Easing the Pains of Certificate Management

50 Years of Growth, Innovation and Leadership

Easing the Pains of Certificate Management:
An Overview of Entrust, the No. 2 Provider
of SSL Certificates in the Market

A Frost & Sullivan
White Paper

www.frost.com

Frost & Sullivan

Executive Summary ......................................................................................... 3

Introduction .................................................................................................... 4

What are Certificate Authorities and
How are SSL Certificates Issued? .................................................................... 5

Privacy and Trust ............................................................................................. 6

The Increasing Need for SSL .......................................................................... 7

Information Security Best Practices and Digital Certificates ......................... 8

The Creation of Best Practices with Digital Certificates ................................. 8

Customer Challenges Managing SSL Certificates ........................................... 9

Multiple Certificate Sources ........................................................................... 9

Managing a Broad Array of Certificates .......................................................... 9

Certificates in an Environment ........................................................................ 9

Unexpected Expiration of Certificates ............................................................ 10

Maintaining Required Encryption Levels ......................................................... 10

Complying with Security Policy or Regulations ............................................... 10

Risk of Data Breach ........................................................................................ 10

Selecting a Certificate Authority—Balancing Value and Trust .......................... 11

Entrust Meets Today’s Challenges.................................................................... 11

Comprehensive Management Platform and Discovery Solutions ..................... 12

Flexible Deployment and Subscription Model ................................................. 13

Personalized Sales and Service ........................................................................ 14

Trusted Security Brand .................................................................................... 14

The Final Word ................................................................................................ 14

CONTENTS

Easing the Pains of Certificate Management

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Digital certificates are an essential piece of an organization’s security
infrastructure. The need to secure multiple lines of data transfer is at an all-time
high as organizations face the ever-changing methods criminals use to breach an
organization. Consumers and end users have always relied on a trusted relation
between themselves and the organization providing the content. End users have
assumed that a secure line of communication exists. This is achieved through the
installation of a digital certificate in the form of a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) digital
certificate. SSL certificates, cryptographic protocols that allow for the secure
transmission of data over the Internet, are only as strong as the verification process
the Certificate Authority performs to authenticate the organization.

In 2011, that implicit trust was tested by the attacks and breaches of multiple
certificate authorities. While industry participants have gone to great lengths to
assure customers that trust has not been affected, the industry has been forced to
re-evaluate how business is done. The reliance on Domain Validated certificates,
approximately 39 percent of all SSL certificates globally, has been heavily called into
question as the means to verify the authenticity of the organization. The need to
further authenticate the organization is becoming a required aspect of the trust
framework between the organization and the user. This increased authentication is
leading more organizations to use Organization Validated and Extended Validated
certificates, which as of 2011 were approximately 45 percent and 16 percent,
respectively, of all certificates issued globally.

SSL is only one type of digital certificate that organizations implement. Other flavors
of digital certificates also include code signing, Adobe CDS, and user and managed PKI
certificates. All these certificates can be found scattered throughout an organization’s
IT environment, leaving administrators with the daunting task of managing all of them.

While implementing a certificate in an environment is the first step in securing lines
of transfer, it is not enough. Organizations face many challenges after the
implementation of a certificate. However, the challenges are not with the certificate
itself. One challenge comes from managing all the certificates in an enterprise
environment. It is not uncommon for a customer/user to come across an alert
warning them of an unsecure site due to being incapable of verifying the validity of
the certificate in place. Not only can this disrupt day-to-day operations, but it also
can create customer/user confusion on whether to bypass the warning or exit the
site, leading to either loss of confidence in the organization or loss of business
revenue. Finding and managing multiple certificate types from multiple sources is also
a major challenge. This can also become burdensome when an administrator in charge
of certificates leaves the company or changes roles. Without a detailed inventory of
these certificates, it is more difficult for organizations to manage encryption levels on
the certificates, replace non-compliant certificates to comply with security policy or
regulations, or assure there are no expired or rogue certificates in the environment.

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This paper analyzes SSL certificates and the growing need for SSL implementation
and management. In addition, it identifies many challenges customers face with the
management of certificates and the risks that come with improper certificate
management. The latest baseline standards created by the Certificate Authority
(CA)/Browser forum are also examined with a discussion around why these
standards are important. Finally, this paper will present Entrust’s Certificate
Management Service (CMS), a solution that Frost & Sullivan believes provides many
advantages for organizations’ information security infrastructure.

INTRODUCTION

IT administrators have long struggled with managing their certificates. The challenge
does not come just from the implementation of the technology, but from the
management of the certificates after they have been implemented. Imagine being an
administrator in a large enterprise in charge of thousands of digital certificates
without a proper database to know what certificates are available/being used,
where they are, what they contain, and when they expire. The threat of stopping
business operations due to a rogue or expired certificate can be costly.

Whether it is due to change in management or change of responsibilities, the
management of digital certificates can become a headache for any IT administrator.
Regardless of the size of the organization, the inability to manage hundreds of
certificates can result in unexpected expiration of certificates. In realizing this
problem, some Certificate Authorities (CAs), such as Entrust, have developed
certificate management systems and discovery solutions to scan for and manage all
the certificates in a network.

In 2011, a hacker named “Comodohacker” claimed responsibility for the breaches of
Comodo and DigiNotar. In the case of Comodo, the certificate authority, the hacker
spoofed digital certificates for prominent websites through the use of a CA reseller
account. With the DigiNotar case, the hacker accessed DigiNotar’s systems, issuing
multiple fraudulent certificates. As the certificate authority in charge of the Dutch
government’s public key infrastructure, the government was put on full alert of
investigating the attack. The company was subsequently shut down. In addition to
these attacks, the hacker threatened the possibility of compromising other CAs,
which would be a huge blow to the SSL certificate industry. This hit CAs at the core
value—trust. These breaches signify that even security vendors can be susceptible to
breaches if the proper steps are not in place to proactively safeguard their systems
or have a best-practice methodology in place.

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WHAT ARE CERTIFICATE AUTHORITIES AND HOW ARE SSL
CERTIFICATES ISSUED?

The most common digital certificate process consists of vendors and CAs who
issue SSL certificates to secure an organization’s or individual’s website and Web
server. As defined by the CA/Browser forum, a CA is a trusted third party that
issues digital certificates and is the organization responsible for the creation,
issuance, revocation, and management of those certificates. 1 CAs manage security
credentials and public keys of these certificates. As the authority, CAs are
responsible for completing the process of properly validating organizations prior to
issuing a certificate. Once ownership of a website is validated, the certificate
requested is issued. High-assurance certificates, which are organization and
extended validated certificates, may contain information such as:

• The name and information identifying the organization issued the certificate

• The organization’s public key to encrypt sensitive information

• The name of the CA who issued the certificate

• A serial number

• The certificate’s validity period

A SSL certificate is an encryption technology installed on Web servers that allows
transmission of sensitive data through an encrypted connection in a browser. SSL
certificates ensure any transmission of data will not be compromised or captured by
hackers and criminals. When a user makes a request and wants to send sensitive
information to the Web server, the browser will access the server’s SSL certificate to
obtain its public key to encrypt the data. With its private key, only the server can decrypt
the information being sent, which keeps the information confidential and tamper proof.

1
“Frequently Asked Questions - Extended Validation SSL.” CA/Browser Forum. 10 January 2012.
http://www.cabforum.org/faq.html

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Frost & Sullivan

Figure 1—SSL Transmission Process

SSL Transmission ProcessSSL Transmission Process

Request of secure page

Public key and certificate is sent

Certificate
check—encryption

Private key
decryption—requested data sent

Perhaps more important than the encryption of the channel, SSL certificates also
provide various levels of identity assurance to site visitors. According to Frost &
Sullivan’s market research, Domain Validated, Organization Validated, and Extended
validation certificates accounted for 39 percent, 45 percent and 16 percent,
respectively, of certificates issued. 2 DV certificates, the lowest assurance level of SSL
certificates, only require the authentication of ownership of a domain in order to be
issued, which has led to rapid adoption. However, the issue within the security
industry regarding DV certificates is the lack of thoroughly validating the certificate
requester. Within the CA breaches of 2011, the types of certificates issued were DV
certificates. Entrust, along with many within the market, firmly believe that DV does
not offer sufficient authentication. There is much effort put into validating a
certificate requester for OV and EV certificates. At minimum, OV certificates require
validation of the organization and ownership of the domain. EV certificates require
validation of everything from the organization, location of the organization, rights to
the domain, to the person requesting the certificate. Before 2011, only EV certificates
had associated baseline standards, which were created by the CA/Browser forum.

Privacy and Trust
The need to secure lines of data transfer and provide identity assurance continues to
be a top priority of organizations. As more organizational services and transactions
migrate online, organizations must keep sensitive data private and secure. And to
ensure site visitors leverage those online services, assuring them of the organizational

2
Martinez, Richard. “Analysis of the SSL Certificate Market.” Frost & Sullivan (1 November 2011): 20.

6 frost.com


identity is equally critical. In addition, as enterprises and governments rely more and
more on SSL, the number of certificates in use is growing dramatically. Many
organizations have multiple providers due to a decentralized purchasing process,
which worked when they were dealing with smaller volumes and infrequent requests,
but is no longer manageable at current volumes. Trust is a key factor for customers
due to issues ranging from breaches to the concern about CAs lacking secure
infrastructures/partner resellers. This has made customers take a closer look at
which CA they will partner with. One assuring characteristic customers look for is
that a CA is WebTrust certified. WebTrust is an independent organization whose
certification process is intended to reduce certain business risks and provide a level
of assurance to customers. 3 CAs that address principles in regards to security,
availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and privacy receive a WebTrust seal on
their SSL Web page, identifying them as trusted vendors. Entrust is recognized as the
first CA certified by WebTrust, which resulted in some of their processes and policies
becoming the foundation of WebTrust certification.

THE INCREASING NEED FOR SSL

With businesses relying heavily on online data transactions, criminal efforts are
continuing to gain steam. For example, according to McAfee Threats Report: Third
Quarter 2011, malware attacks were expected to exceed 70 million samples by the
end of 2011. The persistent threats are not slowing down.

Through malware exploitation, an external agent can capture data through what is
thought of as a secure line. This can occur if either a SSL certificate is not in place or
does not have the proper encryption strength in place. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)
attacks were highlighted when valid certificates were issued by Comodo and
DigiNotar for prominent domains, such as google.com, and used by criminals. Phishing
attacks also continue to be a popular method criminals use to deceive users. In Q3
2011, McAfee reported an average of 2,700 phishing URLs per day. In addition, McAfee
reported its findings of 3,500 new sites delivering malware are created per day. MitM
attacks are predicted to be a top cybercrime trend in 2012. 4 Overall, it is important
to note that in most cases, it is not just one type of attack that occurs in a single
attack. Multiple types of attacks build upon each other to steal data or commit fraud.

3
McAfee. “McAfee Threats Report: Third Quarter 2011.” Intel (January 2012): 1-23.
4
RSA, The Security Division of EMC. “RSA 2012 Cybercrime Trends Report: The Current State of
Cybercrime and What to Expect in 2012,” EMC Corporation (January 2012): 1-8.

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Frost & Sullivan

INFORMATION SECURITY BEST PRACTICES
AND DIGITAL CERTIFICATES

Trust is the core characteristic of the relationship between CAs, digital certificates,
organizations and users. For example, organizations rely on SSL certificates to
assure users that when they access the organization’s site with an installed
certificate, they are visiting the correct site and any information transmitted will be
encrypted and safely transmitted. The SSL market was shaken by reports of
breaches of several CAs. The CA/Browser forum realized that the lack of regulation
of all certificate issuance processes needed to be reviewed. The CA/Browser Forum
is a voluntary organization of leading certification authorities and vendors of
Internet browser software and other applications. 5

The Creation of Best Practices with Digital Certificates
Beginning in July 2012, the CA/Browser forum’s “Baseline Requirements for the
Issuance and Management of Publicly Trusted Certificates” will take effect. These
requirements are for the operation of certification authorities issuing SSL/TLS
digital certificates. After the breaches of 2011, the call for best practices/baseline
requirements grew louder within the security community and consumers, alike. The
baseline requirements provide clear standards for CAs, including external sub-CAs
and registration authorities, on:
Entrust is an active
participant within the • Verification of identity
CA/Browser forum,
driving many • Certificate content and profiles
initiatives to improve
the practice of issuing • CA security
digital certificates.
• Revocation mechanisms
Dr. Tim Moses, an
Entrust senior • Use of algorithms and key sizes
director, is currently
the chairman of the • Audit requirements
CA/Browser forum.
• Liability, privacy and confidentiality, and delegation

Frost & Sullivan applauds the creation of the new baseline requirements created by
the CA/Browser forum. As the efforts of hackers continue to become more
sophisticated and complex, the business need for baseline requirements to create a
best practice methodology is crystal clear. All parties will be positively affected by

5
“CA/Browser Forum Home Page.” CA/Browser Forum. 10 January 2012.
http://www.cabforum.org/forum.html

8 frost.com


this new methodology. CAs will be safeguarded by the new requirements of
business operation, and organizations, especially those with prominent websites,
can be assured that criminals trying to create a phishing page or a MitM attack using
a certificate will be audited and denied.

CUSTOMER CHALLENGES MANAGING SSL CERTIFICATES

Accessing a website and getting an error message warning that the connection may
not be secure can be confusing for users. There is the question of whether the
certificate/website is valid. To a user that is not familiar with the certificate process
and life cycle, they will either opt to forgo the website or ignore and bypass the
warning. In the case that a user bypasses the warning and the website is in fact a
phishing site, a user’s sensitive data can be captured and used by criminals. This is a
problem that has plagued organizations. Making matters worse, keeping up with
what certificates are in place, where, and how many are installed can be a daunting
task for IT administrators if certificates have not been properly documented.

Multiple Certificate Sources
It is not uncommon for an organization to purchase multiple digital certificates
from multiple vendors. However, a problem that many organizations have is keeping
track of the expiry date of each certificate. While purchasing certificates from one
CA offers the advantage of easily being able to view when a certificate was
purchased, this can get cumbersome when working with multiple CAs. Whether it
is due to company mergers/acquisitions, better value at a particular time, or the
role of an administrator handling the certificate changes, reaching out to multiple
CAs to attempt to retrieve information about certificates purchased can become a
headache for organizations, leaving room for mistakes.

Managing a Broad Array of Certificates
In line with managing multiple certificates from multiple CAs, managing the type of
certificates in an organization’s environment is very important. As discussed earlier,
there are three types of SSL certificates available. Depending on Web page/server
specifications laid out, an organization may opt for an OV certificate in one page
and an EV certificate in another. As websites develop over time, these requirements
could change and more/different types of certificates may be required. In addition,
administrators often have more than SSL certificates to manage. Administrators
often need to manage code signing certificates, Adobe CDS certificates, user
certificates, and managed PKI certificates in addition to SSL certificates.

Certificates in an Environment
A perk that many organizations take advantage of is purchasing certificates in bulk,
rather than buying a certificate just when they need one. In fact, this is a suggested
working practice at larger organizations and government entities. The only drawback is

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Frost & Sullivan

accounting for those certificates. How long has a certificate been deployed? Where is it
deployed? Has it been copied to multiple servers? When is its expiration date? How
many certificates are left? What is its crypto-strength? These are all questions
administrators have when trying to figure out what certificates are in their environment.

Unexpected Expiration of Certificates
In cases where a digital certificate can stop business operations, a question that comes
to mind is, “How could this slip by?” A prime example of a mishap like this occurred
in 2010, when the Target.com gift-card site was shut down because it gave a warning
that the connection was not trusted. 6 The cause of this incident was an expired
certificate. The problem, however, is challenging to avoid since in the absence of a
failsafe process to renew a certificate (deploy a new certificate to replace the expiring
certificate), the incumbent certificate will expire and potentially cause an outage.

Maintaining Required Encryption Levels
The strength of encryption in a SSL certificate can be broken up into two
categories. A session key is created in the process of a user requesting information
from a Web server. Public/private encryption strength is determined when the
certificate signing request (CSR) and private key are created. 7 Depending on the
level of sensitive data being accessed or processed, an administrator will have to
change the encryption strength. However, effective December 31, 2013, 2048-bit
key strength will be mandatory for publicly trusted SSL certificates.

Complying with Security Policy or Regulations
As legislative regulations and company security policies evolve, the need to make
these changes in a timely manner is crucial to avoid potential fines or outages. For
example, if the encryption levels of certificates on several servers need to be
increased on a certain date due to a change in policy, having a tool that
automatically sends a notification to administrators of when the change is needed
and where the certificates reside helps to ensure organizational compliance.

Risk of Data Breach
The possibility of a data breach is always on the minds of IT administrators. In
addition, a customer accessing an organization’s encrypted website expects that any
data entered and transmitted will be safeguarded with proper encryption levels. If
the encryption levels of certificates in place do not meet required levels, they can
be targeted and cracked by criminals.

6
Schuman, Evan. "Target.com Blocked, SSL Certs Blamed." Web. 10 February 2012.
http://storefrontbacktalk.com/securityfraud/target-com-blocked-ssl-certs-blamed
7
“SSL Details.” SSL Shopper. 10 January 2012. http://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-details.html

10 frost.com


Selecting a Certificate Authority—Balancing Value and Trust
Based on the size of a potential customer and budget limitations, customers are not
only looking for the best bang for their buck. They are also looking for a company
with a reputable track record with high-assurance certificate offerings. Trust is
critical when choosing a CA. For example, if an organization needs switch out of
their certificates due to a trust issue with a CA, the expense of certificates, the
manpower and the time involved to transition makes this a painful process for
organizations. With the talks of commoditization in the SSL certificate market, CAs
are relying on their track record and the facts behind that reputation to win over
customers. While price points are a major topic of discussion, value features such
as types of certificates, helpful tools, and customer service also come into play
when a customer makes a decision on choosing a CA provider.

ENTRUST MEETS TODAY’S CHALLENGES

Entrust is a highly respected certificate authority that focuses on offering only high-
assurance SSL certificates, OV and EV, at the enterprise level. With a focus on the
enterprise, Entrust is aware of and develops solutions for enterprise-class business needs.
This has earned the company a reputation as a highly respected certificate authority and
garnered sales in the market. As a result, Entrust currently has the second-largest market
share in the total CA market and in the issuance of high-assurance certificates.

Figure 2—High-Assurance (Organization and Extended Validated)
Certificates Issued Market Share 8

High-Assurance
(Organization and Extended Validated)
Certificates Issued Market Share 8

8%

Symantec
28% Entrust
Others*
64%

*Others category includes more than 10 other companies that issue high-assurance certificates

8
Ibid., p. 7.

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Frost & Sullivan

Comprehensive Management Platform and Discovery Solutions
Given the challenges that its customers face when it comes to managing all types of
certificates, Entrust has raised the bar to develop a comprehensive solution that has
the ability to discover and manage all certificate types. The cloud-based CMS
enables organizations to efficiently manage their Entrust certificates through:

• Administrative delegation and workflow

• On-demand services

• Audit and reporting tools

• A strong verification process

• A flexible subscription model

Entrust CMS includes a discovery component that eases some of the pain of
knowing what certificates are in an organization’s environment. This enables
organizations to effectively create an inventory list of their certificates, regardless
of certificate type or vendor, but it does not allow management of the certificates.
A separate solution, called Entrust Discovery, takes certificate discovery a step
further. Entrust Discovery provides organizations with the ability to manage
certificate life cycles, regardless of certificate type or vendor, through expiration
notifications, inventory lists and policy alerts. This avoids compliance problems,
application outages, and management headaches.

Figure 3—Certificates Found with Entrust Discovery 9

Certificates Found with Entrust Discovery 9

Miscellaneous CAPI
Certificates Certificates
Code-Signing Laptop MS CAPI
Other—Cold Backups Desktop MS CAPI

Entrust Discovery
Server All
Certificates • Email expiry notifications Certificate Types
SSL Server
• Policy violations MS CA
• Reporting Any CA
• Custom data
• Single Certificate Interface

Source: Entrust

9
“Entrust Certificate Discovery.” Entrust. 10 January 2012. http://www.entrust.net/discovery/index.htm

12 frost.com


Flexible Deployment and Subscription Model
Entrust offers CMS and Discovery as SaaS cloud solutions, enabling immediate
deployment, automatic updates, high availability, excellent performance, and
included silver-level support. Entrust also offers an Enterprise model that allows
organizations to host the Discovery component on-premise with complete control
over their data and application version. The two Discovery deployment models
provide an organization with the flexibility and security that fits them best.

Figure 4—Entrust Discovery Deployment Models 10

Entrust Discovery Deployment Models10

Service Model Enterprise Model

• Immediate Single • Customer
deployment E-mail Expiry
Certificate premises
Notifications
Interface

• Automatic • Complete
manager control
updates Policy Custom over data
Violations Data

• Deployment • Application
in secure version
environment Reporting control

Source: Entrust

Entrust also provides its customers the choice of pooling concurrent licenses or
non-pooling subscription models. Pooling provides organizations the ability to
purchase concurrent licenses and revoke a certificate, returning it to the license
repository, with the ability to re-purpose the license as long as the certificate is
valid. Non-pooling gives organizations the ability to purchase certificates in terms
of unit years. This gives organizations control over certificate purchases, depending
on business needs and budget requirements.

10
Ibid., p. 12.

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Frost & Sullivan

Personalized Sales and Service
Entrust has proven in competitive situations that it can offer enterprises high-level
certificates to effectively secure their lines of data transfer. Entrust CMS resolves the
problems of finding where and what certificates are in an organization’s environment,
effectively managing certificate term periods, and offers a compelling balance of value
and trust. With a customer renewal rate above 98 percent and best-in-class customer
support, Entrust has continuously proven to be a trusted security brand.

Trusted Security Brand
With approximately 40 percent of Fortune 500 companies using Entrust’s solutions,
the company has built a reputation of developing around the needs of the
enterprise and addressing those needs efficiently and effectively. The company
provides competitively priced solutions without sacrificing quality. Entrust
understands that trust is at the core of any security technology, and with consistent
30 percent year-over-year growth, Entrust’s solutions and services are clearly
valued by its customers and the security industry.

THE FINAL WORD

As the methods criminals use to create breaches continue to grow, organizations
must be able to secure all lines of data transfer. While it is fairly simple to
implement a certificate into an organization’s environment, managing hundreds to
thousands of certificates can be difficult. If an application outage occurs due to an
expired certificate, the resulting loss of traffic can cost an organization hundreds of
thousands to millions of dollars. The need to know where all certificates are
implemented, the ability to change encryption levels to comply with regulations, and
the ability to manage those certificates must be done efficiently. A comprehensive
solution from a trusted vendor with a focus on delivering best-in-class digital
certificates is ideal for organizations facing these challenges.

Entrust has proven to be a top-ranked certificate authority that focuses on the
needs of the enterprise. The company’s continued efforts in developing solutions
for enterprise business needs led to the creation of Entrust CMS. Frost & Sullivan
believes Entrust CMS is a complete solution that provides customers with a high-value
service without a high price tag.

14 frost.com

Silicon Valley San Antonio London
331 E. Evelyn Ave. Suite 100 7550 West Interstate 10, 4, Grosvenor Gardens,
Mountain View, CA 94041 Suite 400, London SWIW ODH,UK
Tel 650.475.4500 San Antonio, Texas 78229-5616 Tel 44(0)20 7730 3438
Fax 650.475.1570 Tel 210.348.1000 Fax 44(0)20 7730 3343
Fax 210.348.1003

877.GoFrost • myfrost@frost.com
http://www.frost.com

ABOUT ENTRUST:
Entrust provides identity-based security solutions that empower enterprises, consumers, citizens and
websites in more than 4,000 organizations spanning 60 countries. Entrust's identity-based approach
offers the right balance between affordability, expertise and service. With more than 125 patents
granted and pending, these world-class solutions include strong authentication, physical and logical
access, credentialing, mobile security, fraud detection, digital certificates, SSL and PKI.
www.entrust.net

ABOUT FROST & SULLIVAN
Frost & Sullivan, the Growth Partnership Company, partners with clients to accelerate their growth. The company's
TEAM Research, Growth Consulting, and Growth Team Membership™ empower clients to create a growth-focused
culture that generates, evaluates, and implements effective growth strategies. Frost & Sullivan employs over 50 years
of experience in partnering with Global 1000 companies, emerging businesses, and the investment community from
more than 40 offices on six continents. For more information about Frost & Sullivan’s Growth Partnership Services,
visit http://www.frost.com.

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