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An information report presents factual information about a subject in an objective manner. It aims to classify and describe the subject's parts, behaviors, and qualities. An information report includes an introductory statement about the subject followed by paragraphs providing details about various features of the subject. It uses technical language, general nouns, and present tense verbs.
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- 1. BY: HENIFA ANDRIANA HESTY CITRA NINGRUM INDAH PERMATASARI NUZULIA MEGA J. TRI AGUSTI S.
- 2. INFORMATION REPORT What is AN INFORMATION REPORT ? An information report is a piece of text that presents information about a subject. Its purpose is to classify and/or describe using facts about the subject’s parts, behaviour and qualities. The subject is usually general rather than particular, for example ‘skin’ rather than an individual person’s skin. Examples of information report texts include: • lectures • reference articles • research assignments • chapters in textbooks.
- 3. INFORMATION REPORT Features of AN INFORMATION REPORT Constructing an information report A written explanation usually involves three steps. First, there is the general statement about the event or thing. Next follows a series of paragraphs that tell the hows and whys. The final step is a concluding paragraph. Grammatical features of an information report Information reports usually include the following grammatical features: • technical language related to the subject • technical use of the timeless present tense • technical use of general nouns (e.g. weather, skin, earthquakes) rather than proper nouns • technical linking verbs to describe behaviours or qualities (cells are surrounded by membrane).
- 4. INFORMATION REPORT The NFORMATION REPORT scaffold 1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph • This statement tells the audience what the text is going to be about. • This can include a short description of the subject. • This can include a definition of the subject. 2 A series of paragraphs about the subject • Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence. • The topic sentence in the beginning of each paragraph previews the information contained in the rest of the paragraph • The sentences after this preview give more details. • Each paragraph should give information about one feature of the subject. • These paragraphs build a description of the subject of the report. • These paragraphs may include technical language that is related to the subject. 3 A concluding paragraph (optional) • The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text. • This paragraph can summarise the report
- 5. INFORMATION REPORT MODEL OF AN INFORMATION REPORT TEXT Grammatical Structures Galaxies features INTRODUCTION A galaxy is a collection of stars and other WITH A BRIEF astronomical bodies, including planets, comets and TIMELESS DESCRIPTION asteroids, held together by gravity. PRESENT TENSE Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. These include the spiral, barrel-spiral and elliptical. Our galaxy called the Milky Way, is approximately 100 000 light years TECHNICAL PARAGRAPHS TERMS ABOUT THE in the width and contains over 100 billion stars. RELATED TO SUBJECT The centre of galaxies can contain many young, THE SUBJECT very hot stars as well as older stars. Swirling clouds that have been energised by magnetic forces also exist in the centre. GENERAL NOUNS At this point in time, no one knows the exact CONCLUSION number of galaxies in the universe. Astronomers are, however, learning more and more about them everyday.
- 6. FACTUAL DESCRIPTION What is A FACTUAL DESCRIPTION? A factual description describes a particular person, place or thing. Its purpose is to ‘tell’ about the subject by describing its features without including personal opinions. A factual description differs from an information report because it describes a specific subject rather than a general group. Examples of factual description texts include: • descriptions of a particular building • descriptions of a specific animal • descriptions of a particular place • descriptions of a specific person
- 7. FACTUAL DESCRIPTION Features of A FACTUAL DESCRIPTION Constructing a factual description A typical description has an opening paragraph introducing the subject of the description, followed by a series of paragraph each describing one feature of the subject. There can also be a final concluding section that signals the end of the description. Grammatical features of a recount Factual descriptions usually include the following grammatical features: • verbs in the present tense • adjectives to describe the features of the subject • topic sentence to begin paragraphs and organise the various aspects of the description.
- 8. FACTUAL DESCRIPTION The FACTUAL DESCRIPTION scaffold 1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph • This statement introduces the subject of the description to the audience. • It can give the audience brief details about when, where, who or what of the subject. 2 A series of paragraphs about the subject • Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence • The topic sentence previews the details that will be contained in the remainder of the paragraph. • Each paragraph should describe one feature of the subject. • These paragraphs build the description of the subject. 3 A concluding paragraph (optional) • The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.
- 9. FACTUAL DESCRIPTION MODEL OF a FACTUAL DESCRIPTION Grammatical Structures Deinonychus features OPENING The model of Deinonychus, a dinosaur from the TIMELESS STATEMENT Creataceous period, can be found in the Museum of Natural PRESENT INTRODUCING Science. THE SUBJECT TENSE Deinonychus is small by dinosaur standards. It is about 2.5 metres in length and stands about one metre high at the shoulder. ADJECTIVES This reptile has a long tail, spindly legs and slender neck. SERIES OF The head is large and the jaws are lined with sharp teeth. PARAGRAPHS The tail, approximately 3 metres in length, has vertebrae DESCRIBING surrounded by bundles of bony rods so the whole tail can be THE SUBJECT held stiff. The toes of the Deinonychus are unusual. The first toe is TOPIC small and points backwards. The second toe has a huge sickle- SENTENCES shaped claw and is raised. The third and fourth toes are in the normal position. Deinonychus is an interesting example of a fast-running CONCLUSION dinosaur.
- 10. RECOUNT What is A RECOUNT? A recount is a piece of text that retells past events, usually in the order in which they occurred. Its purpose is to provide the audience with a description of what occurred and when it occurred. Examples of recount texts include: • eyewitness account • newspaper reports • letters • conversations • television interviews • speeches
- 11. RECOUNT Features of A RECOUNT Constructing a recount A recount text usually has three main sections. The first paragraph gives background information about who, what, where, and when (called an orientation). This is followed by a series of paragraphs that retell the events in the order in which they happened. Some recounts have a concluding paragraph, however this is not always necessary. Grammatical features of a recount Recounts usually include the following grammatical features: • proper nouns to identify those involved in the text • descriptive words to give details about who, what, when, where and how • the use of the past tense to retell the events • words that show the order of the events (for example, first, next, then).
- 12. RECOUNT The RECOUNT scaffold Step 1 Introductory paragraph that tells who, what, where, and when. Step 2 A sequence of events in the order in which they occurred. Step 3 (optional) A conclusion
- 13. RECOUNT MODEL OF A RECOUNT Structures Grammatical A Postcard features Dear Nan, PROPER INTRODUCTION NOUNS THAT We are having a great holiday here on the Gold Coast. Yesterday we went to PROVIDES Movie World. ORIENTATION WORDS When we got up in the morning, it looked like rain. After a while the clouds SHOWING THE disappeared and it became a sunny day. We then decided to go to Movie World. ORDER OF EVENTS SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT The first ride I went on was Lethal Weapon. Next I saw the Police Academy RETELLS THE show. After that I had lunch as I was really hungry. Meanwhile, Mum and Kelly EVENTS IN THE queued for the Batman ride. PAT TENSE ORDER THEY OCCURRED About one o’clock we got a light shower of rain but it cleared up soon after. We then went on all the other rides followed by the studio tour. PROPER NOUNS CONCLUSION It was a top day. See you when we get back. Love Sam
- 14. NARRATIVE What is a narrative? A narrative is a text that tells a story and, in doing so, entertains the audience. The purpose of a narrative, other than providing entertainment, can be to make the audience think about an issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their emotions. Written narratives often take the form of novels. The story is usually told by a narrator. If the narrator is one of the characters in the story, the story is said to be told in the first person. If a person outside the story is the narrator, then the story is being told in the third person. Examples of narrative texts include: myths fairytales Aboriginal dreaming stories science fiction historical fiction romance novels
- 15. NARRATIVE Features of a narrative Constructing a narrative The steps for constructing a narrative text are: an orientation in which the narrator tells the audience about WHO is in the story, WHEN the story is taking place and WHERE the action is happening a complication that sets off a chain of events that influences what will happen in the story A sequence of events where the characters react to the complication A resolution in which the characters solve the problem created in the complication a coda that provides a comment or moral based on what has been learned from the story (an optional step). Grammatical features of a narrative Narratives usually include the following grammatical features: nouns that identify the specific characters and places in the story adjectives that provide accurate descriptions of the characters and settings verbs that show the actions that occur in the story time words that connect events, telling when they occurred.
- 16. NARRATIVE The narrative scaffold 1. Orientation In this paragraph the narrator tells the audience who is in the story, when it is happening, where it is happening and what is going on. 2. Complication This is the part of the story where the narrator tells about something that will begin a chain of events. These events will affect one or more of the characters. The complication is the trigger. 3. Sequence of events This is where the narrator tells how the characters react to the complication. It includes their feelings and what they do. The events can be told in chronological order (the order in which they happen) or with flashbacks. The audience is given the narrator’s point of view. 4. Resolution In this part of the narrative the complication is sorted out or the problem is solved 5. Coda The narrator includes a coda if there is a moral or message to be learned from the story.
- 17. NARRATIVE MODEL OF A NARRATIVE Structures Grammatical The Drover’s Wife features (adapted from a short story by Henry Lawson) ORIENTATION The two-roomed house is built of round timber, slabs and stringy-bark and SPECIFIC TELLING WHO floored with split slabs. Bush all round-bush with no horizon, for the country is CHARACTERS AND WHERE flat. The drover, an ex-squatter, is away with sheep. His wife and children are COMPLICATION left here alone. THAT TRIGGERS Four ragged, dried-up looking children are playing about the house. ADJECTIVES A SERIES OF Suddenly one of them yells ‘Snake! Mother, here’s a snake!’ PROVIDING EVENTS DESCRIPTION It is near sunset, and she knows the snake is there. She makes up beds SEQUENCE OF for the children and sits down beside them to keep watch all night. EVENTS WHERE She has an eye on the corner and a green sapling club ready by her USE OF TIME THE side. Alligator, the dog, lies nearby. WORDS TO CHARACTERS It must be one or two o’clock in the morning. The bush woman watches CONNECT REACT TO THE EVENTS and listens, thinking about her life alone whilst her husband is gone. COMPLICATION It must be near daylight now. The hairs on Alligator’s neck begin to bristle. Between a crack in the slabs an evil pair of small, bead-like eyes glisten. VERBS SHOWING RESOLUTION The snake-a black one-comes slowly out. ACTIONS IN WHICH THE PROBLEM FROM Alligator springs. He has the snake now. Thud, thud as the woman THE strikes at the snake. The dog shakes and shakes the black snake. The snake’s COMPLICATION back is broken. Thud, thud is head is crushed. IS SOLVED She lifts the mangled reptile and throws it on the fire. The eldest boy ADJECTIVES watches it burn and looks at his mother, seeing tears in her eyes. SHOWING CODA THAT DESCRIPTIONS GIVES THE He throws his arms around her and exclaims, ‘Mother, I won’t never go MORAL TO THE droving; blarst me if I do!’ STORY
- 18. PROCEDURE What is A PROCEDURE? A procedure is a piece of text that tells how to do something. Its purpose is to provide instructions for making something, doing something or getting somewhere. Examples of procedure texts include: • recipes • itineraries • instruction manuals • directions
- 19. PROCEDURE Features of A PROCEDURE Constructing a procedure A procedure text usually has three sections. There is an introductory statement or title that gives the aim or goal of the procedure, followed by a list of materials that will be needed to complete the procedure. The final section is a sequence of steps, in the order they need to be completed, to achieve this goal. Some procedures have other stages such as explaining why each step is necessary. Grammatical features of a procedure Procedure texts usually include the following grammatical features: • sentence that begins with verbs and are stated as commands • time words or numbers that show the order for carrying out the procedure • adverbs to describe how the action should be performed • precise terms and technical language.
- 20. PROCEDURE The PROCEDURE scaffold 1 An introductory statement giving the aim or goal • This may be the title of the text. • This may be an introductory paragraph. 2 Materials needed for completing the procedure • This may be a list. • This may be a paragraph. • This step may be left out in some procedures. 3 A sequence of steps in the correct order • Numbers can be used to show: first, second, third and so on. • The order is usually important. • Words such as now, next and after this can be used. • The steps usually begin with a command such as add, stir, or push.
- 21. PROCEDURE Models of a procedure Structures Anzac biscuits GOAL You will need: 2 cups of rolled oats 1 2 cups caster sugar 1 LIST OF MATERIALS 4 tablespoons golden syrup REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THE 2 tablespoons boiling water PROCEDURE 1 cup plain flour 250 grams butter 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 22. PROCEDURE Models of a procedure Grammatical o Structures 1 Turn oven into 160 C. features 2 Lightly grease oven tray. SENTENCES 3 Mix oats, flour and sugar in a large bowl. BEGINNING 4 Melt butter and golden syrup in a pan. WITH VERBS SEQUENCE OF 5 Mix baking soda and boiling water in a cup. STEPS IN THE 6 Add this mixture to melted butter and golden SENTENCES ORDER THEY NEED TO BE syrup WRITTEN AS COMMANDS COMPLETED 7 Add this to the oats mixture in the large bowl, mix together well. 8 Roll tablespoonfuls of the mixture into balls. Put on tray 5 cm apart. 9 Press lightly on top of each with a fork. 10 Bake for 20 minutes
- 23. PROCEDURE Models of a procedure Grammatical Structures features TITLE How to reduce the risk of heart ADVERBS GIVES attack SHOWING GOAL ORDER Today I will tell you how to reduce the risk of having a heart attack. SENTENCES Firstly, be a non-smoker. Secondly, see WRITTEN AS COMMANDS SEQUENCE OF your doctor regularly for tests to check your STEPS TO cholesterol levels. Thirdly, eat a low-fat diet ACIEVE THE GOAL and keep to a healthy weight. Finally, exercise regularly.
- 24. NEWS ITEM News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- 25. Dominant Language Features: 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner. Generic Structure of News Item 1. Main event 2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place) 3. Resource of information
- 26. TOWN CONTAMINATED Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which Main Event killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of Shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall- out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up Background by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the events explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy. A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy. Source
- 27. REVIEW TEXT A review is a text that gives a person’s response (judgement, opinion, reaction) to another text such as a book, film or poem. The purpose is to describe the artistic work and provide a judgement about it. Examples of review texts include: • book reviews • theatre reviews • movie reviews • CD reviews Grammatical features of a review text: • the use of present tense • adjectives to describe the text • words that express the writer’s judgements and attitudes.
- 28. Generic Structure: 1. A paragraph introducing the text being judged This section should contain information on the title of the text being judged, the name of the person who constructed it (the author/artist), when it was constructed and a brief summary of the work. 2. A description of the text This section gives details about the main features of the text and a summary on what happens in it. There can be one or more paragraphs in this section of the response. 3 A judgement of the text This section gives a judgement of the text by the person writing the response. There may also be some recommendations. This section can be one or more paragraphs.
- 29. So Much to Tell You So Much to Tell You is Australian author John Marsden’s powerful novel in diary form about 14-year-old girl who records her thoughts on boarding-school life. It was first Introduction, giving title of published in 1987 by Water McVitty Books and has gone on the work, to become one of Australia’s best-selling books. So Much to author and context. Tell You appears in sixteen different languages and has won many prizes including the 1988 Book of the Year Award. This absorbing story is written in the first person as a diary. Little by little, the reader learns from the girl’s past and A the events that caused her to withdraw into herself. description of the text Simultaneously, she tells of day-to-day life at boarding school and the people around her. This is a wonderful novel, full of powerful emotions and Judgement written in a fresh, original style. Although most suitable for and teenage readers, adults will also find So Much to Tell You an recommend intelligent, stunning piece of work. -ation
- 30. HORTATORY EXPOSITION Purpose : to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case. Text Organization A thesis Arguments Recommendation Language Features: •The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc) •The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc) •The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc) •The use of compound and complex sentence •The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc) •The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we
- 31. Corruption Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia. The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials. Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption. I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
- 32. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Definition of Analytical Exposition Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition 1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position 2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position 3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
- 33. The Power of Music in Our Life Do you agree that music is important in our life? Yes I do, music has certain role completing our day to day activities. Here are some reasons why music is heard everywhere and anywhere. Music is a way to express feelings. When we fall in love, the kind of music we’d listen to would be all about love. When we’re sad, we would go for music that is melancholic in nature and immerse ourselves in the sadness. When we’re happy, we’d choose songs with happy tunes too. Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favorite song is a powerful documentary. People with Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For example, an elderly woman who couldn’t even remember her husband’s name would remember the details of her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially memorable for her. Further, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and legendary Michael Jacson's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world. So what would the world be like without music? It would be lonely
- 34. SPOOF Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story. Generic Structure of Spoof 1. Orientation 2. Events 3. Twist: the unpredictable thing in the end of story which is often funny. Language Feature of Spoof 1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things 2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc 3. Using adverb of time and place 4. Told in chronological order
- 35. PENGUIN IN THE PARK Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!". The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked, "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?“ The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie".
- 36. EXPLANATION What is AN EXPLANATION ? An explanation tells how or why something occurs. Explanations can be spoken or written and their purpose is to tell each step of the process (the how) and to give reasons (the why) for it. Examples of explanations texts include: • how something occurs • why something happened • why things are alike or different • how to solve a problem
- 37. EXPLANATION Features of AN EXPLANATION Constructing an explanation A written explanation usually involves three steps. First, there is the general statement about the event or thing. Next follows a series of paragraphs that tell the hows and whys. The final step is a concluding paragraph. Grammatical features of an explanation Explanations usually include the following grammatical features: • technical language • words that show cause and effect • use of timeless present tense
- 38. EXPLANATION The EXPLANATION scaffold 1 Description in the introductory paragraph 2 A sequence of sentences that tell how or why 3 A conclusion
- 39. EXPLANATIONS MODEL OF AN EXPLANATION Grammatical Structures features QUESTION What causes food poisoning HEADING INTRODUCTION Food poisoning is a disorder of the stomach and intestines USE OF DECRIBING caused by bacteria or chemical in foods. TECHNICAL SUBJECT TERMS The classic form of food poisoning is caused by staphylococci (bacteria commonly known as staph). The staph germs enter the food during preparation. As a result of WORDS the food not properly refrigerated the bacteria multiply SHOWING EXPLANATION hourly, contaminating the food with toxin (poison). As staph HOW AND WHY SEQUENCE germs and their toxins are odourless and tasteless the contaminated food smells and tastes normal. Eating contaminated food causes vomiting, abdominal TIMELESS cramps and diarrhoea within one to six hours. PRESENT TENSE Thus, food poisoning is frequently caused by CONCLUSION staphylococci, which contaminate food during preparation and enter the stomach and intestines during eating. GENERIC TERMS
- 40. DISCUSSION What is A DISCUSSION? A discussion text type gives the for and against, the positive and negative, or the good and bad points. A discussion can be in oral or written form. The purpose of a discussion is to present to the audiences different opinions on a topic and, at the end, your opinion. Examples of discussion texts include: • talkback radio • debates • current affairs interviews • letters to the editor • essays • newspaper articles
- 41. DISCUSSION Features of a DISCUSSION Constructing a discussion A typical discussion text has an introductory paragraph that has a statement about the topic followed by a series of paragraphs that give evidence, opinions or arguments for and against the topic. The end of the discussion text is signalled by a conclusion that gives a final point of view, either for or against the topic. Grammatical features of a dramatic text Discussions usually include the following grammatical features: • the use of generic terms related to the topic • words that show a comparison or a contrast • words that link arguments.
- 42. DISCUSSION The DISCUSSIOn scaffold Step 1 • An opening paragraph that introduces the topic being discussed. It can contain a question about the topic. It can state the view of the author of the text. Step 2 • Argument or point of view for, with supporting evidence or elaboration (more details). • Another argument for, with supporting argument or elaboration. • Argument or point of view against, with supporting evidence or elaboration. • Another argument against, with supporting argument or elaboration. Step 3 • A conclusion that sums up the discussion and gives a recommendation or opinion.
- 43. MODEL OF a discussion Grammatical Structures Should Australia become a republic? features GENERAL Recently, Australians have been debating the possibility of STATEMENT WORDS TO THAT becoming a republic. There are arguments for and against LINK INTRODUCES Australia pursuing this course in the twenty-first century. I ARGUMENTS DISCUSSION believe that Australia should become a republic. Republicans see Australia as having moved beyond its British roots and desire change, not only because it is practical, PHRASE ARGUMENTS but also symbolic. I believe that Britain is now less important to INTRODUCES FOR Australia economically as well as culturally, and that Australia ANOTHER POINT should look at forming stronger links with nations situated in the OF VIEW same region. On the other hand, those opposed to a republic argue that our parliamentary system and other major institutions, such as ARGUMENTS WORDS the law, are based on the British model, which has provided AGAINST SHOWING Australia with a stable system of government and they fear that AUTHOR’S any changes may threaten this stability. OPINION It can be seen that there are reasons for and against CONCLUSION becoming a republic. After looking at both sides, I still believe that Australia should become a republic.