Fundamentals of Computing Chapter 1
- 1. 1 CSCA0201 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING Chapter 1 History of Computers
- 2. 2 Chapter 1 History of Computers Definition of Computer • Computer is a programmable machine. • Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data according to a list of instructions (program). • Computer has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. • Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.
- 3. 3 Chapter 1 History of Computers Principles Characteristic of Computer • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well- defined manner. • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. • It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
- 4. 4 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Importance of Computer Literacy • Computers have touched every part of our lives: the way we work, the way we learn, the way we live, even the way we play. • It almost is impossible to go through a single day without encountering a computer, a device dependent on a computer, information produced by a computer, or a word that was introduced or whose meaning has changed with the advent of computers.
- 5. 5 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Importance of Computer Literacy • Because of the significance of computers in today’s world, it is important to be computer literate. • Being computer literate means you have knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses.
- 6. 6 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Use of Computer Computer Education Government Science Entertainment Banking Business Travel
- 7. 7 Chapter 1 History of Computers Advantages of Using Computer • Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy. • Computers do not get tired or bored. • Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more intelligent functions.
- 8. 8 Chapter 1 History of Computers Disadvantages of Using Computer • Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without considering the outcome. • Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which could prove difficult everywhere especially in developing nations.
- 9. 9 Chapter 1 History of Computers Earliest Computer • Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. • These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. • The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. • The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.
- 10. 10 Chapter 1 History of Computers Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Tally sticks
- 11. 11 Chapter 1 History of Computers Abacus • An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. • The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. • The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. • It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Earlier Abacus Modern Abacus
- 12. 12 Chapter 1 History of Computers Napier’s Bones • Invented by John Napier in 1614. • Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. John Napier Napier’s Bones
- 13. 13 Chapter 1 History of Computers Slide Rule • Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. • Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. • Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry • Not normally used for addition or subtraction. William Oughtred Slide Rule
- 14. 14 Chapter 1 History of Computers Pascaline • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. • It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. • It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal Pascaline
- 15. 15 Chapter 1 History of Computers Stepped Reckoner • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. • The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Stepped Reckoner
- 16. 16 Chapter 1 History of Computers Jacquard Loom • The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. • It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Joseph-Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom
- 17. 17 Chapter 1 History of Computers Arithmometer • A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820 • The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine • The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions • The first mass-produced calculating machine Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer
- 18. 18 Chapter 1 History of Computers Difference Engine • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 • It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions • It is the first mechanical computer Charles Babbage Difference Engine
- 19. 19 Chapter 1 History of Computers First Computer Programmer • In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. • She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. Augusta Ada Byron
- 20. 20 Chapter 1 History of Computers Scheutzian Calculation Engine • Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. • Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. • The first printing calculator. Per Georg Scheutz Scheutzian Calculation Engine
- 21. 21 Chapter 1 History of Computers Tabulating Machine • Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. • To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine
- 22. 22 Chapter 1 History of Computers Havard Mark 1 • Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). • Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 • The first electro-mechanical computer. Howard H. Aiken Mark 1
- 23. 23 Chapter 1 History of Computers Z1 • The first programmable computer. • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. • To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. Konrad Zuse Z1
- 24. 24 Chapter 1 History of Computers Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) • It was the first electronic digital computing device. • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Professor John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer
- 25. 25 Chapter 1 History of Computers ENIAC • ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. • It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. • Completed in 1946. • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. ENIAC
- 26. 26 Chapter 1 History of Computers UNIVAC 1 • The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. • Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. UNIVAC 1
- 27. 27 Chapter 1 History of Computers EDVAC • EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer • The First Stored Program Computer • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. • It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. EDVAC
- 28. 28 Chapter 1 History of Computers The First Portable Computer • Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. • Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. Osborne 1
- 29. 29 Chapter 1 History of Computers The First Computer Company • The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. • Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
- 30. 30 Chapter 1 History of Computers Computer Generations There are five generations of computer: • First generation – 1946 - 1958 • Second generation – 1959 - 1964 • Third generation – 1965 - 1970 • Fourth generation – 1971 - today • Fifth generation – Today to future
- 31. 31 Chapter 1 History of Computers The First Generation • Computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for Central Processing Unit • They were very large in size, consumed lot of power and emitted too much of heat. • They required to be housed in large air- conditioned rooms During this period, computer programming was mainly done in machine language • Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts Vacuum tube
- 32. 32 Chapter 1 History of Computers The First Generation
- 33. 33 Chapter 1 History of Computers The First Generation - Characteristics • Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days. • The computers were very large in size. • They consumed a large amount of energy. • They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes. • They were not very reliable. • Air conditioning was required. • Constant maintenance was required. • Non-portable. • Costly commercial production. • Limited commercial use. • Very slow speed. • Limited programming capabilities. Used machine language only. • Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage. • Punch cards were used for input.
- 34. 34 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Second Generation • In second generation of computer transistors were used. • The transistors were highly reliable and easier to handle and maintain than the vacuum tubes. • They required much less power. These transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computers during this period. • The magnetic cores were used to construct large random access memories. • Magnetic disk storage was also developed during this period. Transistor
- 35. 35 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Second Generation • Commercial applications rapidly developed during this period and dominated computer use by mid 1960s. • This period also witnessed development of high level languages (like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, and SNOWBOL) and operating systems. • The computers used multiprogramming and batch processing operating system..
- 36. 36 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Second Generation
- 37. 37 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Second Generation - Characteristics • Smaller in size compared to the first generation of computer. • The second generations computers were more reliable. • Used less energy and were not heated as much as the first one. • Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds. • Used faster peripherals. • Better portability as compared to the first generation. • Accuracy improved. • Used assembly language as well. • Cooling system was required. • Only used for specific purposes • Constant maintenance was required • Commercial production was difficult • Costly and not versatile • Punch cards were used for input.
- 38. 38 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Third Generation • In this generation silicon transistors replaced germanium transistors. • ICs were small in size, less power consuming and less expensive than the previous switching technology. • Advances in storage technologies resulted in creating large capacity magnetic ,disks and tapes and large magnetic core based random access memory. • On software front, high level languages were improved. • Fortran IV and optimising Fortran compilers were developed. Integrated Circuit
- 39. 39 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Third Generation
- 40. 40 History of Computers The Third Generation - Characteristics • Smaller in size as compared to previous generations. • More reliable as compared to previous generations. • Used less energy as compared to previous generations. • Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers. • Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare. • Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds. • Totally general purpose • Good storage • Could be used for high-level languages. • Less expensive and better accuracy • Commercial production increased. • Used mouse and keyboard for input. Chapter 1 History of Computers
- 41. 41 History of Computers The Third Generation - Characteristics • Air conditioning was required. • Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips. • Tactile sensitivity is decreased Chapter 1 History of Computers
- 42. 42 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Fourth Generation • The fourth generation computers were made using very large scale integration technology. It led to the development of microprocessor. • Magnetic core memories were replaced by semiconductor memories. • Personal computer operating systems were developed during this period. Graphic User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users. • PCs became more affordable and widespread during this period. Microprocessor
- 43. 43 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Fourth Generation
- 44. 44 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Fourth Generation - Characteristics • More powerful and reliable than previous generations. • Small in size • Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold. No air conditioning required. • Fast processing power with less power consumption • Totally general purpose • Less need of repair. • Commercial production • All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers • Cheapest among all generations • The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessors.
- 45. 45 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Fifth Generation • Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology gave way to Ultra Large Scale Integration that led to the development of microprocessor chip with several million electronic components on each. • These computers will be able to think and take decisions. • Artificial Intelligence is being built into the computer. • The revolutionary parallel processing is being used in the new breed of computers. • The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organization.
- 46. 46 Chapter 1 History of Computers The Fifth Generation - Characteristics • These computers are much faster than other generation computers. • It is easier to repair these computers. • These computers are much smaller in size than other generation computers • They are portable and easy to handle. • Development of true artificial intelligence. • Advancement in Parallel Processing. • Advancement in Superconductor technology.