Fundamental of architecture and space function and form

1.Introduction to Architecture
1.1What is Architecture?
• People need places for their activity
• These activities take place in buildings
• A discipline concerned with design of bldg is Architecture
• Hence Architecture
• the Art and Science of designing buildings and habitable
structures
• What is Art, Science and Design?

What is Art?
• A creative human activity in which materials are shaped to
convey an idea, emotion, or visually interesting form
• The use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic
objects or experiences that can be shared with others
• Divided into two
• Fine Art: Painting, Sculptor, Music & Poetry
• Decorative Art: pottery, weaving, metalworking, and furniture
making.

What is Science?
• The systematic observation of natural events and
conditions
• to discover facts about them and
• to formulate laws and principles based on these facts
• Divided into two
• Natural Science: physics, biology, chemistry
• Social Science: like sociology, economics, geography
• No creativity but based on research and discovery

What is Design?
• A rational, logical, sequential process intended to solve
problems
• Involves making a detailed plan of the form or structure of
something
• Emphasizing features such as its appearance, convenience,
durability and economy.

Then What is Architecture?
• Architecture is a discipline which
• uses art and science knowledge and skill
• to create, improve and restore static habitable structures specially
buildings.
• Then which one is Architecture?
• A roller coaster
• A circus tent
• “Delachen” monument
• A boat
• Dembel city center

Architecture (cont’d)
• According to Marcus Vitruvius, Architecture is
• Commodity (function): serving a purpose
• Delight (aesthetics): visually pleasing & stimulate a sense organ
•Firmness ( strength): erectable and durable
• Art: only aesthetics & serve a purpose
• Science: principles based on facts

1.2. Architecture and Other Related
Disciplines
• Task of designer is to change
• Client Needs to Concepts to Building Image
• Three parties involve in realization of Client Needs
Client Design
Team
Construction
Team
• Idea
• Needs
• Money
• Architect ( Coordinator)
• UP and UE
• Surveyor & Geologist
• Structural Engineer
• Electrical Engineer
• Mechanical Engineer
• Sanitary Engineer

Architecture and Other Related Disciplines (cont’d)
• Design isn't a single professional task
• Role of Architect: coordination & leadership
• E.g.: Sheraton Addis
• It is important to know other related disciplines including
• Urban Planning & Design
• Civil Engineering
• Electrical & Mechanical Engineering
• Sanitary Engineering

Urban Planning
• the organization of all elements of a town or urban envi.
• dealt with land use and the physical arrangement of city
structures taking into consideration economical, social, physical
environmental, administrative, historical…. aspects
• urban planning document related to Architecture contains
• zoning ordinances like residential, commercial zone
• subdivision regulations like plot size
• building and housing codes like height limitation

Urban Engineering
• the application of science ( specially physics, maths and
chemistry) in the design of urban infrastructure like
• Urban Houses and related buildings
• Urban Roads & Bridge
• Urban Water Supply,
• Urban Drainage & Sewerage System

Urban Design
• Before 1960s: Arch’re & UP were the same
• After 1960s, split into
• UP: focus on land use pattern & organization of services &
infrastructure
• Architecture : focus on design of buildings
• Gap is created: who is responsible for public spaces
• Urban design is the art & science of design of public spaces

Civil Engineering
• Practical application of science and math in the design of
structures like road, bridge, dam etc
• Building components
• Architectural: non supporting & space defining: walls, windows
• Structural : supporting like foundation, beam, column, slab
• Civil (Structural) Engineer
• design structural parts of a building

Electrical Engineering
• design and manufacture of systems and devices that use
electric power and signals
• Building components includes electrical system
• switches, sockets, light points, water pump
• Electrical Engineer
• design the electrical system of a building

Mechanical Engineering
• design and manufacture all types of machineries
• building also include mechanical systems like
• elevators, escalators, heating, cooling, ventilating systems
• Mechanical Engineer
• designs the mechanical systems of a building

Sanitary Engineering
• design of water supply , drainage and sewerage system
• in a building
• we need water and swear will be produced
• Sanitary Engineer
• designs the water supply, sewerage and drainage system of a
building and its compound

Other Disciplines
• in a design of advanced buildings like museums, cinemas,
meeting halls, hotels other disciples may involve
• Light Engineer
• Acoustics Engineer
• Interior Architect
• Landscape Architect etc

Examples
The
displacement
of each
structure
may depend
on
dimension

2. Architectural Design Process
• Design is a creative process to solve a problem.
• Design involves a lot of decisions
• It is composed of phases and steps
Phases
• Planning Phase: Research & Data gathering
• Generation Phase: Solution creation
• Evaluation Phase: Testing solution

Architectural Design Process (cont…)
Client Brief
Research
Design Program
Site Analysis
Zone Diagram
Bubble Diagram
Schematic Diagram
Preliminary Design
Final Design
Generation
Phase`
Planning
Phase
Evaluation
Phase
Volumetric Study

Client Brief
• The client has its own needs, testes and objectives
• Your task is to conceptualize and realize the client’s needs
• Client Brief includes
- Size - Religion - Aesthetical
- Age - Profession preference
-Gender - Functional
- Culture preference

Research (Literature Review)
• information gathering about the project
• Sources: books, case study, visit, internet
• Project Research includes
- Function - Spatial Relationship
- Standard Size - Special Requirements
- Furniture - Light, View ,Noise
- Fixture

Design Program
• a table consisting of space (room) types & their area
• based on Design Brief and Research
• E.g.
- Living + Dining Rm. …………..30m2
- Kitchen…………………………12m2
-Master Bed Rm. ……….……….20m2
• consult & check weather you attained the client’s need

Site Analysis
• identifying site conditions that affects the design
• these factors include
• Climate
• Circulation
• Urban Context
• Natural & Man made elements
• Sensory Features
• Zoning & Building Codes

Design Process: Zone Diagram
• spaces which have similar & related function form zone
• Zone 1( Living Zone) Lobby, Living Rm, Garage, Veranda etc
• Zone 2( Meal Zone) Kitchen, Dining Rm, Breakfast Rm etc
• Zone 3( Sleeping Zone) Master Bed, Ch. Bed, Bath Rm. Etc
• Zone 4( Utility Zone) Store, Laundry, Traditional kitchen etc
• Zoning helps to decide
-Location - Orientation -Privacy
-Level - Circulation

Design Process: Bubble Diagram
• zone diagram provides rough layout & arrangement zones
• but it is bubble diagram that provides rooms/ spaces
- Relationship - Orientation
- Location - Circulation
• bubbles represent rooms/spaces
• arrows represent circulation
• bubble diagrams are floor plans in terms of bubbles
• try to develop as many bubble diagram as possible till you meet
different design requirements

Design Process: Bubble Diagram

Design Process: Schematic Diagram
• from the bubble diagram the schematic diagram develops
• schematic diagram is a one line drawing
• at this point, think also about the appearance of the bldg
• spaces start to get exact shape, size and location
• consider also the impact of design factors
• you try a number of schematic diagram untill you attain the
clients needs and tests

Design Process: Schematic Diagram

Design Process: Volumetric Study
• when the plan gets shape, start to visualize the form
• perspective or isometric drawings
• volumetric model
• apply elements of design
• elements of design
• principles of design
• make as many volumetric study as possible to come up with
aesthetical pleasing form

Fundamental of architecture and space function and form

Design Process: Preliminary Design
• Develop the schematic diagram to preliminary design
• widening walls
• including openings
• structural elements
• adding furniture
• selecting interior and exterior finishing materials
• type of roof
• includes plans, section, elevations, site plan, 3Ds

Design Process: Final Design
• you show the preliminary design to your client
• after getting confirmation from client start preparation of
final design
• Final Design includes rendered, dimensioned and labled:
• Floor Plans
• Sections
• Elevations
• Site Plan
• 3D: Perspective or Model

Home Reading Assignment
Literature Review (Design Research)
Instruction
Refer any written document on design of residential building and write a paper
containing the following issues:
•What is a house
•Types of house
•Orientation of a house
Site planning of a house
•Entrance, Foyer and Circulation in a house
•Zoning and Functional Flow in a house
•Functional & Aesthetical issues for each space in a house (Living Rm, Kitchen…..)
Activities in the spaces
Furniture in the spaces
Standard size of each spaces
Functional Relationship among spaces
Functional & Aesthetical Requirements of each spaces
oView, Light, Ventilation, Privacy…..
Submission Date
In Two Weeks: Tuesday March 15,2011
Requirement
Full of illustrations (sample drawing)
Value
20 marks

3. Design Determinants
• The process of identification and systematic organization of Site (Contextual)
factors(criteria) which guide decision making in the design of buildings
• The process of identifying design determinants
is called Site or Contextual Analysis
• Site (Context ) is defined as the
“whole situation”, background
or environment
relevant to some event or product.
• Site isn’t inert ( dormant)
but active network that affects a design of building
• A good design should response to site factors

Design Determinants (cont…)
Objective of Site Analysis
• to enable designer pre-informed about site factors so that he/ she
incorporate these factors in the design process
Specific Objectives of Site Analysis
• to avoid inappropriate design responses to the site
• to develop greater efficiency when designing
• to discover interrelationships between site factors
• to maximize date amount for the design decisions

Design Determinants (cont…)
Site Analysis Elements
• Gather relevant information about the factors of the site, from
topography to climate to wind pattern and vegetation
• Analyze these features and incorporate them into the design
• Site Analysis List
• Sub Surface Analysis
• Climatic Analysis
• Sensory Elements Analysis
• Circulation Analysis
• Natural & Man Made Elements Analysis
• Urban Context Analysis
• Building Codes

Site Analysis
Sub Surface Analysis
• Geology: Geological history of the area, bedrock type & depth
etc.
• Hydrology: Underground water table, aquifers, springs etc.
• Soil Genesis: erosion susceptibility, moisture (pF), reaction (pH)
organic content, bearing capacity etc.

Site Analysis
Climate Analysis
• Temperature
• Attitude
• Rainfall and Snow
• Prevailing wind
• Sun orientation

Site Analysis
Circulation Analysis
• Vehicular traffic
• Pedestrian Traffic

Site Analysis
Sensory Analysis
• Noise
• View
• Smell `
Noise
Smell + View
- View

Site Analysis
Natural & Man Made Elements Analysis
• Greenery
• Topography
• Water bodies
• Existing structures
• Infrastructure

Site Analysis
Urban Context Analysis
• Height
• Form
• Materials
• Elements of Design
• Principles “

Site Analysis
Building Code Analysis
• Height Restriction
• Function Restriction
• Set Backs Regulation
• BAR- Built up Area Ratio

Paper on Residential Building
Write a paper on Architectural Aspects of Residential Building
• Content
- Definition of House - Balcony, Terrace & Veranda
- Types of House - Parking, Greenery, Play Field
-Solar & Street Orientation - Special Requirements of Spaces
-Function & Activities of spaces Privacy, view, noise, light, ventilation
- Furniture & Fixture of Spaces - Sample Drawings of Spaces & Furniture
- Functional Flow & Relationship - Solid and Liquid waste disposal
- Standard Size -
- Entry, Lobby, Corridor & Circulation

Paper on Residential Building
• Format
- A4 size paper
• Note
-Free hand written and drawing
• Submission
- Thursday, Oct. 28, 2010

Thumb Rules for Residential Building
• Living Room
-Minimum Area = 12m2
- Minimum Width = 3m
- Minimum Door Size = 90cm
- Minimum Window Area = 1/10th floor area
- Maximum Window Sill Height = 0.90 cm
- Require View and South Side Exposure
- Should be at the front of a house and accessible from the front door
• Dining Room
- Minimum Area = 12m2
- Require View and South or East Side Exposure
- Should be adjacent to Kitchen and Living Rooms

Thumb Rules for Residential Building (cont…)
• Car Port/ Garage
-Minimum Area = 15m2
- Minimum Length = 5cm
- Should be at the front of a house and accessible from the main gate
• Bed Room
- Minimum Area = 12m2
- Minimum Width = 2.7m
- Require View and East Side ( morning sun) Exposure
- Should be at the quiet part of the site preferably on upper floors

• Kitchen
-Minimum Area = 6m2
- Should be at the back of a house adjacent to dining room
- Orient to north side ( cooler side) & kitchen yard
- Minimum Window area should be 15% of floor area
- Perimeter of work triangle should be between 3.6m to 6m
• Bath Room
- Minimum Area= 4m2
- Bath Rooms should be adjacent to bed rooms
- Minimum Window height is 1.5m
- Up to 1.5m height interior walls should be covered with ceramic tile

• Half Bath Room
- For visitors and contain WC and HWB
- Minimum Area = 2.5m2
- Should be near living & dining room
- Minimum Window height is 1.5m
- Up to 1.5m height interior walls should be covered with ceramic tile
• Study Room
- Mini

• Important Points
- Traffic circulation should follow day today activities
- Avoid traffic circulation through rooms
- If a traffic must pass through a room, arrange doors in such a way that circulation
affects one side or corner of the room
- The route from Garage to Kitchen be defined and short
- Circulation Area should not exceed 15% of total floor area
- Main Entrance near the center of a house decreases corridor length
- Main Entrance to a house should be emphasized, inviting and accessible
- In front of Main Entrance there should be a transitional space like:
- Veranda, Canopy
- In side a house next to Main Entrance there should be a transitional space:
- Foyer, Lobby, Entrance Hall
- Make the Foyer or Entrance Hall the continuation of the exterior
- Rooms located on west side need sheding
- Locate rooms ( non- sensitive to harsh sun) like WCs, Bath Rms, Store or
Garage on west and south west side

• Important Points ( cont…)
- Rooms in a house are grouped into zones
- Common Spaces
- Private Spaces
- Common Spaces: Open to all members of family, active and include
- Living Rm, Family Rm, Dining Rm, Gym, Garage, Kitchen, Utility Rm
- Private Spaces: Require privacy and quietness & include
- Bed Rms, Bath Rms, Study Rm, Pray Rm, Den
- It is important to separate the two zones either by level or location
- With in the common spaces we have two zones
- Living Zone: Living Rm, Family Rm, Dining Rm
- Service Zone: Garage, Kitchen, Store, Utility Rm
- Living Zone should be at the front part of the house
- Service Zone should be at the back part of the house

• Residential Rooms Special Requirements
- Living Room
- Open both to the members of the family and visitors
- Located near the main entrance of the house
- Location of Living Room Door should allow direct access to living room as soon
as we enter into the house
-Oriented the living room to capture the best view from the site
- Have big windows ( French Window) facing the main street
- The location of the room should not allow view to private spaces like Kitchen,
Bed Rms, Bath Rms etc
-The location of doors in living room should not allow cross circulation
- South exposure is preferable
- Light interior color is preferable

• Residential Rooms Special Requirements ( cont…)
- Dining Room
- Open both to the members of the family and visitors
- Located adjacent to Kitchen and Living Rm
- There should be swinging door from Kitchen to Dining Room
-Oriented the Dining Rm to capture the best view from the site
- Have windows facing east direction
- Family Room
- Open only to the members of the family
- Located at back ( private) part of the house
-Oriented the Family Rm to capture the best view from the site
- Adjacent to living and dining room

- Kitchen
- North or East exposure is preferable
- Should be located at the back of the house
- Easy and direct access from kitchen to garage is important
- Kitchen should be next to Dining and Utility Rooms
- Natural light and ventilation is important
-Store
- Near to the room for which it gives service
- Bed Room
- Private spaces and require quietness
- East exposure is best and south exposure is preferable
- Bed rooms should be located near bath room
- Light to medium interior color is preferable

- Bath Room
- locate in the private part of the house
- avoid direct view from living room to bath room door
- natural ventilation and light is important
- Office/Den
- Den is private office where the parents work at night
- Office is open for customer
- Den should be located in private space adjacent to master bed rm
- Office should be located near main enterance

- Guest Bed Room
- Isolated Room with attached bathroom
- located in such a way that it gets privacy
- Garage
- Easily accessible from main gate
- Easy access from garage to main entrance and kitchen
- Circulation Spaces
- Minimum corridor size is 90cm but the standard size is 1.2m
- Minimum veranda size is 1m but the standard size is 2m

4. Function in Architecture
• Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings
• Every building is designed to give services
• Hospital – where patients will be treated
• Court House – where you find justice
• Theater – where you see a play
• Hotel- where you recreate
• Church ( Mosque) – where you practice your religion
• School – where you learn
• House – where you live
• The serviceability & usability of any building and its design-
FUNCTION

Function in Architecture (cont…)
• What do you feel, when you see this building?

• In addition to giving services, a building affects our feelings
• When you enter in some buildings, you will be excited
• When you are in some building, you will be depressed
• When you see some buildings, you will be amused
• When you look some buildings, you will say what a piece of art
• When you are in some buildings, you may be sober
• When you enter in some buildings, you feel relaxed
• The emotional and the feeling aspect of a BUILDING or
its ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN - AESTHETICS

• A building is designed to be erected or constructed, hence
• It should house its occupants and furniture – LIVE LOAD
• It should support its own weight- DEAD LOAD
• It should resist wind load- WIND FORCE
• It should withstand against EARCH QUICK FORCE
• It should be strong enough against FLOODS
• It should resist other NATURAL and ARTIFICIAL FORCES
• The erectibility and constructability of a BUILDING or
its ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN - STRENGTH

• Hence Architecture or Building Design is all about
FUNCTION - serviceability of
AESTHETICS - emotional aspect of
STRENGTH – erectibility of
B
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Form vs Space
• A building will be designed to give services
• To give this services, it should accommodate
• People
• Furniture and Fixtures
• Equipments
• To do so, it should be void
• The difference b/n building and sculptor
• Building is void and accessible by people
• Sculptor is solid

• The void part of a building - SPACE
• Through which we enter, circulate, wonder and undertake different activities
• The envelop or outer part of a building - FORM
• Which we see, look, observe and admire
• FORM is the envelop of SPACE
• FORM is exterior, where as SPACE is interior of the building
• FORM differentiate out side and inside
• SPACE is volume of hollow solid
• Both SPACE and FORM have Function & Aesthetics

Example of Form

Example of Form (cont…)

Example of Form
(cont…)

Example of Space

Example of Space (cont…)

Functional Aspects or Parameters of a space of a Building
1. Enclosure
2. Approach & Entry
3. Circulation
4. Light
5. Comfort
6. Size
7. Shape
8. Adjacency & Sequence

1. Enclosure
• A building houses different activities
• Some activities need differentiation
• Sleeping and Living activities
• Spaces for these activities should
be divided by
• walls, floors and ceilings
• Building Components to divide spaces
are called Space Defining Elements
• FORM is enclosure of interior space
• FORM protects the interior of a building from weather

2. Approach and Entry
• To undertake different activities in a FRONTAL
building we should approach and access it
• The process of being near a building
is APPROACH DIAGONAL
• Types of Approach
• Frontal: emphasis front view
• Diagonal: shows effects of perspective ROUND
• Round: emphasis form of building

Approach and Entry (cont…)
Frontal Approach

Diagonal Approach

• The gate that allows you to enter in to a building
or rooms of a building is called Entry (Entrance)
• Entry to a building should be emphasized and easy to identify
• Types of Entry
• Flush: on the wall
• Projected: coming out from the wall
• Recessed: coming into the interior

• Projected Entry

• Recessed Entry

• Flush Entry

3. Circulation
• We need to be able to reach furniture, equipment and other facilities to perform
some tasks.
• A process of wondering through a space of a building - Circulation
• Types of Circulation
• Circulation within a room: interior space
• Horizontal circulation from one room to another: corridor
• Vertical Circulation from one floor to another: Stair, Elevator, Ramp
• Circulation should be
• easy to identify
• comfortable to move through
• sizable enough to allow people and furniture to pass

Circulation (cont…)
Forms of Circulation
• Enclosed
• Open one side
• Open on both sides

Circulation (cont…)
Enclosed circulation
• No spatial & visual flow

Circulation (cont… )
Open one side circulation
• spatial and visual flow
on one side

Circulation (cont…
Open two side circulation
• Visual & spatial
flow on two sides
• Eg- ECSC

4. Light
• To undertake different activities in rooms, we need light
• Light also affects the feeling that we feel in a room
• Sources of Light
• Artificial Light: costly, unfriendly and controlled
• Natural Light: no cost, friendly and reliable
• Combined: good distribution of light
• Natural Light Sources in Building
- Window
- Sky Light
-Glass Curtain Wall
-Open Down

Light Source
1. Artificial Light Source
• controlled
• different color

Light Source
Artificial Light Source (cont…)

Light Source(cont…)
2. Natural Light Source
Natural Light: illuminate with
good intensity up to 6m
• uncontrolled
• uni –color
• psychologically good
• provide view
• enlarge room

Natural Light Source (cont…)

3. Combined
Light Source
• controlled
• colorful & evenly distributed
• psychologically good
• provide view
• enlarge room

Combined
Light Source (cont…)

Natural Light Source
1.Windows
• light
• provide view
• enlarge room

Natural Light Source
Windows (cont…)

Natural Light Source(cont…)
2. Sky Light
• light
• good distribution of light
• no view
• increase height

Sky Light (cont…)

3. Open Down
• light
• no view
• Ventilation

Open Down (cont…)

4. Glass Curtain Wall
• light
• provide view
• enlarge room
• spatial continuity

Glass Curtain Wall (cont…)

5. Comfort
• Ventilation
• A room should have the appropriate temperature & air to feel the occupants
comfort
• This can be done by replacing existing hot air by fresh air
• This process is called ventilation
• Two kinds of Ventilation
• Artificial Ventilation
• Natural Ventilation

Comfort
• Purpose of Ventilation
• At normal condition an adult
• inhale b/n 0.10 to 0.12 liters air/second
• exhale CO2 of 0.003 to 0.005 liters / second
• generate heat of 100 Watts sensible and 40 watts latent
• produce vapour of 59g of water vapour per hour
• Main Objective of Ventilation (Three)
1. to supply oxygen
2. to create air movement

Comfort
• Main Objective of Ventilation ( cont…)
3. To remove unnecessary air components
• carbon dioxide
• water vapor and moister
• heat and smell
• gas and vapor from industry products
• out door pollutants like dust and smoke
• Indoor pollutants like dust from carpet

Comfort (cont…)
• Artificial Ventilation
• By fans using electricity
• It is costly
• Common USA & Europe

Comfort (cont…)
• Natural Ventilation
• By using natural flow of air
• It is less costly
• Common in Africa, Asia and Latin America
• habitable room requires one or more ventilation openings,
• the total area not be less than 1/20 of the floor area of the room
• the opening must be more than 0.9 metres above floor level
• Natural Ventilation design should consider
• To supply fresh air for the occupants
• To change the air in the room sufficiently

Comfort (cont…)
A. Cross Ventilation
• By using natural flow of air
• It is less costly

Comfort (cont…)
B. Stack Effect Ventilation
• Air moves when temperature
and density difference exists
• Hot air is less dense and it rises
• Cold air is dense and replace
the position of hot air

6. Size
• Diff. activities take place in spaces
• In addition to the activities,
the space should be big enough to house
• Users
• Furniture & Fixtures
• Equipment
• Vehicles
• Internal Circulation
• Spatial Functionality Criteria related with size
• Proportion
• Users, Furniture, Fixture and Equipment Accommodation
• Circulation Provision

Size (cont…)
• Eg. Bath Room Size Determination & Design
• Space for Fixtures

Size (cont…)
• Bath Room (cont…)
• Space for Activities

Size (cont…)
• Area Determination

Size (cont…)
• Final Design

6. Shape
• A room or space needs to have the appropriate shape to
• provide the required function
• accommodate the necessary furniture
• avoid wastage of space
• house enough and clear circulation

Shape ( cont…)
A. Rectangular Spaces
• Easy to accommodate furniture
• Less wastage of space
• Flexible

Shape ( cont…)
• Rectangular Spaces (cont…)

Shape ( cont…)
B. Triangular & Angular Spaces
• Difficult to accommodate furniture
• High wastage of space
• Less Flexible
• Difficult to circulate

Shape ( cont…)
Triangular & Angular Spaces (cont…)

Shape ( cont…)
C. Curved Spaces
• Difficult to accommodate furniture
• Need Special Furniture
• Less Flexible

Shape (cont…)
• St

7. Adjacency and Sequence (cont…)
• Spaces which have related functions should be side by side
• Spaces which have incompatible functions should be far to each others
• Public spaces should be at front
• Private spaces should be at back
• Spaces, that need view, should be oriented to view
• Spaces, that don’t need noise, should be far from noises
• Spaces should be also orient based on solar orientation
• Entrances should be clear and visible (emphasis)

Adjacency and
Sequence(cont…)
Entrance should be at front
Public Spaces should
be near entrance
Stair case should be
visible from lobby
Service Spaces
should be at back
Private Spaces
should be away from
Frontage & Noise
Every room should be
Accessible from
corridor

Adjacency and
Sequence(cont…)
Entrance, Living Rm
& Stair are Related
Entranced &
Garage are Related
Kitchens &
Dining Room
are Related
Maid Room
& Kitchen are
Related

Adjacency and
Sequence(cont…)
Bed Rm &
Dressing Rm are
related
Bath Rm &
Bed Rm are
Related

Adjacency and
Sequence(cont…)

Function Ends
Space Follows
• Next Classes
• Bubble & Zone Diagram Consultation

Space in Architecture
Content
• Space Defining Elements
• How we create space
• Spatial ( Space ) Relationship
• How we create relationship b/n created spaces
• Spatial (Space) Organization
• How we compose and arrange spaces
• Quality of Space
• How we enhance the aesthetics of a created space

Space in Architecture (cont…)
Concepts
• Function
• the serviceability of a room (space/building)
• Space
• voidness ( interior / hollowness) of a building (room)
• Form
• the exterior three dimensional appearance ( envelop) of a building
• Building Service
• circulation, lighting, ventilation, heating, sanitation, acoustics,
fire escape systems in building
• Architectural Elements of a building
• components of a building for a purpose of function, space and form
• Structural Elements of a building
• components of a building for support purpose

1. Space Defining Elements
• Space is voidness
• Space is to be hollow
• We perceive (notice) space, when it is enclosed
• Architectural Elements that enclose spaces –
• Space Defining Elements
1.1 Form
1.2 Horizontal Plane
1.3 Vertical Linear Elements
1.4 Vertical Plane

1.1 Form Defining Exterior Space
• At Site planning level, a building defines exterior space
around or next to it in the following ways
a) Form an edge of its site defining a street pattern

Form Defining Exterior Space (cont...)
b) Enclose courtyard (atrium) space within it

c) Enclose a portion of its site as an outdoor space

d) Merge its interior space with the private out door space
with a defined entrance

e) Stand as a distinct form in space and dominate the site

f) Stretch out and define a space at the front

g) Stand free within its site but have private exterior space which
is an extension of its interior spaces

1.2 Horizontal Plane
A) Base Plane
• A horizontal plane laying on a floor
• It defines a simple field of space
• The definition isn’t strong and hence there is flow of space
• The stronger the edge definition of a horizontal plane, the more the
the definition will be.

Horizontal Plane(cont...)

Horizontal Plane (cont…)
B) Elevated Base Plane
• A horizontal plane elevated above ground floor
• The edges of the elevated plane
• Define the boundaries of a field of space
• Interrupts the flow of space
• If the characteristics of Elevated Plane is similar , the field of space
will be the continuation of the surrounding space.
• If the nature ( color, level) of Elevated Plane is different, the field of
space will de distinctive.

Elevated Base Plane (cont…)
• The spatial & visual flow of space depends on level of the plane

Horizontal Plane(cont...) (3)

Horizontal Plane(cont...) (1,2)

Horizontal Plane(cont...) (2,3)

C) Depressed Base Plane
• A horizontal plane depressed into ground floor
• The edges of the depressed plane
• Define a field of space
• If the characteristics of Depressed Plane is similar , the field of space
will be the continuation of the surrounding space.
• If the nature ( color, level) of Depressed Plane is different, the field of
space will de distinctive.

Depressed Base Plane (cont…)
• The spatial & visual flow of space depends on level of the plane

D) Overhead Plane
• A horizontal plane above human height
• It defines a field of space b/n itself and the ground below it

Overhead Plane (cont…)

1.3 Linear Vertical Elements

Linear Vertical Elements (cont…)

1.4 Vertical Plane
A) Single Vertical Plane

Vertical Plane (cont…)
Single Vertical Plane (cont…)

B) L- Shaped Plane

L- Shaped Plane (cont…)

C) Parallel Planes

Parallel Planes (cont…)

D) U-Shaped Planes

U-Shaped Planes (cont…)

E) Four Planes

Four Planes (cont…)

2. Spatial Relationship
2.1 Space within Space

Spatial Relationship (cont…)
Space within Space (cont…)

2.2 Adjacent Space

Adjacent Space (cont…)

2.2 Interlocking Space

Interlocking Space (cont…)

2.4 Spaces Linked by Common Space

Spaces Linked by Common Space (cont…)

3. Spatial Organization
3.1 Central(cont…)

3. Spatial Organization (cont…)
3.2 Linear (cont…)

3.3 Radial (cont…)

3.4 Cluster (cont…)

3.5 Grid (cont…)

4. Spatial Quality (cont…)
4.1 Proportion (cont…)
• Size of space related to human scale

Spatial Quality (cont…)
4.2 Enclosure (cont…)
• Degree of definition of space
Implicit Confined
Explicit Flowing

4.3 Shape (cont…)
• The form of the space

4.4 Density (cont…)
• The compactness nature of space with elements

4.5 Depth (cont…)
• The width of the created space in relation to its lenght

4.6 Space Configuration (cont…)
• Spaces arrangement in the whole set up
Close Confined
Open Flowing

Form in Architecture
Content
1. Form and Its properties
• What is form and are its characters
2. Types of Form
• Primary and irregular forms
3. Transformation of Form
• How a complicated form is produced from primary forms
4. Organization of Form
• How we group and arrange forms
5. Articulation of Form
• How we enhance the aesthetics quality of a form

1. Form and Its Properties
1.1 Form
• a sense of three dimensional mass or volume
• the total visual appearance of a design.
• the point of contact between mass and space
• an external appearance that can be recognized
• the manner of arranging and coordinating the elements and parts
of a composition so as to produce a coherent image

Form and Its Properties (cont…)
1.2 Visual Property of Form
• we identify form by its Visual Property
• Shape
• Size
• Color and
• Texture

Visual Property of Form (cont…)
1.2.1 Shape
• The outline of the configuration of a particular form
• Shape is the principal aspect by which we identify
and categorize forms.

1.2.2 Size
• The physical dimensions of a form: length, width & height
• Proportion: relationship among a particular form length,
width and height

1.2.3 Color
• The visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum light
that is reflected by the form.
• Affects the visual weight of a form
• Distinguishes a form from its environment

1.2.4 Texture
• The visual quality given to a surface by the arrangement of its
parts
• Affects the visual weight of a form

1.3 Relational Properties of Form
• properties inherited because of its relationship with its
surrounding
• Position
• Orientation
• Visual Inertia

Relational Properties of Form(cont…)
1.3.1 Position
• The location of a form relative to its environment or the visual
field within which it is seen. ( at middle, back, front…)

1.3.2 Orientation
• The direction of a form relative to the ground plane, compass,
person viewing the form ….

1.3.3 Visual Inertia
• The visual stability of a form that depends on its orientation
relative to the ground plane

2. Types of Form
2.1 Primary Forms
2.1.1 Sphere
• A solid formed by a rotation of a circle about its diameter
• Self centered and stable in normal position
• From any view, it retains its circular shape

Types of Form (cont…)
Primary Forms(cont…)
2.1.2 Cylinder
• A solid formed by a rotation of a rectangle about its one side
• It is a centered form but can be extended in one direction
• Stable on its base position, but unstable when inclined
• Its top view is circle and side view is rectangular

2.1.3 Cone
• A solid formed by a rotation of a right triangle about its axis
• It is a self centered form
• Stable on its base position, but unstable when inclined & overturned
• Its top view is circle and side view is right triangle

2.1.4 Pyramid
• A polyhedron having a polygon base and triangular faces
• It is a semi self centered form
• Stable in any position except overturned
• Its top view is polygon and side view is a triangle

2.1.5 Cube
• A prismatic solid bounded by six equal square sides
• It is easy to combine with other forms
• Stable in any position except at its vertex
• Its view is square from any direction

2.2 Regular Forms
• A form of which parts are related one another in consistent &
orderly manner
• Stable in nature and symmetrical about one or more axis
• Retain their regularity when transformed dimensionally and etc

2.3 Irregular Forms
• A form of which parts are dissimilar and related one another in
random manner
• Asymmetrical and more dynamic
• Can be regular forms from which irregular forms are subtracted
• Results from an irregular composition of regular forms

3. Transformation of Form
• All other forms can be understood to be transformation of
the primary solids
• Variation of forms can be achieved by
• Dimensional Change
• Addition of other Forms
• Subtraction of Parts

3. Transformation of Form (cont…)
3.1 Shape Transformation
• Once we have the initial form in the design process, we can perform operations
that change its form in some way
• The most common shape transformations are:
• Rotation
• Reflection
• Scaling
• Translation
• Stretching
• Shearing

3.1 Shape Transformation (cont…)
3.1.1 Rotation
• A Form transformation by rotating the basic form

3.1.2 Reflection
• A Form transformation by mirror reflection of the basic form

3.1.3 Scaling
• A Form transformation by increasing the size of the basic form

3.1.4 Translation
• A Form transformation by repetition of the basic forms

3.1.5 Stretching
• A Form transformation by increasing on dimension of the basic
form

3.1.6 Shearing
• A Form transformation by changing the angle of the basic form

3.2 Combination Transformation (cont…)
3.2.1 Addition Transformation
• Such transformation is happened by relating or physically attaching
one or more subordinate forms to its volume

3.2.1 Addition Transformation (cont…)

3.2.2 Subtraction Transformation
• when parts of a primary solid are missed, a new form will be
formed
• depend on the subtraction process, the primary form may retain
or loose its identity

3.2.3 Formal Collisions Transformation
• w
• d

4. Form Organization
4.1 Centralized Form

4. Form Organization (cont…)
4.2 Linear Form

4.3 Radial Form

4.4 Clustered Form

4.5 Grid Form

5. Form Articulation (cont…)
5.1 Concept of Form Articulation
• The manner in which the surfaces of a form come together to define
its shape and volume
• Revealing the precise nature of its parts and their relationship
• Surfaces appear as discrete planes with distinct shapes
• The overall configuration is legible and easily percieved

5.2 Methods of Form Articulation
1. Differentiating adjoining plans by
• Change in color, texture, material or pattern
2. Developing corners as distinct linear elements from surfaces
3. Removing corners to physically separate neighboring plans
4. Lighting the form to create sharp contrasts in tonal value along
Edge and corner
5. Lighting the form to create sharp contrasts in tonal value along
edges and corners
6. The corner of the form can be rounded or colored

5.3 Types of Form Articulation (cont…)
5.3.1 Corner Articulation (cont…)
A. Untreated Corner
• If the surfaces of a form simply touch, then the corner remain
• Articulation of the form depends on the visual treatment of the
surfaces
• Such corner rather emphasizes the volume of a form

B. Distinct Corner
• A separate and distinct corner element independent of surfaces
• This element articulates the corner as a linear condition
• It defines the edges of the adjoining planes
• The corner becomes a positive feature of the form

C. One Side Open Corner
• One of the planes will appear to by pass the other
• The opening diminishes the corner condition
• It weakens the definition of the volume of the form
• It emphasizes the planar qualities of the adjoining surfaces

D. Two Sides Open Corner
• A volume of space will be created to replace the corners
• It deteriorates the definition of the volume of the form
• It allows the interior space to leak outward
• It reveals the adjoining surfaces as planes in space

E. Rounded Corner
• It emphasizes the continuity of the adjoining surfaces
• It also features the compactness of its volume and the softness
of its corner
• If the radius is small , it becomes visually insignificant
• It the radius is large,
• It affects the interior space it encloses and the exterior
form it describes

5.3.2 Surface Articulation
A. Color
• Color contrast n/n a surface and its surrounding clarify its shape
• Modifying its tonal value can affect its visual wieght

5.3.2 Surface Articulation (con…)
B. Texture
• Texture of a form affects
• Visual weight
• Scale of a plane
• Light and sound reflection quality of the plane

C. Pattern
• Directional or oversized optical patterns can
• Exaggerate the proportion of a plane
• Distort

D. Elements of Known Size
• Aid our perception the form’s
• Size
• Proportion
• Scale

Fundamental of architecture and space function and form

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