![Use tape measure to measure certain distance / 10 m (more than 5 m)
Students hold / put (ranging) poles at either end of measured distance
Put two (ranging) poles vertically on river bed
Students hold clinometer / measuring gun next to top / at certain height on (ranging) pole Lines up identified position
/ top on other pole
Student uses clinometer to measure angle / read off angle / read off degrees
No credit just for naming equipment but need to name tape measure and ranging poles. No need to name clinometer
[4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/investigatingthecbd-201215065023/85/Geographical-enquiry-Alternative-to-course-work-paper-4-IGCSE-16-320.jpg)
![Which one of the following measuring instruments would the students put inside a Stevenson Screen?
Circle your answer. [1]
Anemometer Rain gauge Thermometer Wind vane
Students in Pretoria collected data on the following weather elements:
maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure.
Name one other weather element the students could have measured.
Study Figs 2 and 3 (Insert), which show a maximum-minimum thermometer and a rain gauge.
Explain how the thermometer is used to measure maximum and minimum temperatures.
Explain how rainfall is measured using the rain gauge shown in Fig. 3.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/investigatingthecbd-201215065023/85/Geographical-enquiry-Alternative-to-course-work-paper-4-IGCSE-31-320.jpg)
Geographical enquiry - Alternative to course work- paper 4 IGCSE
- 1. INVESTIGATING THE CBD PAPER 4 – ALTERNATE TO COURSE WORK – GEOGRAPHICAL ENQUIRY
- 2. Geographical enquiry within the CBD could be used to answer a lot of questions EXAMPLES 1.how does traffic flow vary during different times of the day at major intersections in Yantai? 2.What is the maximum range of Joy city? 3.What is the size of the sphere of influence of Sunyi Plaza? 4.What are the different orders of services in Kai fa qu?
- 3. STEPS TO FOLLOW WHEN CARRYING OUT AN ENQUIRY 1.ENQUIRY QUESTION/ HYPOTHESIS 2.EQUIPMENT NEEDED 3.METHOD 4.SAFETY
- 4. Investigations within a CBD are generally carried out by conducting surveys: In the exam a question that appears quiet frequently is how can a survey be improved. • Do the counts more regularly ( e.g. when carrying out a traffic survey maybe count the cars more frequently • Carry out the survey at more than one location (e.g. when trying to determine the range of Joy city, try to survey many areas who go to Joy city to shop • Do the survey or counts on different days of the week including weekends to get a more varied sample • Get two groups surveying the same area so that you can compare statistics and get the averages.
- 5. Surveys are carried out using questionnaire It is very important to use the right structure and layout when designing a questionnaire. • Questions should be set out in a logical manner • A good questionnaire will include both open ended and close ended questions Open ended questions ask for the persons opinion Closed ended questions requires the person to just tick the correct answer • It is more difficult to display data when the questionnaire is made up of to many open ended questions HOMEWORK Research what makes a good questionnaire and design a questionnaire that will help you conduct a population census in your area (maximum 10 questions)
- 7. Geographical enquiry about coastlines could be used to answer many questions EXAMPLES 1. How does vegetation change with distance from the coastline? 2. What is the structure and elevation of the coast compared to other coastlines? 3. What is the Fetch of the waves along the coastline 4. How do the type of dunes change with distance from the beach?
- 8. There a various instruments that are used when carrying out a Geographical enquiry along the coastline CLINOMETER – USED TO MEASURE THE ANGLE OF ELEVATION
- 9. RANGING POLES/RODS- USED TO MEASURE THE SLOPE ANGLE – NB. THE SAMPLING POINTS MUST BE AT IDENTICAL HEIGHTS ON BOTH POLES AND THE POLES MUST BE VERTICAL TAPE MEASURE – used to measure the distance between the two sampling points. Using the angle of elevation and the distance, the gradient of the slope can be calculated
- 10. Calipers– used to measure the length of pebbles along its longest axis Power scale of roundness – used to measure the degree of roundness of the pebbles.
- 11. Spring balance – used to measure the mass of the pebbles along the beach or river Quadrat– is a square divided into many smaller squares and is used to measuring vegetation cover or is used for selecting samples along a beach or river
- 12. How to measure longshore drift • A tape measure is laid out close to the water to mark start and finish points of the investigation • A float is placed in the water at the start mark • Direction and time of movement of the float is observed and recorded along the present distance How to measure beach profile • Appropriate sampling points are selected across the width of the beach at the break of slopes (change in gradient) • For each section between two sampling points, a clinometer and ranging rod are used to measure the slope angle • The distance between each section is measured using a tape measure and the gradient is calculated • This is best done at low tide and during stable weather conditions to ensure the safety of the surveyors.
- 13. Students at a school in Scotland did fieldwork on a river in the Lammermuir Hills. The students chose ten sites, approximately 1 kilometre apart downstream, along the river. The students agreed to investigate the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The gradient of the river bed becomes steeper as distance downstream increases. Hypothesis 2: River velocity becomes faster as distance downstream increases. Before they went on their fieldtrip the students did a pilot study at three sites on a local stream. Suggest two advantages of doing a pilot study.
- 14. ANSWER Practise fieldwork / learn how to do tasks / agree method / know what to do Find out what doesn’t work / change it / correct mistakes Test equipment / check how equipment works / learn how to use equipment / check have right eqiuipment Experience of working as a team / team organization Find out how long to allocate each task Suggests outcome of real study / gives an idea of what results might be
- 15. To test Hypothesis 1 the students measured the gradient of the river bed. Describe how they would use the equipment shown in Fig. 1 (Insert) to measure the gradient.
- 16. Use tape measure to measure certain distance / 10 m (more than 5 m) Students hold / put (ranging) poles at either end of measured distance Put two (ranging) poles vertically on river bed Students hold clinometer / measuring gun next to top / at certain height on (ranging) pole Lines up identified position / top on other pole Student uses clinometer to measure angle / read off angle / read off degrees No credit just for naming equipment but need to name tape measure and ranging poles. No need to name clinometer [4]
- 17. a) The students made four measurements of gradient at each site. Suggest two reasons why they did this. b) Another way to measure the velocity of a river is to use a digital flowmeter (velocity meter) like the one shown in Photograph A (Insert). Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a digital flowmeter to measure velocity.
- 18. More reliable / fair test Avoid error / wrong result /anomaly Can calculate average Advantage–accurate/precise reading/quick/instant/no calculation needed Disadvantage – inaccurate in low flow conditions / battery may go flat / may break / easily damaged / needs calibrating
- 19. Some students did fieldwork in a small river drainage basin in south west England. The students chose four sites which are shown on Fig. 1 (Insert). (a) Which two features of the drainage basin are labelled A and B on Fig. 1?
- 20. In order to calculate river discharge the students had to measure river velocity and channel width and depth. First they measured velocity once at each site using floats, a tape measure and a stopwatch. Describe how they measured velocity. When the students returned to school they discussed with their teacher possible weaknesses of their method for measuring velocity. Give two weaknesses of the method.
- 21. ANSWERS (a) A: Confluence (b) B: Watershed Measure set/certain/specific/fixed distance / 5-15 m (No need for equipment (1) Put/place/throw float/example or type of float at start of measured distance (1) Start stopwatch when float is put in (1) Measure time it takes to travel the measured distance / stop stopwatch or timer when float reaches end of measured distance (1) Only measuring surface velocity / different velocities at different points (1) Floats get stuck on vegetation / rocks / obstacles (1) Strong wind may interfere with movement of float / float too light (1) Only measuring once at each site /didn’t repeat / may create anomaly (1) Measurement will depend on where float is put into river (1) Start/finish points not clear (1) Student error with reason e.g. inaccurate timing (1)
- 23. In terms of weather most questions in past paper ask how the weather instruments work or where they should be sited placed.
- 25. 1.How do you read a hygrometer? 2.Where is the best place to put a rain gauge 3.Diagram of a rain gauge showing all the components
- 28. Quick / saves time / easy to read / instant measurement Gives exact / precise reading / accurate / reliable Less / no chance of human error No need to take measurements manually during night / don’t have to be there
- 29. Fig. 2.1 (Insert) shows a weather instrument. How does this instrument measure wind direction?
- 30. In the box below draw and label a traditional rain gauge. Describe and explain a good position to put a rain gauge to make sure that the data collected will be accurate. Students at two schools in South Africa planned an investigation using weather stations. The two schools are in Pretoria and Cape Town which are located on Fig. 1 (Insert). The students in Pretoria used a Stevenson Screen in their weather station. Photograph A (Insert) shows a Stevenson Screen. Describe three features of a Stevenson Screen and explain why each is important.
- 31. Which one of the following measuring instruments would the students put inside a Stevenson Screen? Circle your answer. [1] Anemometer Rain gauge Thermometer Wind vane Students in Pretoria collected data on the following weather elements: maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure. Name one other weather element the students could have measured. Study Figs 2 and 3 (Insert), which show a maximum-minimum thermometer and a rain gauge. Explain how the thermometer is used to measure maximum and minimum temperatures. Explain how rainfall is measured using the rain gauge shown in Fig. 3.
- 33. Away from people / animals (D); so that rain gauge is not interfered with (E) 4 Away from trees / clear of buildings / away from shelter / on open ground (D) so that there is no interception of rainfall / so trees / buildings don’t block rain / to avoid drips from leaves (E) On grass / above ground level (D); so that rain doesn’t splash into funnel (E) Accessible location (D) ; so measurements can be obtained (E) On flat / level ground (D) so won’t fall over (E) 2 marks for description & 2 marks for explanation Wind pushes the arrow or pointer / wind makes arrow or pointer spin / rotate / 2 turn Arrow points to / shows the direction the wind is coming from N, E, S, W points allow direction to be worked out / show compass direction / compass points are fixed / don’t move ANSWERS
- 34. Screen is painted white...so that it reflects heat or sunlight / reduces direct heating by the sun / does not absorb sunlight Sides are made of slats / louvres / have spaces / gaps / not solid...so that air can circulate Screen / box is made of wood...so that heat is not conducted into it Roof is made of a double layer of wood...so that airspace provides insulation Screen stands more than 1 m / raised on legs above the ground...so that instruments are not affected by heat from the ground Wet and dry bulb thermometer / hygrometer Barometer / barograph Readevery24hours/fixed period of time Indices (markers) left at / show the minimum and maximum temperatures Read off the bottom of the index Read at eye level Magnet to reset / button to reset Gauge stood firmly / dug in ground Funnel and jar placed in casing / gauge Rain enters gauge / jar through funnel / collects in jar / collects in rain gauge Noting / recording water level in jar / water poured into measuring cylinder Reading taken every day / at same time reach day / fixed time period Empty jar after measuring
- 42. Steps to follow when carrying out a Geographical inquiry about tourism 1. identify an issue/question or problem 2. Collect data – primary data - secondary data 3. Decide on the best sampling method to collect your data 4. Recording and presentation of data 5. Analysis and interpretation of your results 6. conclusions/ solutions
- 43. Example of an inquiry question related to Tourism Is tourism killing Venice? How will you go about collecting data to answer this question?
- 44. SAMPLING METHODS 1. Random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling
- 45. RANDOM SAMPLING • When a large survey population is available for study. • Each sample is randomly selected and entirely by chance, • such that each sample has the same probability of being chosen. • Reduce human biases. • Simple to use. • Short time in the field.
- 46. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING • When a homogenous population is available for study. • Each sample is selected with regular intervals in between e.g. every nth person/pebble. • Reduce human biases. • Simple to use. • Short time in the field.
- 47. STRATIFIED SAMPLING • When there are subgroups in the survey population. • Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. • Random sampling or systematic sampling can be applied to each subgroup before sampling. • Ensures equal representation across subgroups. • Hard to use. • May create classification errors. • Requires more planning and time in the field.