals - Work toward democracy
- International Legislation - Take Action
- The Communality of Freedom - Raise your Voice

• What’s the problem? • Additional Resources
Communication Limitations - Websites
- Culture - Videos
- Global Divide
- Role of Journalists • Works Cited
- Press Freedom
- Hate Speech

• Why does it matter?
Rights vs. Responsibilities
- Government Censorship
- Technology
- Public Awareness
- Reporter Punishment
- Global Actors

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