Gender movements

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
1869:- Women suffrage movement in US
1870:- Reproductive rights movement
1908:- Women’s movement in Turkey
1917:- Women’s movement In India

1943:- Women’ Liberation in Italy

1945:- Women suffrage movement in Japan
1946:-UNICEF foundation

1950:- Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender rights movement
1960:- Women’s Liberation in Canada

1964:- Feminist movement in US

1979:- Women’s rights movement in Japan
References

GENDER

Gender is a word that commonly used to pronouns the sex
characteristics of an individual. The perception about gender
affects the life of an individual . There are two main genders in
the world such as male and female. Both genders show different
sets of characteristics’ by their culture, behavior and attitude.
The sexuality concerns the ideology of sexual and biological
difference and culture plays a key role to build the difference in
gender (Oxford Companion of African American Literature
2012). The primary guide lines to shape the attitudes and
behavior of an individual can be obtained from the family like
parents, grand parents and siblings. Gender inequality is very
common in the world. So certain movements and organizations
are developed around the world to fight for the rights to stop
discriminations in gender. Gendered movement helped the
people to realize the value of gender in the society.
Gender Identity is a key to identify gender difference in the society

1870
Reproductive rights movement .
Reproductive movement is also known as birth control movement.
The Modern Movement for Birth control was begun in Great Britain
in 1870. In 1878 the first birth control clinic was founded. Sweden
was one of the major countries which promote their support from the
government as early as 1930s (History of Birth control movement
2007). Christian organizations especially Roman Catholic groups
opposed birth control movement and started to educate the public
about the consequences of adolescent and pre marital sex, emotional
problems, complications of pregnancy and financial issues after an
abortion. Through these teachings Roman Catholics made their own
space in the society to influence the people. Even in this new century
Roman Catholics are still against to this Birth control movement.
This movement fits with all other movements in regarding their
teaching and guidance in their schools about this matter.

Reproductive rights movement gave some hope to women about forced and

Women Suffrage Movement in US .
• In 1869 two national organizations formed in U. S such as National women suffrage
association and American women suffrage association to gain the right to vote among
women. These organizations encouraged the women to vote and also educate them
about the importance of vote. Women suffrage movement was originated from the
changes occurred in social conditions. The main aim of NWSA was an amendment
regarding the right to vote (History of women suffrage, n.d). This movement was
important to ensure the right to vote and also it fits the overall movement to achieve
equality about the issues of discriminations in voting.
• In 1942 Labor board recommended to adjust the rates of pay ,then in June 10 1963
John of Kennedy signed Equal Pay Act to achieve parity in salaries. The restrictions of
women’s participation to achieve equal rights and share in work field caused gradual
rise in unemployment. President Obama signed Lilly led better fair pay restoration
Act in 2009 which allows the people to fight for pay discrimination by file a complaint
with the government against the employer within 180 days of their last paycheck
(Ann-Marie Imbornoni 2007). A cluster of explanation occurred about this change
which impressed the people to wok without specifying the quality or quantity of
work.

This suffrage movements opened a channel to form a league for voters in 1920, and the reform
of equal pay act helped the people to think about the realities of discrimination in pay.

1908
• Women’s Movement in
Turkey.
• The women’s movement in Turkey founded in 1908
but this movement being recognized by the nation in
1923 for the advancement and the welfare of the
women. In 1987 feminists organized the first public
protest against male violence and sexual harassments.
(Amargi Istanbul, n.d). It is important to reduce gender
based discrimination for the welfare of the country by
supporting these movements to remove female
illiteracy and unemployment. It fits the overall
movement because these movements help the women
in the society to raise their voice against
discrimination and achieved equality.

This movement gave power to fight against violence
and achieved freedom

1917 Women’s Movement in India

Women’s Movement in India was organized to achieve
gender equality and justice. The Women’s Indian
Association was founded by Annie Besant in 1917, and the
movement originated as Women’s Movement which was
one of the first movements in India to eradicate social evils
of Sati, and also to stop child marriage. Women’s
Movement is Important to achieve equality in rights and
gender, this movement influenced the country to stop
racism and caste discriminations. The various social
reforms and religious movements in India while British
rule which encouraged the people to spread the ideas of
social and political freedom among Indians (Socio
religious reform movements in India 2012). It fits the
overall movement to overcome inequality by achieving
proper goal about the issues of women in the country.

This movement was appropriate in India to remove social evils and beliefs
in the society.

Women’ Liberation in Italy
The government of Spain approved for the invasion of
different thoughts and beliefs after Italy became a vital
part of Spain. Basic support of economy was from
Lombardy a major industrial area of the country. World
War 2 gave some hope to women and encouraged them
to participate in politics. Through the establishment of
women liberation movement in Italy women achieved
same right as men. The Italian resistance movement
1943 started to oppose Mussolini government in 1943 and
women played an important role to defeat him for the
freedom of the nation. Because of the support from
women to this movement the people arranged so many
concerts in each part of the country to celebrate the
liberation of Italy (Italy liberation day 2012). The women
joined together to change the movement as liberation
movement to end fascism and fight for their rights and
safety. So this was a major reform in Italy which
celebrates till today. This movement fits with other
movement in the history of Italy.

Italy celebrates this day as their public holiday and remembers whoever lost their life
during this movement. Italy still recognizes the efforts of women as an achievement

1945 WOMEN SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
IN JAPAN
Women suffrage movement in Japan established in 1945 to support new
roles for women in the nation passed the right to vote. The women
suffrage movement was not only a political movement in Japan but also
this movement created and developed a theory of feminism in the nation
(Kurihara.R 2007). This movement was emphasized the privilege to vote
as a citizen of the nation without discrimination . It fits with all other
movements to express basic right of a citizen to vote. This movement
encouraged them to address the issues of women like insecurity, lack of
education and un employment that affected their family and society. So
they searched for new steps to open certain doors for their advancement.
Women in Japan were prohibited, by law, from joining political parties,
expressing political views and attending political meetings (Women
Suffrage in Japan 2011). Women in Japan acquired a strong belief about
their responsibilities and they used education and knowledge in politics as
their weapon.

A movement to won the right to vote in Japan

UNICEF is founded in 1946 for the welfare of the children
in both sexes by UN to provide living and education. This
organization expands their thoughts about the importance of
the education and started to train teachers to provide better
education to the children in the nation. In1965 UNICEF is
awarded Nobel peace prize for the promotion of 1946 .UNICEF
brotherhood among nations (UNICEF n.d). In this century
UNICEF is working promptly as a responsible organization
to provide the security to the rights of the child and also this
organization cope with other nations to fight against
violence, discrimination and abuse of children.

UNICEF formed as an organization to promote and support the basic needs of
children in the society without the barrier of gender

1950

• Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender rights movement
• Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender rights movement is originated from Sweden and
became first country in universe that removed homosexuality from the list of illness
in 1950. The Swedish federation for gay and lesbian consider social invasion to
spread their thoughts about gender change and same sex marriage. The gay rights
movement is also called homosexual rights movement that recommends equal rights
for homosexuals to eliminate sodomy laws and also predicted that something will
happen to remove discriminations (Gay Rights Movement 2012).The federation
provide support and started counseling and also educate men and women about the
transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and other health problems which
would be considered for their personal safety and wellbeing.

Government approved same sex
marriage through Lesbian Gay
Bisexual transgender movement.

1960

Women’s Liberation in Canada

• The women liberation movement occurred in Canada in 1960s for the
peace and safety of women. The 19th century was focused on pregnancy
rights, education and economic independence (international
Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family 2003). This movement was
important to promote women’s equality with men and this movement fits
with all other movements to ensure privacy and safety of women.

This movement influenced the
people in the society regarding the
safety issues of the country

1
9 Feminist Movement in US
6 The feminist movement is also known as the Women's Movement or Women's
Liberation. This movement began in western countries around late 18th century and
4 maintained three different phases to fight against political inequalities, gender
inequalities in laws and culture and focus on developing different achievements of
women. The phrase Women's Liberation was first used in the United States in 1964,
and first appeared in print in 1966. The division between women in America has been
the result of differences of race, class, and sexual orientation. (Feminist movement
2012). Lack of participation occurred in respect due to the difference in colors of
women in America and also due to the difference in the classes of the family.

This feminist movement changed the nation; they won protection from employment discrimination. All
women from different cultures races and groups provide good effort to make feminism meaningful and
success full based on their situation to achieve the goal of unity.

1979
Women’s rights movement in Japan

The women’s rights movement launched in Japan and
constitution permitted the women rights to enter in politics; they
opened new doors to improve their education with their
beneficial effects of equal rights. Equal employment opportunity
law passed in 1986 to ensure that men and women have equal
opportunities. (Century of Japanese women 2006). The
foundations about the concepts to introduce women rights
movement are occurred due to cultural, social and economic
realities that the women facing around the world.

The women's right movement was the first step by the women
in Politics of Japan

References
http://www.answers.com/topic/gender#Gender_and_development
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 6th Edition
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0856928.html
http://www.indianetzone.com/22/indian_socioreligious_reform_movements
_19th_century.htm
http://lwvnet.org/tn/nashville/files/the_history_of_womens_suffrage.pdf
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womenstimeline3.html#ixzz1rTrDtSIu
http://amargigroupistanbul.wordpress.com/feminism-in-turkey/feminist-
movements-in-turkey/
Gay rights movement. (2012). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/766382/gay-rights-movement
Feminism in US: (Feminist Movement 2012) Feminist movement-Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_movement
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/womens_movement.aspx
http://www.hanamiweb.com/century_of_women.html

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