Geographic Information Systems

Geographic Information Systems
A Geographic Information System (GIS) stores and links non–graphic attributes of geographically
referenced data with graphic map features allowing for a wide range of information processing and
display operations, as well as map production, analysis, and modeling. A working GIS is composed
of hardware, software, data, people, and a set of methods. Using these components a GIS is capable
of storing, manipulating, and managing data, then subsequently analyzing, visualizing, and
modeling the data. GIS origins lie in thematic cartography which was used 100 years earlier than the
earliest computer based GIS systems. GIS store and link non–spatial information with the data's
geographic location. Currently estimated as a $2 billion per year industry, GIS serves as an
invaluable tool in the natural, social, medical, and engineering sciences, as well as in business and
planning. Despite its prolific use among an extremely wide range of different sectors, GIS is a
relatively new science having only developed into a multibillion dollar industry within the last 60
years. Several stages of development compose the history of GIS including the first "pioneering"
phase, followed by the second, third, and fourth phases. The first phase extended from the early
1960s to about 1975 (Coppock and Rhind 1991). This phase of GIS development is called the
"research frontier" period due to several individuals making great advances simultaneously yet
separately (Coppock and Rhind 1991). Large
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

DHS Strategic Plan
Q: Identify the three major factors that will arise as the DHS progresses in asserting itself as an
effective federal department focused on protecting the United States from all hazards. What other
issues may the DHS need to address in the future? A: The Department of Homeland Security
National Strategic Plan was created to outline the department's missions, goals, and visions from the
years of 2012–2016. There are five missions that DHS (Department of Homeland Security) is
prioritizing in the national strategic plan. These missions are: preventing terrorism, securing and
managing America's borders, enforcing immigration laws, guarding cyberspace, and being resilient
to natural disasters. The first mission that the national strategic plan ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Form and train an in–house disaster response team. Create and maintain current building floor plans,
with cutoff switches and valve locations. Keep a list of names, addresses, and home phone numbers
of personnel with emergency responsibilities and the in–house disaster response team. Ascertain
from local government emergency management officials how the public will be alerted about the
various types of disasters, both natural and man–made, at home, schools, workplaces, and other
locations. Identify the hazards that have occurred or may occur in your area and make specific plans
for each potential hazard. The NRF describes the roles and responsibilities not only of public–sector
agencies but also of the private sector, NGOs, and individuals and households. The extent to which a
community can endure and survive a major disaster or terrorist attack reflects how its emergency
plan was constructed; using the four classical phases as a guide. The National Response Framework
describes not only how the Federal government organizes itself to respond to natural disasters,
terrorist attacks, and other catastrophic events but also the importance of the whole community in
assisting with response efforts. The intended audience for this document is individuals, families,
communities, the private and nonprofit sectors,

Safe Drinking Water In Bangladesh Essay
Safe drinking–water is essential for healthy life, and United Nations (UN) General Assembly
declared safe and clean drinking–water as a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life [1].
Moreover, the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene for health and development has been
reflected in the outcomes of a series of international policy forums [1]. These have also included
health and water–oriented conferences, but most importantly in the Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) adopted by the General Assembly of the UN in 2000. The UN General Assembly declared
the period from 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, "Water for Life" [1]. Access to
safe drinking–water is important as a health and development issue at national, regional and local
levels. Bangladesh, a developing country from South Asian (SA) region also takes several steps for
ensuring sanitation and safe drinking water facilities among the people. As a result, Bangladesh has
made great progress in this sector. The government also claimed that it has achieved the MDG
indicator of ensuring safe drinking water for 85% people of the country. According to different
demographic and health surveys, the percentage of using improved sources of drinking water is
about 98% (reported in the latest two surveys Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 2012–13
and Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014) [2,3]. But, this achievement
statistics are overlooking the shortcomings. The MICS

Conceptual Framework And Literature Review
CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review
The aim of this literature review is to examine the complexities of the theoretical discussion on the
concepts and empirical research works on urban development, peripheral development and
metropolitan expansion in order to find a theoretical place within the broader concept of urban
growth effect on infrastructural development of peripheral settlements. In an attempt to strike a
balance between the growth of cities and the attendant effects on the infrastructural facilities of
peripheral settlements, a reconciliation of various growth concepts of urban development need to be
forged, the relationship of these concepts was brought to the fore with the literature review of the
studies of urban physical growth showing that urbanisation and city growth have received much
attention in the literature on urban studies (Ayogu 2003) but not many have had any of those study
showing the economic, social, and environmental effects of infrastructural facilities development on
the peripheral settlements. The literature review consists basically a thorough desk based research of
available materials linked to the subject in libraries and on the Internet. The more recent literature is
examined basically from the 1990s for the development of the theoretical and conceptual
discussions. Major scientific journals concerning urban expansion and growth, peripheral
development, metropolitan development and

The Signal Data Obtained Through The Measurement Phase
The signal data obtained in the measurement phase is then used to approximate the position of the
target node. Since, due to many factors range data often gets attenuated by noisy signal
measurements, optimization methods are to be employed to filter the noise and arrive at a more
definite position estimate. Lateration:When ranges between anchor nodes and the mobile node can
be determined, lateration is used to estimate position [35]. For two–dimensional localization, three
range measurements from known positions (anchor nodes) are required. Radius of a circle of each
category as anchor nodes as represented in is the ideal position. At one point the three circles
intersect, and that the intersection is the location of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most common outputs include: Absolute positions: Positions with coordinate's information which
could be directly mapped to physical space. The absolute location could either be represented in
discrete space as cells or grids or in continuous space with coordinates. Relative positions: The
geometrical relative location by angle or distance to certain reference point (RP), in other word, the
absolute position of the user could be obtained only if absolute positions of RP are known. Logical
positions: Identifying user's position without information directly corresponding to physical space
but associated with certain patterns including motions, activities and landmarks. Physical location
could then be given by retrieving associate spatial features of those patterns. The output of a
localization system is closely related to the methodology or algorithms the system uses to localize.
The calculation of positions is the core engine of localization. We examine various existing methods
and sort them into following categories: Geometric: System based on geometric calculation
including triangulation, trilateration and multilateration, to give user's relative position to certain RP.
When the absolute positions of RP are known, the absolute position of user could be given. Inertial
navigation system (INS): A common navigation method widely used on vehicles like

Social Urban Quality Of Life
Another proposal worth mentioning was proposed by (Serag El–Din, 2013) it introduce seven main
dimensions which contribute to realize the urban quality of life: environmental urban quality of life;
physical urban quality of life; mobility urban quality of life; social urban quality of life;
psychological urban quality of life; economical urban quality of life; political urban quality of life.
These dimensions are interrelated and dependent on each other as reflected in the ''Heptagon Shape''
Figure ‎
1 3.
The first dimension, generically titled Environmental Urban Quality of Life, refers to the natural
aspects of the neighborhood.
The second dimension, Physical Urban Quality of Life, refers to facilities, urban fabric, land use,
services and facilities and infrastructure.
The third dimension, Mobility Urban Quality of Life, discusses the accessibility, traffic and
transportation issues.
The fourth dimension, titled Social Urban Quality of Life, comprises the indicators that refer to the
social dimension of the neighborhood and to the people interaction, that is, questions regarding
individual choices and the participation of citizens.
The fifth dimension, Psychological Urban Quality of Life, it discusses the issues concerning the
feeling of citizens toward their neighborhood, such as the identity of the place.
The sixth dimension is Economical Urban Quality of Life which characterizes the neighborhood as a
place of economic activities.
The seventh

The Impact Of Disaster From Natural And Natural Disasters...
Background and Overview
Disaster from natural, conflict or technological sources threaten people's lives and health; limit and
increase uncertainty of people's livelihoods and other socio–economic activities. Hazards, as well,
severely undermine economic access and competitiveness and compromise governance system in
any urban setting. The world's big cities are rapidly becoming more exposed and more vulnerable to
natural and man–induced hazards and disasters. Hazards and disaster destroy both natural and built
environment, contributes to increase in the number of displaced persons; erodes development gains
and limit structural stability of the urban centres.
Nigeria, in general, has numerous hazards associated with the urbanised cities. Flooding along the
Niger River and its tributaries affects large parts of the population living along the river and is also
becoming frequent in major urban centres such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, Kano and Ibadan.
Landslides and extremely gully erosion impacts infrastructure and livelihoods of parts of South–
eastern Nigeria with Anambra State being the most affected. Other disasters imminent in the country
scape include disease outbreaks and epidemics, such as cholera, malaria, meningitis, measles, Lassa
fever, yellow fever and more recently the Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in 2005. According to the
Guidance on Emergency Recovery, Nigeria is assumed to be extremely vulnerable to some peculiar
and certain disasters which includes; droughts,

Aviation Centered Spatial Development And The Regional...
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature in this field centers on on the different land–use theories that would be applicable to
aviation – centered spatial development. The early theorictial concepts of airport development
focused on the regional development of the Central Business District (CBDs) where airports were
often located on the outlining areas of cities. Land–use around airports was not viewed as an integral
component in the economic vitality of urban planning. Early land – use theories included:
Concentric Zone Theory – Burgess (1925) which stated that cities grew outwards from the centre in
a series of rings; the Sector Model – Hoyt (1939) which detailed that city growth sectors radiated
out from the CBD along transport routes; and Multiple Nuclei Theory – Harris and Ullman (1945)
which expounded that as an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business
centres or nuclei. Each nucleus acts as a growth point to which growth occurs outwards from each
nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area.
The most influential land – use theory for airport–centered spatial development was that of the
Single Nulcei Theory. This theory, although similar to that of Multiple Nuclei Theory, instead of
sprouting from several economic catalysts, had one primary catalyst serve as the central source of
outward growth for the larger outlining or urban area. All these theories served as precursors for my
research, as the airport city and aerotropolis

Geostor Essay
1. Why is a data warehouse needed in the GeoStor system?
Answer: A data warehouse contain pool of data both current and of the past/historical which in turn
are used to support decision making by the managers., Without it, GeoStor would lack the variety of
data it needs to be able to perform different tasks for different functions. 2. List the major benefits of
GeoStor to Arkansas and to private–sector users.
Answer: GeoStore is used by Arkansas state agencies for different tasks such as reducing the time
needed to search for documents by a factor of 15 thereby reducing time from 23.5 hours per
document to 1.5 hours. This saved $2 million of tax payer's money in the first 18 months it was in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. The state of Arkansas was the first to have such a system, so it has a competitive edge in
attracting new business to the state. Explain why can this advantage be sustained when other states
will use a similar system in the future?
Answer: One big advantage for the state of Arkansas is that the product in offered is first of its kind
and as such has an edge over other states. As discussed in Answer 1, GeoStor which used by private
sector will offer incentives for these companies to relocate as opposed to states that do not offer such
services. As such competition will automatically be at a disadvantage. First time use4rs of this
system will have a competitive advantage as they become competitive necessities which are
required by every organization. Some of the examples are online package tracking, buying of
concert ticket and reserving seats for transport. 5. Can any GIS data be combined with GPS data?
For what uses?
Answer: Not all GIS data can be combined along with GPS data especially static GIS data.
It can be used by a company to portray GIS to about products, available at different locations,
discount on the product. This gives a static picture intended to get the customers coming in. For this
purpose GPS data is of little use. In majority of cases though, GIS is used along with GPS data in

Publishing Metadata Facilitates Data Sharing
2.7.4 Spatial Metadata Publication
Publishing metadata facilitates data sharing. Sharing data between organisations stimulates
cooperation and a coordinated, integrated approach to spatially related policy issues (Land
Information Council of Jamaica 2008).
Metadata records are usually published through catalogue systems, sometimes called directories or
registries (Nogueras–Iso et al. 2005). Also, Catalogue Services for the Web (CSW) open standard by
the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) supports the ability to publish and search collections of
metadata for data, services, and related information objects.
Spatial Metadata Discovery
Because of spatial metadata's small size compared to the data it describes, metadata is more easily
shareable (ESRI 2002b) and is considered as the surrogate of spatial datasets which is referenced to
its related spatial dataset. Hence, in a networked environment, such spatial surrogates are discovered
by the end users seeking required spatial datasets, through catalogue systems, Web services and user
interfaces. The user interface usually supports making a variety of queries (via basic and advanced
search) on spatial metadata records to retrieve the characteristics of the most appropriate datasets for
the end users..
Once the results of metadata discovery are presented to the end users, the metadata records need to
be retrieved and accessed by them. The next section gives a brief overview of the retrieval and
access step of the

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an information...
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an information infrastructure providing access and enabling
interoperability among spatial information based on standards, policies, regulations and coordination
mechanisms (Groot R, 1997). The methods for creating SDI undergone radical changes in the recent
years like the shift from the product–led model or data–producer–led model to process–led model or
data–user model, etc. However, there are some limitations challenging the SDI growth like the lack
of standards to handle linked geospatial data, etc. The goal of this essay is to detail the concepts for
the creation of an improved SDI in the year 2019. The intended SDI integrates the existing
developments in the field to the relevant emerging trends ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, services like WFS will now be Software as a Service (SaaS) as they offer functionality,
such as spatio–temporal query. Similarly, processing services like WPS (Web processing Services)
where the computation resources are provided via PaaS (Platform as a Service) and IaaS
(Infrastructure as a Service). The benefits of using a cloud computing infrastructure from a
networking perspective are standardized service interfaces between different clouds; the existing
publish–find–bind pattern for service interaction can be reused. The SDI can incorporate data
mining techniques that would help in creation of geospatial or aspatial relationships between data
based on the ontology or geographic information. This would help recognize patterns in data and
help us to find auxiliary information. People The future SDI would encourage the participation of
public sector like government agencies, private sector like companies and citizens (Internet users).
To increase the awareness of this SDI, there is some functionality in the SDI that benefits directly
the end user and increases the ease of participation, like providing a set of applications related to
day–to–day life. Willingness to share data should be cultivated with the help of public sector
agencies, by giving them the confidence and belief. Policies and Institutional Arrangements The
infrastructure supports a number of standards related to

A Brief Note On Transport And Industrial Productivity
Introduction Transportation is crucial to industry and the economy. Without it, goods and services
would not be able to get to market and labor would be unable to migrate. Based on these statements,
one could assume that more transport is always better. Or, one could assume there are diminishing
marginal gains to productivity in regards to transport. The sources of these productivity gains have
been theorized substantially and numerous methods of trying to determine the gains to productivity
have been developed. This is a brief review paper on the topic of transport and industrial
productivity. Generally speaking, industrial productivity will be defined here as the output of a
region. This is not the only measure of productivity used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The final section contains final remarks and a conclusion.
Theory and Methodologies As mentioned in the introduction, transport is theorized to raise
industrial productivity. Determining the causal mechanism for these productivity gains is difficult,
and measuring them accurately and efficiently is even more difficult due to statistical hurdles and
data availability. The three most common approaches to estimating industrial effects of
transportation are microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches and a historical or wider benefits
approach (Lakshmanan, 2011). The microeconomic approach to estimating the impacts of transport
infrastructure uses the basic concept of consumer surplus. Beginning with a downward sloping
demand curve and a flat transportation supply curve, the area below the demand and above the
supply curve is the consumer surplus. If the supply of transportation is raised, say by building a new
road, the supply curve shifts outwards (down in this particular case). This new higher level of supply
lowers the cost for users, and therefore increases the gap between the supply and demand curve,
resulting in increased consumer surplus (Lakshmanan, 2011). This can then be measured by
examining difference levels of road supplied before and after a project is undertaken, and changes to
industrial productivity that may have shifted as a

Analysis Of Lps Schemes Can Be Categorized From Different...
2.2 LPS Classification Due to their diversity, LPS schemes can be categorized from different
perspectives .The classification could be based on various criteria like methodology, dependency on
equipment's, operating scenarios, targeted users and outputs. Here we categorize indoor localization
systems along three dimensions. First, we consider the output of a localization system which is
usually generalized as locations or positions, but actually could be divided into different groups.
Most common outputs include: Absolute positions: Positions with coordinate's information which
could be directly mapped to physical space. The absolute location could either be represented in
discrete space as cells or grids or in continuous space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the absolute positions of RP are known, the absolute position of user could be given. Inertial
navigation system (INS): A common navigation method widely used on vehicles like ships and
aircrafts which continuously calculate the position and orientation of objects by dead reckoning
(DR) without the need of external RP. Signaturing: System utilizing user identifications or spatial
signatures corresponding to environmental characteristics or artificial landmarks to localize, which
could be based on various technologies including RFID, motion detections, optoacoustic and
humiture sensors. Fingerprinting: Constructing a fingerprint map which would be queried explicitly
for localization. Often referred as but different from signaturing, fingerprinting provides finer
grained mapping of fingerprints to absolute positions instead of logical positions. The vast
development of mobile computing, wireless and sensing technologies provides various platforms
and tools for localization systems for general or specific scenarios, and fertilize the diversity of LPS.
It is necessary to examine technologies and platforms that localization systems are based on. A
commonly used platform for LPS includes: Sensors: The most diverse and abundant group of
technologies found

Geographic Information Science And Systems
Joseph Crain
GPHY 384 Term Paper
04/19/2016
Geographic information science and systems can be an extremely powerful tool when properly
applied to real world situations. GIS is commonly thought of as map making because it deals with
spatial analysis, but data can be managed and manipulated to create a vast array of different outputs
including charts and graphs. There are several software programs capable of dealing with GIS
synthesis and analysis. The focus of this paper applies to use of ArcMap 10.1 GIS software for data
management and output creation. GIS can provide several key benefits: cost savings from better
efficiency, better decision making, improved communication, better record keeping, and
understanding changes in geographic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Providing updated geographic or spatial information is a primary responsibility of many government
organization. GIS provides the structure for maintaining, updating, and organizing all of these
records. ROI on Montana 's GIS–based statewide cadastral system is more than $9 million annually.
GIS is becoming essential to understanding what is happening and what will happen in geographic
space. Once we understand, we can prescribe action. http://www.esri.com/what–is–gis The general
area of focus for this assignment is in the field of geology. My specific interests in this field include
mineral exploration (locating) and exploitation (recovery). My career goal is to work for an
exploration company location potential resources. GIS is essential for success in both of these
processes. GIS programs are used to map geologic formations, provide topological information,
display watersheds, and show vital spatial relationships between outcrops in the field. Knowing the
location of specific formations will help in finding potential payload sources. Topographical
information can be used to provide planning information for roads and other forms of access to the
payload. Cost analysis can be modeled in a $ per distance format by knowing the type of terrain
being crossed. Cadastral data can be used to display parcel ownership information. This can be very
useful when beginning to negotiate for mineral rights. Water is the main method of

Constructing The Smart Cities
Title
Constructing the smart cities – The design perspective
Introduction
Humanity has officially become an urban species with more than half of the global population living
in urban areas, and this would increase to 70% by 2050 (Gruen, 2013). To response the living
condition, smart city has been touted as a vanguard of strategies for urban development and
regeneration. There exists some cities are over age world, while some of them seem immoderately
technocratic and instrumental, as they have been envisaged only from a technological standpoint in
recent years.
Indeed a smart city is an open city and based on data, so that public bodies need to discover a
speculation of openness, making data freely accessible online. Campbell (2011) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Designers should consider how might people find it easier to get to their destinations and how might
people find new ways to save energy.
It is obvious that the smart city is not only about technology – it is also based on human and social
capitals, wise management of natural resources, participatory governance.
Designing a smart city requires visionary leaderships to guide the build out of the smart city
platform architecture.
Those aspects of transformation are out of scope for this article but it is very important to be mindful
of them. But we can envision the components of the smart city architecture. The following smart
city architecture representation can serve as a starting point for defining the platform services and
components needed to deliver the digital transformation for citizens. This reference can inform the
human collaboration toward the smart city vision.
This needs people from different fields to complete the smart city design.
A city can be defined as 'smart' when investments in human and social capital and traditional and
modern communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high quality of
life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.

Smart Cities are employing information and communication technologies in the quest for
sustainable economic development and the fostering of new forms of collective life.
Smart cities raise

A Description Of Geographically Weighted Regression
Dr. Rogerson
1. Give a brief description of geographically weighted regression (as if you were preparing a 20–
minute introduction to the method for a class). In your description, be sure to describe the method
itself, parameter estimation, and an explanation on how it is different from ordinary least squares.
Provide a list of papers that have used the method (perhaps 10 or so papers, but it could be longer, or
(slightly) shorter. Finally, describe possible disadvantages or drawbacks of the method, citing
literature where possible.
Introduction
In spatial analysis, the aim is often to identify the natural relationship between pairs of variables.
And the most common type of analysis used to achieve this aim is regression (Fotheringham &
Rogerson, 2009, p. 243). In a conventional linear regression model, we use a single equation to
assess the overall relationships between a single dependent and more independent variables across
space. An important assumption underlying this approach is that the relationships of interest are
stationary or homogeneous over space (Fotheringham & Charlton, 1998). So, the parameter
estimates from the regression model are constant over space (Fotheringham & Rogerson, 2009, p.
244). Relationships which exhibit spatial nonstationarity (or heterogeneity) will create the problem
for the interpretation of parameter estimates from a linear regression model (Fotheringham &
Charlton, 1998). To address this issue, Dr. Brunsdaon et al., (1996) developed a

Methodology Approach ( Combination ) Essay
Methodology Approach (combination):
1. Case Study: This study will utilize a methodology more commonly called the mixed–method
approach and will include the application of the "Case Study" technique. Planning and design fields
heavily rely on the knowledge developed through individual case studies being cumulatively
converted into prescriptive theories and paradigms. This technique is appropriate in that the process
provides the means for quantitative comparative analysis with other airport sites, while also
employing the qualitative collection from data instruments, which will gather firsthand knowledge
of airport development, socio–demographic data, and land–use / spatial distribution growth. The
focus on case studies or "best practices" is to understand the development process, including various
planning, design and implementation stages involved in creating airport aerotropolis development.
With that, some case study literature comes from sources other than peer–reviewed literature such as
from projects, developers, city, or organizational websites / documents / news and although this is
normal, this material will be researched thoroughly to assure data reliability and accuracy. Airport
aerotropolis development(s) at national and global airports will be analyzed in respect to the
economic clustering impact on–site and on the spatial layout in the urban proximity areas.
2. Qualitative Research / Interviews: Qualitative data / questionnaires / interviews with

Coordinate Reference System
1. What is the difference between a coordinate reference system and a projection (transformation)?
Why would you want to change your coordinate reference system during any analysis? Remember
that a coordinate reference system is a special type (and thought of as a key component) of the
broader concept of 'spatial reference system'.
The difference between a coordinate reference system and a projection (transformation) are that a
projection provides various mechanisms to project maps of the earth's spherical surface onto a two–
dimensional Cartesian coordinate plane whereas a coordinate reference system enables geographic
datasets to use common locations for integration. A coordinate system is a reference system used to
represent the locations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10. What do the values in the field A1_FMTXT appear to mean and what is their level of
measurement? (see the pdf metadata file)
The values in the field A1_FMTXT provide a text summary of the type of land or environment and
the material the cell is made up of. The scale of measurement is nominal.
11. Zoom in close on the shorelines to see how they are different. Compare the landscape makeup or
conditions at four locations, two where land conditions in NLCD and SZLINETH are similar and
two more where they differ. Use x,y coordinates to record the location and write a short description.
Where they differ:
Location 1: 124°3'22.398"W 46°57'36.813"N
SZLINETH states that this location is a flat sandy area whereas Washington_NLCD_erd_032200
recognizes it as a value of 51, representing shrubland or areas dominated by shrubs.
Location 2: 124°6'36.612"W 46°51'3.126"N
SZLINETH states that this location is a beach with relic ridges or a vegetated dune compared to
Washington_NLCD_erd_032200, which recognizes it as a value of 42 which indicates evergreen
forest and areas characterized by trees where 75% or more of the tree species maintain their leaves
all

Emergency Evacuation Planning
ABSTRACT:
Emergency evacuation is movement of people away from the place of accident/hazard immediately
to a safer place. This results in confusion and commotion causing more harm to people in and
around the place of accident/hazard. Thus, planning an emergency evacuation is a complex
procedure which includes routing evacuees, identifying shelters and exits, and designing traffic
control. During such catastrophic events, the evacuation routing models are vital to the evacuation
planning problems. Since, transportation infrastructure is a limited resource both in terms of
directional accessibility and capacity, it is worthy of well planning evacuation routes in advance so
as to ensure a safe evacuee routing decision and efficient utilization ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When a disaster or incident occurs, evacuees start to panic in general and may compete for the
egress routes without considering others if no proper evacuation routes are planned. Movement of
evacuees may cause congestion on road networks in large–scale evacuations. However, considering
roadway capacities may severely limit the efficiency of the evacuation, which will naturally force
motorists find ways to divert around the disaster event. People are constrained during an evacuation
by the capacity of the road network, which in turn dictates evacuation times. Evacuation planning
therefore becomes critically important and essential to foster emergency evacuation strategies in
defining feasible evacuation routes and their traffic impact on the existing roadway network for
varied scenarios of disaster events. Without it, an effective evaluation practice would be unlikely.
Such an evacuation planning modelling is a complex problem with routing evacuee behavioral and
management facets, identifying shelters and exits, and designing traffic control. The evacuees must
be routed to safety under dynamic hazard and traffic conditions. Any number of transportation
problems can arise during an evacuation. A central challenge in managing a regional evacuation is
routing people to safety. An efficient routing plan is valuable because evacuations routinely result in
travel demand that exceeds the available network capacity. In emergency planning, GIS is valuable
to provide the data required by the evacuation models. On the other hand, traffic simulation models
have been developed for simulating traveler behavior and vehicle movement process. Thus this
learning module explains the integrity between the GIS and Transportation Engineering in the real
life

Geo-Located Asset Management at UOS
Geo–Located Asset Management at UOS
Abstract With the development of the GIS technology inventories and tracking of items has been
made much easier than before. University of Sharjah has tapped into this advancement in
technology and employed GIS is security its property in general as well as using t to track the
movement of their non–fixed assets.
Purpose
The research uses a number of methodologies like assessing existing system of asset management at
UOS, interviewing fixed asset managers, carrying out literature review of GIS systems for asset
management, studying the possible methods of interfacing this data with database maintained as GIS
maps. Open–Source Quantum Geographical System software was finally used to draw GIS maps of
the UOS Women campus and UOS main building. GIS can be used be used in managing outdoor
infrastructures, natural resources, and assets like cables and piping system installations and vehicles.
In construction planning, GIS can be used by facilities and property managers to prevent costly
construction delays by knowing the location of utility lines, where environmental clearances or
special permits are required, and other projects being facilitated in such locations. With GIS,
maintenance staff and ground keepers can work efficiently with an access to an informed
operational picture.
Literature Review Asset management has much to do with putting in place systems that monitor and
maintain things that an organization deems

Estimating Informal settlers in the Philippines
11th National Convention on Statistics (NCS)
EDSA Shangri–La Hotel
October 4–5, 2010
ESTIMATING INFORMAL SETTLERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
In the Housing Backlog Study commissioned by the HUDCC, the Consultants prepared the
estimates of Informal Settlers in the Philippines. According to the Spatial Statistics of
Informal Settlers in the Philippines component of the Study, informal settler families reached an
estimated 550,771 households as of August 1, 2007. This is based on the extrapolation made using
the 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) and the 2007 Census of
Population. The study showed that the highest concentration of informal settlers was in
Quezon City, having more than 90 thousand households. Far second are Rizal in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, UDHA also distinguishes potential housing beneficiaries from professional squatters and
squatting syndicates (Section 27) and new squatters (Section 44) who occupy the area after March
31, 1992.
The identification of homeless and underprivileged/socialized housing beneficiary or more broadly
"informal settlers" in UDHA must take the following into consideration several aspects:
location in urban and urbanizable areas family income non–ownership of housing facilities
elsewhere in the Philippines occupancy in makeshift dwelling units security of tenure location of
dwelling (danger areas, public spaces, government infrastructure projects, private land) not a
member of a squatting syndicate not a professional squatter the business of squatter housing for
profit or gain occupancy of the land before March 31, 1992
To this end, the LGUs and the NHA conduct "censuses" on specific areas that involve physical

survey of the area, tagging of every structure, mapping and household listing, ownership of
structure, tenure arrangements (rental, sharing arrangements, absentee holdings), as well family
composition, source of income, education. "Censuses" of informal settlers identify all households
and even families, as well as structure owners, tenants, sharers, and other occupants, especially if the
area will be cleared of structures for

Remote Sensing : Remote Sensors
Remote Sensing Remote sensing is a key technology for quantifying landscape pattern and
processes, without being in physical contact of that landscape using electromagnetic radiation either
from an aircraft or satellite (active) or passive from sunlight (Newton et al., 2009; Tuner, 2005;
Frohn, 1998). When more African countries acquire the ability of launching their own satellites they
will be able to customize maps to the unique needs of the countries phenomena like wetlands, land
use, deforestation and climate change over time. In so doing, scientists in these countries will be
able to advise policy makers more accurately in better land use and how to combat the adverse
effects of climate change. Moreover, Geospatial Information System usage allows the data obtained
from the satellite maps to be analyzed and easily interpreted using computer software. For instance,
data from remote sensing is used to predict habitat types for Wetlands biodiversity assessment and
necessary action plans can be put in place to mitigate any adverse effects that have occurred over
time (see figure 3 below). Geospatial Information Systems Geophysicists have used spatial data to
characterize geographic distribution, spatial pattern of field data (Ripley, 1981; Meyers, 1988;
Cressie, 1991 & 1993). More recently, spatial statistics has evolved from descriptive, to predictive
and now optimization models this is critical in making better choices and accurately making
decisions. For example,

Natural Disaster
Natural Disasters With the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled with high population
density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of adequate infrastructure, India is one of the most vulnerable
developing countries to suffer very often from various Natural Disasters, viz. flood, cyclone,
earthquake,forest fire, drought, etc. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters. Space
technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation of disasters. Communication satellite provides
disaster warning and relief mobilization, Earth observation satellite provides required database for
predisaster preparedness programmes and post–disaster preparedness programmes. They provide
comprehensive, synoptic and multi temporal coverage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
GIS is defined as a "powerful set of tool for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and
displaying spatial data from a real world for a particular set of purpose" Disasters GIS based
Decision Support System (DSS) provides an advanced modeling system for environmentalists so
that they can reliably generate and simulate more information about environmental parameters. One
of the key components in spatial DSS is the Data Warehousing and analysis. GIS operates as a front
– end with disaster management database, providing it flexibility to respond to user queries
regarding specific details of availability of infrastructure. GIS allows the combination of different
kinds of spatial data with non–spatial data, attribute data and use them as useful information in the
various stages of disaster management. Remote sensing and GIS in disaster management Mitigation
of natural disaster management can be successful only when detailed knowledge is obtained about
the expected frequency, character, and magnitude of the hazards events in an area. Remote sensing
and GIS provides a database from which the evidence left behind by disasters that have occurred
before can be interpreted, and combined with the other information to arrive at hazard

A Survey On Load Balancing Cloud Computing Using...
A Survey on Load Balancing in Cloud Computing using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Amandeep Kaur1, Pooja Nagpal2 1Research Scholar,Department of CSE, I.K.Gujral Punjab
Technical University Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology,India 2Faculty of
Computer Science and Information Technology ,I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University Rayat
Institute of Engineering and Information Technology,India 1amandhonsa@gmail.com,
2rieit.cse.pooja@gmail.com Abstract– Since its inception, the cloud computing paradigm has gained
the widespread popularity in the industry and academia. The economical, scalable, expedient,
ubiquitous, and on–demand access to shared resources are some of the characteristics of the cloud
that have resulted in shifting the business processes to the cloud. The cloud computing attracts the
attention of research community due to its potential to provide tremendous benefits to the industry
and the community. But with the increasing demand of the cloud computing, there are some
challenges also. The main cloud computing challenges are Data Management and Resource
Allocation, Security and Privacy, Load Balancing, Scalability and Availability, Migration to Clouds
and Compatibility, Interoperability and Communication between Clouds. In this paper, we
concentrates on load balancing in cloud computing. We have considered artificial intelligence based
algorithms for the cloud load balancing.

Essay On Road Deterioration Analysis
3.7 Modeling techniques used for road deterioration analysis
(Madanat et al., 1997) in their research exhibit incremental facility deterioration model on bridge
deck sample. Since infrastructure moves from one transitional state to another with a set probability
associated with the transition process, with the help of explanatory variables predicts the changes in
condition of infrastructure over a period using the incremental models. The data used in this case is
panel data. The previous research that has been done in this area does not account for the effects of
heterogeneity in panel data. Due to the presence of unobserved factors the coefficient estimates of
the model may be biased. The previous models like linear regression had ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the researchers could develop a model that was theoretically sound, produced satisfactory
estimates and in which set of explanatory variables were linked to deterioration.
(Prozzi et al., 2003) The condition of the pavement should be known to the authorities to make an
accurate and informed decision about the maintenance program and subsequently about the budget
that is required for the program. But knowing the condition of road for maintenance purpose is not
straightforward as failure can occur any time, as it is a highly variable event. The modeling of event
duration becomes difficult because of the variability in failure time. Truncation bias and censoring
bias are associate with the failure events. In a survey if we include only failure events it will give
rise to truncation bias and if failure events are censored model may suffer from censoring bias. The
author uses probabilistic duration modeling techniques for analysis because these models can
evaluate stochastic nature of payment failure and takes care of the censored data to be incorporated
for modeling because in case the censored data is not accounted for modeling it will result in biased
model parameters. The advantages of using probabilistic duration modeling techniques is that it is
based on robust statistical principles and the failure times are predicted better. In short, the pavement

Autonomic Cloud Application And Services
Autonomic Cloud Application and Services Abstract Clouds are large scale, complex systems. This
makes the management of resources a challenging job. The heterogeneous distributed system
requires intelligent strategies to provision resources. These strategies can be automated for efficient
performance. Resources provided must be secure, cost–efficient and reliable. Therefore effective
management of Clouds providing services in software platforms becomes fundamental. This paper
identifies issues on autonomic resource provisioning and provides innovative management
techniques which supports SaaS applications on Clouds. A conceptual architecture with early results
is provided to emphasis the benefits of autonomic management of Clouds. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These private environments are made accessible via the Internet. Cloud computing provides services
such as software (applications), platforms and infrastructures with a subscription–based in a pay–as–
you–go model. These services are generally referred as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Real time service providers like Amazon, HP
and IBM have Cloud data centers worldwide. These centers support end–user applications ranging
from online healthcare to generic text processing software. Ones the application is available in the
Cloud, the client can access from anywhere at any time. Users will require a form of networked
device like a desktop or a smart phone. The Cloud system increases the application speed for the
client. This is achieved by using the processing power of the virtual computers on the back end.
However, it is a challenging task to deliver a secure, cost–efficient and reliable service. Management
of a Cloud infrastructure that is elastic and large–scale is another issue. The Cloud needs to exhibit
autonomic properties and co–optimization at multiple layers (infrastructure, platform, and
application). Some of the challenges are mentioned below: Quality of Service (QoS). Cloud service
consumers (CSCs) expect the Cloud service providers (CSPs) to meet requirements like response
time, deadline and budget constraints. The CSPs need to ensure sufficient amount of resources are

National Strategy For Homeland Security Agencies
Introduction
The state has the mandate of safeguarding citizens of hit places from suffering the disproportionate
impact of natural disasters. The hurricane that hit Jacksonville town in Florida crippled the city's
infrastructure. The destroyed power and telephone lines stopped all the communication and
transportation systems in the city. The copper wires were left hanging precariously along the charred
roads. Looters took the opportunity to steal the expensive copper wires and motorists drove around
carelessly as all the traffic lights had gone off. The local government experienced difficulties in
trying to contain the situation. The task to locate, triage and secure citizens were nearly impossible
as the whole town was in chaos. The local authorities could have coordinated with various
Homeland security agencies to restore normalcy.
The Coordinated Responses and Key Resources office of the president has come up with three main
strategies to respond to disasters and protect the critical infrastructure in the USA. The President has
charged the National Strategy for Homeland Security (NSHS) with the responsibility to address the
vulnerabilities that involve more than one sector or needs the responsiveness of more than one
agency. The advanced strategy calls for interconnectivity and complementarity of homeland security
systems. The second approach involves the National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical
Infrastructures, and Key Assets (NSPPCIKA) identifies

The Development History Of Gis Essay
Essay on the development history of GIS Introduction This essay is about the development history
of GIS (Geographical Information System). In the next paragraph the work of Charles Piquet in
1832 and John Snow in 1854 is mentioned. Furthermore the paragraph traces the development
history between 1960 and 2014. It lists the development history from the Canadian GIS through the
development of GPS until the launch of French satellite SPOT 7.The following paragraph defines
the four major development periods, each with two either general examples or examples from
different countries. The next Paragraph lists the most recent developments in GIS application, e.g.
XML and GML, and explains why these mark–up languages are important for a GIS. It also
mentions the development of mobile GIS and how even a newcomer can learn how GIS works with
Learn ArcGIS. Finally a conclusion summarises the essay briefly. Development history of GIS The
following paragraph shows the development history of GIS. The development of GIS started
probably in France, with the "geographer Charles Picquet when he applied spatial analysis in
epidemiology" ("History of GIS", 2012) in 1832. But the first geographical method to specify a
cholera outbreak was used by John Snow in 1854. Although map making is far older than Charles
Picquet and John Snow, were their works milestones in the history of GIS ("History of GIS",
2012).The following are examples which affected the development of GIS between 1960 until 2014:

Fingerprint Based Authentication System Using Merkle Hash...
FINGERPRINT BASED AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM USING MERKLE HASH ALGORITHM
IN CLOUD COMPUTING
SHAIK RASHEEDA BEGUM
Department of Information Technology
B.S.Abdur Rahman University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
E–mail: rasheeameen@gmail.com
LATHA TAMILSELVAN
Department of Information Technology
B.S.Abdur Rahman University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
E–mail: Latha.Tamilselvan94 @gmail.com
Abstract– Cloud computing has been envisioned as the next generation architecture of the IT
enterprise due to its on demand self–service, ubiquitous network access, location–independent
resource pooling , rapid resource elasticity and usage–based pricing . The fundamental aspect of
cloud storage computing model is that data is being centralized or outsourced into the cloud without
the burden of local hardware and software management thereby new and challenging threat on data
arises. Fingerprint Authentication , a significant security element and popular biometric modality
which is used extensively in several applications for person authentication, which provides high
uniqueness and acceptable performance. In existing system the security of fingerprint data is not
highly ensured . In this project A new approach of remote user fingerprint authentication scheme
using the concept of Boundry Segmentation ,Spatial –Taxons , RGB Colour of Image Processing
and Merkle Hash Tree has been proposed. In the data owners side, the

Questions On Wireless Network And Security
Assignment–1
MN603
Subject Wireless Network and Security
Teacher Biplob Rakshit Ray
Name : Loveneet Singh Dhanjal
ID: MIT130071
Contents
1) Introduction 3
2) Massive MIMO architectures 3
a. V–BLAST 3
b. Array Architecture 4
3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks 5
a. Spatial multiplexing 6
b. Pre–coding 6
4) Existing Technologies 6
a. WiMAX 6
b. 3G 6
c. 4G LTE 7
5) Recently proposed techniques in the literature 7
5G 7
6) Relevant information 8
Massive MIMO advantages 8
Massive MIMO Challenges 8
7) Conclusion 8
References 9
1) Introduction
Massive MIMO is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which antennas are used
at both the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, if the multipath scattering is adequate, then the numerous sub–streams are all
scattered marginally in an unexpected way, since they start from diverse transmit receiving antennas
that are situated at different points. By utilizing modern sign preparing, these slight contrasts in
scrambling permit the sub streams to be distinguished and recouped. As a result, the unavoidable
multipath is abused to give an extremely valuable spatial parallelism that is utilized to significantly

enhance data transmission rates.
b. Array Architecture Massive MIMO demands uniquely large base–station arrays. Challenge was to
transporting signals between the source and the antenna. Any array architecture requires partitioning
the transceiver functions into those implemented close to the respective antennas and those
implemented at the main system controller. Transceiver can be subdivided into three parts
 Analog–connected array
 Digitally–connected array
 Digitally–connected array with distributed beam forming
3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks
Massive MIMO Wireless Network convergence means using one pipe to deliver all forms of
communication services like video, audio and data communication within network. Convenience
and flexibility is offered by using multiple communication modes in a single

Urbanization Of The 21st Century
Introduction
The 21st century is witnessing an increase of the world's population into urban dwellers. Dramatic
movement of people into major towns and cities of the world is caused by rapid sprawl; this is
observed in developed and developing countries. This increasing recognition is inevitable; therefore
the solution to urban problems depends largely on effective planning, infrastructural management
and development. Usually, unplanned population growth is associated to population demands that
supersede infrastructure and service capacity, leading to the degradation of the environment.
Urbanization is important, but its development is effected at the expense of deforestation,
destruction of biotopes, fragmentation of ecosystems, consequently shrinking of the open space
among many other things. A city should be a complex system that should entail several interactive
sub–systems, it should be affected by various factors including governmental land policies,
population growth, transportation infrastructure, market behavior to mention just a few.
Land use and transportation systems are considered as the two most vital subsystems determining
the long term urban form and structure. Meanwhile, urban growth is one of the most important
topics in urban studies, and its main driving forces are population growth and transportation
development. Rapid urban growth stresses the capacity of governments to provide adequate basic
services such as road network.
Everyone has seen urban

Essay On Mining Moving Object
There have been many recent studies on mining moving object. These studies have focused on two
categories of research: moving object cluster discovery and trajectory clustering. Moving objects
clustering means a group of object travels together where locations are not defined. Trajectory
clustering refers a group of locations based on similar objects traveling though traveling time is not
considered. Li et al. cite{li2010swarm}, propose the concept of temporal moving objects swarms,
which captures the moving objects move within an arbitrary shape of clusters for certain timestamps
that are non consecutive. Laube et al. cite{laube2002analyzing} first introduced flock and the flock
was further studied in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trajectory clustering with probabilistic modeling of a set of trajectories is proposed in
papercite{gaffney2007probabilistic}. Whole trajectories may miss interesting common paths in
sub–trajectories. Lee et al. cite{lee2007trajectory} proposed a partition–and–group framework that
finds out an interesting common path in sub–trajectories. Mao et al. cite{mao2016mining}
proposed mining spatiotemporal patterns of urban dwellers from taxi trajectory data. The method
involves three critical steps that are discover potentially meaningful locations using spatial
clustering of taxi origin–destination, identifying perfect parameter values to extract jobs housing
urban infrastructure and visualization of this spatial distribution and temporal trends of the revealed
urban infrastructure. Another swarms mining method on big spatiotemporal trajectories using
MapReduce cite{yu2016mr} has been proposed to mine swarm pattern. They propose a parallel
model based on timeset independent property where data sets are divided based on time and creates
local swarm patterns. Even though, combining these local swarms, global swarms have been
created. Our observation is that partitioning datasets based on time lost data consistence and
significant number of patterns removed from local swarms and in addition in huge number of
datasets, map and reduce process takes extra time for mapping and reducing. Chen et al.
cite{chen2017mining}

The Relationship Between Economic Growth And Its...
The relationship between economic growth and its determinants has been examined extensively.
One important issue is whether population leads to employment changes or employment leads to
population changes (do 'jobs follow people' or 'people follow jobs'?) To explain this interdependence
between household residential choices and firm location choices, a simultaneous equations model
was initially developed by Carlino and Mills (1987). This modeling framework has also been
applied in various studies to investigate the interdependence between migration and employment
growth or migration, employment growth, and income jointly determined by regional variables such
as natural amenities (Clark and Murphy, 1996; Deller, 2001; Waltert et al., 2011), public land policy
(Duffy–Deno, 1997, 1998; Eichman et al., 2010; Lewis et al., 2002, Lewis et al., 2003; Lundgren,
2009), and land development (Carruthers and Mulligan, 2007). In the Carlino–Mills (1987) model,
the assumption is that households and firms are spatially mobile. Also, it is assumed that households
migrate to maximize their utility from the consumption of private goods and services and use of
non–market goods (amenities) and firms locate to maximize their profit whose production costs and
revenues depend on business conditions, local public services, markets, and supply of inputs. In
addition, these assumptions indicate that interdependence between employment and household
income exists because household migrate if they

GIS: A Step Above Essay
GIS: A Step Above
Urban growth in the suburbs and maintaining what is already built is one problem facing the United
States today. One difficulty in regional planning is the visualization of the area in question. Finding
the problem areas, addressing all the issues involved, and discovering the best way to implement
changes can create challenges for those in charge. A technology that is growing to accommodate the
various areas of study which helps address these issues is Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
Geographical Information Systems is the prime tool for spatial research.
GIS at work Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used in a wide variety of businesses across
the United States. The program can compile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Over the past five years, Geographic information systems have become powerful graphical
database tools, useful to everyone from city planners to departments of transportation, from
environmental scientists to cartographers." (Denes 62)
GIS has been incorporated into creating the infrastructure of cities. For example, managing and
operating a water system require detailed records and measurements. As GIS technology improves,
it becomes easier and more advantageous for companies to use it to log information and track the
running of the system. "Successful use of a GIS requires that basic computer system design
procedures be integrated with characteristics unique to GIS applications." (Kaufman 71) The use of
this technology requires accurate, detailed statistics about the physical, economic, and spatial
elements of the area of study. The GIS maintenance system used to regulate and map water systems
"incorporates field experience, environmental conditions, hydraulic characteristics of the
distribution system, and service requirements." (Kaufman 75) These detailed figures are necessary
when using a GIS system, otherwise the program is unable to compile the correct, specific, desired
results.

The Importance Of Drinking Water In Bangladesh
Introduction
Safe drinking–water is essential for healthy life, and United Nations (UN) General Assembly
declared safe and clean drinking–water as a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life [1].
Moreover, the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene for health and development has been
reflected in the outcomes of a series of international policy forums [1]. These have also included
health and water–oriented conferences, but most importantly in the Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) adopted by the General Assembly of the UN in 2000. The UN General Assembly declared
the period from 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, "Water for Life" [1]. Access to
safe drinking–water is important as a health and development issue at national, regional and local
levels. Bangladesh, a developing country from South Asian (SA) region also takes several steps for
ensuring sanitation and safe drinking water facilities among the people. As a result, Bangladesh has
made great progress in this sector. The government also claimed that it has achieved the MDG
indicator of ensuring safe drinking water for 85% people of the country. According to different
demographic and health surveys, the percentage of using improved sources of drinking water is
about 98% (reported in the latest two surveys Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 2012–13
and Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014) [2,3]. But, this achievement
statistics are overlooking the shortcomings.

Natural Disaster Indonesia Essay
Disaster, both natural and man–made, are increasing in their frequency and catastrophic impact in
Indonesia. Natural hazards like landslides, avalanches, floods and debris flows can result in
enormous property damage and human casualties in mountainous regions (Matternicht, 2005).
Earthquake, flood, landslide, subsidence are only a few to mention (Walter et al., 2008; Abidin et al.,
2009, Chini et al., 2008; US. Geology Survey, 2006; Tsuji et al., 2009). The term 'natural disaster'
has been brought as a common vocabulary to our daily life as news bringing information on natural
disaster is occurring in any parts of our planet recently. Planet Earth provides us with the air, food,
warmth, and materials we need to thrive. But Earth can also generate catastrophic disasters, from
tsunamis and landslides to tornadoes and wildfires, that kill people, damage the environment,
destroy property, and disrupt normal life. Such disasters may be sudden and violent, like an
earthquake or flood, or gradual, like drought or the spread of a deadly disease. Due to the lack or
inadequate disaster prevention and mitigation strategies in Indonesia, the impact of disasters which
they do occur is much greater than in other developed countries. Disaster detection and monitoring
are essential aspect in disaster mitigation and it's conventionally done by ground survey. Nowadays,
remote sensing plays important role in disaster mitigation.
The subsidence phenomena in Jakarta have been studied using

Design Issues Of Distributed Architecture For Mog
3. Design issues in distributed architecture for MOG:
In Peer to Peer Architecture Multiplayer Online Games (P–P MOG) introduces some key design
issues or challenges. They are Interest Management, Game Event Dissemination, NPC Host
Allocation, Game State Persistency, Cheating Mitigation, Incentive Mechanism, and Policing Issues.
With respect to P–P MOG, each issue elaborated and respective possible solution for those issues
listed in the following manner (Fan, Trinder, & Taylor, 2010).
3.1. Interest Management (IM): (Fan, Trinder, & Taylor, 2010)
In peer to peer MOG, having a sense of space distribution among a vast number of players and
preserving consistency by excluding the central server is the major prerequisite. The theme of IM is
allowing limited Area of Interest (AOI) to player's view under two constraints. One is hiding game
activities information which is irrelevant to the player. The second is keeping restrictions on player's
avatar movement and sense capability. The spatial model, a region based publish/subscribe model,
and hybrid communication model are the categories of IM.
3.1.1 The Spatial Model:
For better arbitration of interactions, this model utilizes space properties. It consists two key terms:
"aura" and "nimbus". The aura defined as the bounded area of interest of an object present in space
and nimbus defined as a consensus ("mutual awareness") level between objects. These two terms
meaning that objects potential interactions occur by initiating

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cadaveric Dissection
The brain is arguably the most complex organ in our body. Many students in neuroanatomy, which is
the study of the nervous system, struggle with the cadaveric dissection of a brain. It involves costly
infrastructure and professors with the very high expertise to dissect parts of the brain so that students
can learn about it. Recently, a decline in dissections has been observed in cadaveric dissection partly
due to the introduction of virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) to create a 3D model of the brain that
is 'virtually' dissected. Virtual/augmented reality aims to create a 3D world where users can interact
with a 'virtual' brain and examine it. As technology evolves, we can go into greater detail into
replicating the structure of the brain.
"The gold standard for anatomy instruction involves the use of cadaveric dissection; however, this
method is expensive and can be limited by the need to destroy superficial structures to reveal deeper
ones. As such, there is a clear need for innovative visualizations and educational tools..."
According to Kockro et al., who conducted a study using second–year medical students from the
University of Mainz, Germany, students who used virtual reality to learn about brain anatomy did as
good and sometimes even better in multiple–choice questions compared to the controlled group.
They also discovered that the students were more motivated to learn about the subject and often did
better than their peers who were subjected to 2D graphs or

Essay about GIS Analysis in Flood Assessment and Modeling
Floods are natural hazards that have shaped the landscape of our environment over thousands of
years. Recently, the effect of floods has been intensified by the sustained population growth,
changes in land use, and climate change with more intense rainfall patterns. The impact of these
effects depends on the extent of the flood and temporal nature of their occurrence, as well as on the
vulnerability and associated risk of the exposed communities and elements (infrastructure,
ecosystems, etc). Most flood hazards result from insufficient drainage systems, breaching or topping
of levees or dams, and intense rainfall events (Kulkarni, et al., 2014).
One of the most devastating effects of flood events is the loss of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The use of GIS in pre–processing has been widely acknowledged for specific applications such as
watershed delineation, terrain processing, and cross section discretization, which allow obtaining a
computer representation of the spatial and terrain characteristics of the study area for further
computer modeling (Paiva, et al., 2011, Haq et al., 2012, Sarhadi et al., 2012). Post–processing
applications include inundation maps that display the depth and spatial extent of the floods,
assessment of population and infrastructure impacts, spatial–uncertainty and sensitivity analysis,
among others (Crossetto et al., 2000). These applications of GIS can either be used for computer
modeling, or rather used for direct flood assessment.
Pre–processing applications in GIS for flood modeling include the interpolation of elevation datasets
to create smooth and continuous terrain surfaces. The quality and accuracy of the topographic data
derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) determines the spatial resolution and vertical
precision that is used as input of flood models (Zerger, 2002). Ordinary kriging seems to be the
preferred method for interpolation of terrain surfaces, as it takes into consideration the distance
between observations and their

Geographic Information Systems

More Related Content

Similar to Geographic Information Systems (20)

More from Veronica Smith (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Geographic Information Systems