functional genomics.ppt
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This document discusses functional genomics, which studies how genes and intergenic regions contribute to biological processes on a genome-wide scale. It describes techniques used at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels, including genetic interaction mapping, ChIP-seq, DNase-seq, FAIRE-seq, ATAC-seq, microarrays, SAGE, RNA-seq, yeast two-hybrid systems, and affinity purification mass spectrometry. Major projects like ENCODE and GTEx aim to identify all functional elements in genomic DNA and understand the role of genetic variation in gene expression across tissues.
functional genomics.ppt
- 1. Functional Genomics Seminar By Farah Kayed Al-Hyari Supervisor Dr. Mohammad Shatnawi
- 2. What is Functional Genomics? Study of how genes and intergenic regions of the genome contribute to different biological processes. Studies genes (locus) on a “genome- wide” scale. To determine how the individual components of a biological system work together to produce a particular phenotype from gene by transcription and translation Dynamics expression of gene products in a specific context (protein function)
- 4. Gene: is a section of DNA have sequence of nucleotide (A,T,C,G)
- 5. Design by ahmed aljammal
- 10. Goals of functional Genomics 1. To understand the function of genes and protein 2. To study biochemical ,cellular , physiological properties of each gene product. 3. To study special(site) and temporal genetic variation on chromosome 4. Determination the DNA sequence of each gene
- 12. Techniques used in Functional Genomics At the DNA level : 1- Genetic interaction mapping is a powerful technique to systematically reveal functional relationships between genes which often also reveal the presence of a physical interaction GI mapping involves the pairwise perturbation of genes (e.g. knockout, knockdown or overexpression) in order to elucidate how one gene modulates the phenotype of the other GI mapping is often used to uncover new functions of genes, enabling a hierarchical organization of gene products into functional complexes and pathways
- 14. 2-DNA/protein interaction (chip-sequencing) is a powerful method for identifying genome-wide DNA binding sites for transcription factors and other proteins (purified, and sequenced). The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to ChIP has revealed insights into gene regulation events that play a role in various diseases and biological pathways, such as development and cancer progression. ChIP-Seq enables thorough examination of the interactions between proteins and nucleic acids on a genome-wide scale.
- 16. 3-DNA accessibility assay: A) DNase-seq: - DNase-seq identifies open regions of chromatin - DNase-seq relies upon preferential digestion of regions of chromatin that are unprotected by bound proteins - leaving behind accessible regions that are known as DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs)
- 17. B) FAIRE-seq - FAIRE-seq is dependent on crosslinking of chromatin- interacting proteins to DNA using formaldehyde - Chromatin is then sheared and regions that are unbound by proteins (e.g., histones) remain in the aqueous layer of a phenol- chloroform extraction - While crosslinked DNA remains in the organic layer
- 18. C) ATAC-seq - ATAC-seq relies on the hyperactive Tn5 transposase to insert sequencing adapters at accessible regions of the genome. - Following transposition genomic DNA can be isolated and amplified by PCR - Then subjected to deep sequencing.
- 20. At the RNA level : 1- Microarrays: Is one of the most recent advances being used for cancer research it provides assistance in pharmacological approach to treat various diseases including oral lesions. Microarray helps in analyzing large amount of samples which have either been recorded previously or new samples it even helps to test the incidence of a particular marker in tumors. Microarray analysis is a well-known method for studying the expression profiles of protein-coding genes it has also been adopted to detect the expression of small RNA genes
- 24. 2-SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) is a powerful tool which provides quantitative and comprehensive expression profile of genes in a given cell population. It works by isolating short fragments of genetic information from the expressed genes that are present in the cell being studied Produces a snapshot of the mRNA population in the sample of interest
- 26. 3-RNA sequencing Is a standard technique for transcript discovery and differential gene expression analysis in life science laboratories This powerful technique is now within the reach of most scientists thanks to innovations in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies which have dramatically lowered the cost of sequencing. One of the most common uses of RNA-seq is to determine how gene expression changes in response to disease pathologies, therapeutic intervention, or other stimuli. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis compares different experimental samples and uses toolkits to evaluate if the observed difference between normalized read counts of a gene is statistically significant
- 29. At the protein level : 1- Yeast two-hybrid system The yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) assay is a well-established technique to detect protein-protein interactions. This is an extremely powerful tool for researchers and is often used alongside one or two other methods to examine the multitude of interactions that take place in cells.
- 30. PRINCIPLES 1.Y2H assay relies on the expression of a reporter gene (such as lacZ or GFP), which is activated by the binding of a particular transcription factor. 2.The transcription factor is comprised of a DNA-binding domain (BD) and an activation domain (AD). 3.The query protein of interest fused with the BD is known as the Bait, and the protein library fused with the AD is referred to as the Prey. 4.In order to activate the reporter gene expression a transcriptional unit must be present at the gene locus which is only possible if Bait and Prey interact.
- 32. THEORY Expression of a reporter gene requires the binding of a transcription factor which normally consists of two functionally and structurally independent domains: DNA-binding (DB) and activation (AD) domains The DB domain binds to the particular DNA sequence upstream of the reporter gene, while the AD domain activates reporter gene expression
- 33. 2-Affinity purification and mass spectrometry (Ap/MS) • Is a highly effective method for isolating and identifying binding partners to a target protein. • One of the most common methods used for AP-MS experiments is expressing the target protein with a unique peptide sequence tag.
- 34. Projects on Functional Genomics 1- The ENCODE project – The ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA elements) Project is an in-depth analysis of the human genome whose goal is to identify all the functional elements of genomics DNA , in both coding and noncoding regions. 2-The Genotype –Tissue Expression (GTEx) project Human genetics project aimed at understanding the role of genetic variation in shaping variation in the transcriptome across tissue .
- 36. Conclusion 1. By reaching the structure of the gene, we were able to solve many problems, the most important of which are diseases and their treatment 2. Also through these techniques some taxonomy researchers were able to distinguish between cell types and their physiological behavior 3. Through the development of these technologies scientists have been able to find simpler ways than before to understand biotechnologies and transfer genes to target cells 4. Also one of the most important of these technologies is microarray which is a very important technique used in pharmacology and medicine to know the response of cancer cells to treatment