Gender and development.-ppt
- 2. Gender Disparity in Third World Technological, Social, and Economic Development
- 3. • ThirdWorld countries have made remarkable progress in improving the well- being of their people in recent decades. People are living longer, infant mortality rates and illiteracy rates have declined significantly, and appreciable improvements in basic-needs fulfillment of citizens have been realized. A troubling concern, however, is the notion that gains from progress have not been equally beneficial to the genders. • Males tend to be better off in most cases, often capturing a disproportionate share of the proceeds than females.There is much evidence in support of the claim that women are in the majority of the poor in theThirdWorld today.
- 4. • According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1995), 70% of an estimated 1.3 billion people living in poverty worldwide are women, most of them living in developing countries. Background • Women and girls in Third World societies are more likely than men and boys to have less access to technology, education, technical training, land, credit, and basic needs.
- 5. The duties of ThirdWorld women can be placed into three categories: •reproductive and nurturing, •family and household management, • and productive and/ or income-generating roles.
- 6. Access to productive resources • The gap between male and female literacy rates in the Third World has been narrowing, although female illiteracy continues to be higher than male illiteracy.
- 7. • As much as women would like to participate in adult literacy programs, their incredible responsibilities and workloads keep them from taking advantage of opportunities.The concern for the safety of daughters is another critical factor in the decision whether to send girls to school. • Their vulnerability, the fear of becoming victims of rape, and a strong taboo on pregnancy out of wedlock are reasons to shield girls from the vagaries of life outside the home.
- 8. • In some societies, parents see educating girls as an exercise in futility since they are given away in marriage and the reward of years of education may elude the natal family. • Lastly, the impact of colonial perspectives on gender roles continues to influence gender educational opportunities. • The agricultural extension service is overwhelmingly a male- dominated profession in theThirdWorld.The gender bias against women is further compounded by cultural and religious practices.
- 9. The impact of technological, social, and economic development • Consequently, some researchers have contended that the "most common result of `development' is to relegate women to the subsistence sector in agriculture and low- paying jobs in manufacturing and industry" . • Manufacturing and IndustryTechnological development in the modern industrial sector unmistakably has opened up diverse job opportunities forThirdWorld women. However, questions have been raised about the quality of the jobs thus created.
- 10. The Agricultural sector • Since men are more likely than women to have access to technology and associated technical training, any shifts in sex roles due to new agricultural technologies would tend to favor mostly men. • Momsen (1991) argued similarly that the "introduction of a new tool may cause a particular job to be reassigned to the opposite sex and men tend to assume tasks that become mechanized”.
- 11. • For example, women who depend on the traditional hand pounding with mortar and pestle to de-husk rice or grain as hired labor may lose their job as a result to rice, corn, or oil mills operated by men.This is especially the case in Africa and Asia, where many women fit into this category of hired rural labor.
- 12. Decision Making • The literature is replete with evidence that women are often not involved or consulted in the planning and designing of technology-based development projects and programs with direct impact on them. • Women are conspicuously under- represented in decision and policy making concerning technological and socioeconomic development. Explaining the reason for this condition,Young (1993) suggested plausibly that development practitioners are cautious not to violate what may be strongly regarded cultural practices and values.
- 13. Confronting Gender Bias • As a result of concerted efforts in recent decades, the plight of women in general is a topic of serious research, discourse, and action worldwide. • Various governments are cooperating with international agencies to initiate gender sensitive policies and programs. For instance, in 1973, the U.S. Congress adopted the Percy Amendment (Section 113 of the 1973 Foreign Assistance Act) sponsored by Republican SenatorWilliam Percy of Illinois.
- 14. • As the amendment requires, U.S. bilateral development assistance "shall be administered so as to give particular attention to those programs, projects and activities which tend to integrate women into the national economies of foreign countries, thus improving their status and assisting the total development effort“. • The Women in Development (WID) Office of the AID was established in direct response to this amendment.
- 15. • Similar efforts followed the U.S. example. The British Commonwealth, for example, in 1980 established a Women and Development (WAD) program that received the endorsement of all of its member nations (Momsen, 1991). • Third World governments have also initiated pragmatic educational reforms that are having positive impact on their literacy rates. More girls and young women are enrolling in schools today than ever before.
- 16. WORK TO BE DONE
- 17. Work to be done • Any attempt to improve the enrollment of women in fields such as technology education, engineering, and science where they are poorly represented must start with attempts to identify and remove impediments keeping them out of these disciplines. • Changes in institutional cultures, societal power relations, social values, and stereotypes are inevitable in this effort. Due primarily to extensive publicity, highly successful, more extensive improvements in gender equality are possible if the replication of successful projects is executed in tandem with other strategies.
- 18. • Famous professional women can be enlisted as role models in a multifaceted strategy especially to inspire young women to pursue academic education and careers in traditionally male- dominated fields such as technology education, engineering, and computer science. • Using famous women engineers, technologists, and scientists as role models, young women can be encouraged to enroll in related majors. • For instance, Sarah Akbar of Kuwait Oil Company was a petroleum engineer and a member of the Kuwaiti team of firefighters who fought the inferno at Kuwait oil wells when operation Desert Storm ended in 1991.
- 20. • Sarah was the first woman ever in Kuwait and in the Middle East to participate in a potentially hazardous task of that kind. The publicity that followed Sarah's bravura turned her into a role model, symbol of equality, and mentor for young Kuwaiti women. • A study at Kuwait University later showed that the number of women enrolled in petroleum engineering increased substantially since Sarah's unprecedented feat (Soliman, 1993). Sarah's efforts were a lesson in self-confidence, courage, and risk-taking for women, and another refutation of the theory that we are born with naturally assigned, not to speak of unchangeable, gender roles.
- 21. • The march toward gender equality will be better served with strategies that assist women to unlearn years of belief that risk- taking is improper for the female gender. Being able to give up what one "is" for what one "could become" is the essence of risk- taking.Women are by tradition and mores more likely than men to avoid taking risks for fear of failing. • As Jacobson (1993) aptly remarked, "development strategies that limit the ability of women to achieve their real human potential are also strategies that limit the potential of communities and nations" .Those of us in science and technology need to become involved through scholarly papers and presentations to lend credibility and a sense of urgency to the plight ofThirdWorld women and girls.