Gis Introduction related to remote sensing
- 2. Let's consider a problem ! Ground Water Depletion !
- 4. More demand of water Less recharge of GW resources
- 5. • Irregular rainfall patterns • High Living standards-high water demand • Urbanization- More runoff than infiltration • Irrigation
- 6. Can you guess How many litres of water is required to make a pair of jeans?
- 7. 7600 Lt !
- 9. As An administra tor •Make sure whatever rainfall we are having , as much as possible of it infilters into ground surface and do not flow as runoff (which is a waste as from our problem standpoint) •How to do that ?
- 10. Recharge wells, recharge ponds , check dams Where will be the sites for these construction Solution !
- 11. Recharge well
- 12. check dams
- 15. Who's this guy?
- 17. •What factors will affect GW Potential of an area? •Or what data would you require?
- 18. First one would be ??
- 20. Answer •SOI-Topographical Sheet •Bhuvan-ISRO Website for downloading RS Images •USGS – NASA Website for downloading RS Images
- 23. Next one?
- 24. •Soil Data •Where would you get that from?
- 25. Answer • Soil and land use Survey of India • ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute
- 28. •Do we require geological map as well?
- 30. Topographic data •Showing the Elevation •Slopes
- 31. Misc. •Lineament maps- showing joints, fractures and folds that are present beneath the surface of earth . •Water holding capacity of these lineaments is very good and acts as a good conductor of water transmission
- 32. Lineament map-faults and fissures in rock
- 34. Source of this data • IMD • Hydromet
- 36. How will you combine this data?
- 37. Output map
- 38. GIS offers a solution !
- 39. GIS • Is a system designed for storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data. • Geographic relates to the surface of the earth. • Information is a knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction. • System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements forming a complex whole.
- 41. BASIC ELEMENTS/component s OF GIS • Hardware • Software • Data • Procedures/ Methods •People
- 42. Hardware •Any device (a computer, a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, a monitor, a printer, a scanner, etc.) that stores large GIS datasets, GIS software, and applications can be referred to as the hardware.
- 43. SOftware • GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. • Key software components are: • Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information · • Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization • A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
- 44. Comm on gis softwar es • ArcGIS • QGIS • SAGA GIS • MapInfo • ILWIS GRASS, Open Street Maps, PostgreSQL/PostGIS, GeoServer
- 45. methods/procedures • An integral part of the GIS framework is the various techniques used to turn data into digestible and actionable information for easy interpretation. • This may include algorithms, statistics, formulas, and models that are predefined and unique to each application.
- 46. methods/ procedures Step 1 : State the problem Step 2: Break the problem down Step 3 : Explore the input datasets Step 4 : Analyse the data Step 5 : Verify the results Step 6 : Impleme nt the results
- 47. data •Geographic data and related tabular data (can be collected manually or purchased from a commercial data provider) • Since a GIS incorporates data from multiple sources, its accuracy defines the quality of the GIS.
- 50. What is the source of this data?
- 51. •Data Types
- 53. People • Most important part of a GIS • Includes decision makers, GIS software experts, Ground data collection Teams • Define and develop the procedures used by a GIS
- 54. •Awesome People
- 56. Functions/OPERATIONS of GIS • Data collection • Capture data • Data storing, processing & analysis • Store data ,Query data ,Analyze data • Output production • Display data • Produce output
- 57. Data collection • Using GPS & RS • Paper maps are also sources of data
- 59. Output •Maps, Pie charts, Images, Graphs •Statistical reports
- 60. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOG Y USED IN GIS • Geographical Entity • Entities are the things in the real world • Objects are the things in digital world •How do we represent real world entities in GIS?
- 61. Geogra phic Entity • Real world geographic entities are represented in the form of objects (point/ line/polygon) having spatial data and attribute data. • Spatial data means representing the location of the object(Lattitude, longitude, Elevation) • Attribute data is the additional data associated with the object other than location. It may be a text, numerical value etc.
- 66. What about elevation? •How would be represent elevation of a particular geographic area?
- 68. DEM
- 69. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) • Simplest form of digital elevation of topography. • Digital representation of elevation of earth. • It gives elevation, slope , aspect. • Where would be use DEM????
- 71. Attributes • Attributes are the characteristics of the map features. • Hold the descriptive information about the geographic features. • Attributes are the non-spatial data(location is not attched to them direcly) .They are considered characteristics of entity .. • Also feed the information in the tabular form in GIS
- 72. Attributes • A point represents a hotel, a line represents the road and area represents the boundaries of the lake. • Each spatial entity may have more than one attribute associated with it , that is, a point representing the hotel may have a number of rooms, standard of accommodation and other related info.
- 75. Layer • The visual representation of a geographic dataset in any digital map. • Data in a layer is represented with points, lines, shapes (polygons), or surfaces. •Layer can be a satellite image as well. • Maps in a Geographic Information System are made by combining multiple layers
- 77. Digitizatio n • Digitization is the process of converting geographic data into digital form. • During this process, spatial data on maps or images are traced as points, polylines or polygons.
- 82. Common errors in Digitization
- 85. Topology Spatial relationships between adjacent or neighboring features which do not change under any transformation. Adjacency and containment describe the geometric relationships which exist between area features. Areas can be described as being adjacent when they share a common boundary. Containment is an extension of the adjacency that describes area features which may be wholly contained within another area feature, such as, an island within a lake. Connectivity is a geometric property used to describe the linkages between line features, like road network.
- 86. Topology
- 89. •Are there any disadvantage of topological model ?
- 90. Categories/ Types of GIS •2D GIS- GIS data with only x, y coordinates
- 91. 2D GIS
- 92. 2.5 D GIS • 2.5D maps are an upgrade of 2D maps • In the 2.5 D case, for the pair of x, y co-ordinates, a third dimension is integrated which is dependent upon the x, y cod. • Third dimension is defined by predetermined equation: • z = f (x, y) • This third dimension could be anything like height, soil data, temp data, rainfall data
- 96. •In 2.5 D ,objects appear to be in 3D, but in reality map is not 3D.
- 97. 3D GIS • In the 3-D case, for the same pair of x, y co- ordinates,~ z co-ordinate is calculated independently from the x, y pair. • Example - Terrain Elevation Models(DEM), TIN
- 98. 2d to 3D
- 100. Question •Is Google street view a 2D, 3D or 2.5 D?? •Is google maps 2d, 2.5D or 3D?
- 101. • Can there be a 4D GIS? • If yes, what could be the 4th dimension?
- 102. It's Time ! In 4D GIS, file formats support the collection of time data— (Temporal Data) In the vector data file type (Google maps), you can add timestamps as attributes in the layer name. With raster data files, (Google earth image) time information is usually put into the file
- 103. WhAt's the use of 4D GIS in civil engineering?
- 104. 4D GIS – an alternative to conventional PERt &cpm • Construction progress of the project should be monitored at every time. • Project monitoring acts as safety step in construction projects which alerts and advices the organizations about occurrence of construction failures and delays. • It includes the process of collecting, analysing, and recording information regarding the project.
- 105. 4D GIs in construction planning and monitoring • For better understanding of construction sequence and for providing better visualization of the construction progress planner makes use of 2D drawings and integrates it with their corresponding component schedules in GIS software . • New advancements in GIS software are use of time component which helps planners in depicting real world components.
- 106. • More the no. Of dimensions, more will be the data and more complex the algorithms !