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Glass and window presentation and study

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Mark Smith

This document provides information on the history and technology of insulated glass and windows. It discusses the evolution of insulating glass units from early insulated glass in the 19th century to modern developments like low-e coatings, argon gas filling, and triple and quadruple pane designs that have led to over 500% improvements in thermal insulation (U-value). It also summarizes key manufacturers and products for super insulated glass and windows that achieve best-in-class U-values of 0.05 or lower.

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SUPER INSULATED GLASS Energy efficient insulated glass for: • Windows • Curtain walls • Storefronts • Doors • Skylights • Roof Windows • Atriums
• The first glass dates to Mesopotamia – 3000 BCE. • Early Roman Empire window glass, largest being 3 feet by 4 feet, was discovered Pompeii . • By the 10th century, Murano, Italy becomes the glass center of the world crown and cylinder window glass. • Plate glass was introduced in France in the late 17th century. • In 1959 Pilkington Brothers LTD started production of float glass, since licensed to other glass manufacturers, and becomes the worldwide standard. HISTORY OF GLASS
GLASS/GLAZING • The major ingredient of glass is silicon dioxide (sand). It is mixed with sodium carbonate, limestone, and other elements that supply color, then heat treated to form glass. Modern window glazing is made from float glass and most float glass is soda-lime glass • Sheet glass types include: standard float, tempered, laminated, fire-rated, patterned, fritted, spandrel, tinted, reflective, property changing, and self-cleaning. • Cardinal, Guardian, Pilkington, Viracon and Vitro are the primary North American sheet glass manufacturers, which also make insulated glass units (IGU).
INSULATED GLASS • Invented in 1865 by Thomas Stetson (USA) and the first commercial double-pane (Thermopane) glass is introduced in the 1930’s. • The first insulated glass had a fused glass edge. • Later replaced with a metal spacer. • Modern warm-edge technology adds high quality sealants that virtually eliminate thermal bridging, condensation, while increasing inside glass temperature and lowering U-values. • Triple- and Quad-pane continue to increase glass efficiency.
LOW-E INSULATED GLASS • Low-Emissivity (Low-E) hits the market in 1983, improving and improved versions have become the current standard. • Microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window glazing surface. • Sealed air-filled space is typically replaced with inexpensive argon or more costly krypton gases. • Low-e coatings can virtually eliminate the suns harmful UV rays. SUMMER WINTER
SUPER INSULATED GLASS • Super insulated glass can be customized for almost any application, applicable for all sides of a building. • It combines the latest technology incorporating multiple Low-e coatings, argon or krypton gas, multiple glass or film layers, and warm edge separators. • Can produce U-values comparable to a standard wall while still utilizing passive solar gain. • North American Manufactures include: Cardinal, Eco, Guardian, and Vitro.
SUSPENDED FILMS • Lower U-Value than a glass pane. • Lowers overall weight of IGU. • Higher inside glass temperature. • 95.5 % UV blockage. • Better condensation control. • Eastman is the industries leading manufacturer.
VACUUM INSULATED GLASS (VIG) • Vacuum Insulated Glass was invented in Sydney, Australia in 1990. • A thin vacuum layer separates low-e coated glass typically only 6 mm thick. • Characterized by thin beads in between glass layers and metal vacuum seal. • Thin and lightweight compared to other insulated glass units (IGU). • Manufactured by Pilkington and several overseas companies.
DYNAMIC GLASS Dynamic glazing delivers these benefits: • Stops solar heat • Increase day lighting • Uninterrupted view • Dramatically reduces fading • Blocks glare Gives you the power to change your environment by doing what ordinary glass can’t do; It switches from clear to darkly tinted at the push of a button.
INSULATED GLASS EVOLUTION 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.9 0.55 0.25 0.2 0.125 0.08 0.05 0.055 0.035 U VALUES
1983 INSULATED GLASS HAS IMPROVED OVER 220% SINCE 1930! (CLEAR DOUBLE PANE TO STANDARD LOW-E COATED IGU) Today with U values of super insulated glass achieving 0.05, an additional 500% improvement U=0.05 U=0.55 U=0.25
• U-Value is the rate of heat loss − 0.27 or less meets Energy Star, IECC and DOE. A U-Value 0.20 or less meets EnergyStar’s Most Efficient Recognition Criteria. • Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the amount of solar heat gained. • Visible light (VT) is the amount of light emitted through the glass. • Ultraviolet rays (UV) is the amount of harmful rays emitted through the glass. • Air infiltration (AI) is the amount of air that leaks through window seals. • DP grade is the rating of a window in terms of water and wind resistance. IMPORTANT SPECIFICATIONS (NORTHERN REGIONS)
SUPER INSULATED GLASS Premium Manufacturers Offer: • Minimum U-value of .125 (R-8). • Appropriate SHGC’s for all cardinal coordinates. • Optimize VT for daylighting. • Multiple manufacturing facilities. • Cardinal Glass (meets 4 of 4) • U-0.11 triple-pane argon • Eco Insulating Glass (meets 3 of 4, lacks multiple manufacturing sites) • U-0.12 Double-pane argon, U-.07 triple-pane argon, .05 quad-pane krypton • Guardian Industries (meets 4 of 4) • U-0.07 triple-pane krypton, U-0.09 argon •Vitro Glass (meets 4 of 4) • U-0.12 triple-pane argon
SUPER INSULATED VIG (VACUUM INSULATED GLASS) Manufacturers: • Guardian Industries (Germany) • Single VIG U-0.10, Double .055 • Hengda (China) • Single VIG U-0.10, Double 0.08 • Icesun (Canada – made in China) • Single VIG U-0.04 • NSG (Japan) • Single VIG U-0.09 • Pikington (US) • Single VIG U-0.09
GLASS SUSTAINABILITY • Glass is extremely durable, low-cost, recyclable, down- cyclable, provides daylight, provides views, provides passive solar energy, and most brands offer self-cleaning glass. • Higher embodied energy rates, 6750 to 7500 BTU/lb are being reduced up to 65% with technology. • Carbon neutral buildings are almost impossible to economically design without super efficient glass that maximizes passive solar technology.
WINDOWS UNITS • The Romans first use glass in windows in about 100 CE. • Andersen Lumber Company introduced the first mass produced window in 1915. • Windows are available in several types including: double-hung, casement, fixed, awning, tilt-n-turn, and glider. • Frame types include: aluminum, steel, vinyl, fiberglass, wood, clad wood, and composite. • Aluminum framed windows are the least energy efficient and fiberglass framed are the most efficient.
SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS Premium Manufacturers Offer: • Minimum U-value of .165 (R-6) with a minimum center-of-glass (COG) U-value of .125 (R-8). • Appropriate SHGC’s for all cardinal coordinates. • Optimize VT for daylighting. • Air Infiltration (AI) ratings far below industry standard (≤0.3). • Wood windows have aluminum exterior cladding. • Fiberglass window frames have core insulation. • Vinyl window frames have core insulation.
SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS Wood Framed Aluminum Clad Manufacturers • EWG – Illinois • Picture Unit Triple U - 0.11/Quad U – 0.09, Tilt-N-Turn U – 0.13, Double Hung U – 0.12, Patio Door U – 0.17 (Air Infiltration TBD) • HH – Washington • Tilt-N-Turn U – 0.15 (Air Infiltration TBD) • Loewen – Canada • Picture Unit U - 0.14/AI - <0.05, Casement U – 0.16/AI - <0.11 • Zola – Germany (US distributer – Colorado) • Tilt-N-Turn, several models U - 0.09 to U – 0.16/AI - 0.001
SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS Fiberglass Frame Manufacturers • Alpen Windows – Colorado • Several Types U – 0.10 to 0.16/AI - <0.01 to 0.02, Patio Door U – 0.15/AI – 0.07 • Enerlux – Nebraska • Picture Unit U - 0.13/AI - 0.01, Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.01 • Gilkey – Ohio • Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.02
Vinyl Frame Manufacturers (listed are new construction window manufacturer only, there are also several manufacturers that specialize in just replacement windows). • AWS – Texas • Picture Unit U - 0.13/AI – 0.01, Casement U – 0.15/AI - 0.01, Single Hung U – 0.15/AI - 0.08 • Great Lakes – Ohio • Picture Unit U - 0.12/AI – 0.01, Casement U – 0.15/AI - 0.01, Double Hung U – 0.14/AI - 0.05, Patio Door U – 0.16/AI – n/a • Intus – Virginia • Picture Unit and Tilt-n-Turn U - 0.16/AI – 0.03 • Onka – Pennsylvania • Double Hung U - 0.16/AI – 0.01, Casement U – 0.15/AI - 0.01 • Pella – Multiple Locations • Picture Unit U - 0.15/AI – 0.05, Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.05 SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS
Vinyl Frame Manufacturers (listed are new construction window manufacturer only, there are also several manufacturers that specialize in just replacement windows). • Sunrise – Michigan • Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.01 • Vytex – Maryland • Picture Unit U - 0.13/AI – 0.05, Double Hung U – 0.16/AI - 0.05 • Wasco – Minnesota • Picture Unit and Tilt-n-Turn U - 0.13/AI – TBD SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS
Manufacturers Include (Commercial buildings do not have the same energy requirement as residential products and for that reason U – 0.20 (R-5) will be used as the standard). • Accurate-Dorwin (Fiberglass) – Winnipeg Canada • Fixed U – 0.16/AI – 0.002, Casement U – 0.18/AI - 0.002, Single-Hung U – 0.20/AI - 0.002 • Alpen (Fiberglass) – Colorado • Multiple series with multiple types ranging from U – 0.13 to 0.19/AI – 0.001 • Gilkey (Fiberglass) – Ohio • Casement U – 0.16/AI – 0.002, Double Hung U – 0.19/AI - 0.11 • HH (Aluminum) – Washington • Tilt-N-Turn U – 0.17/TBD SUPER INSULATED COMMERCIAL WINDOWS
Manufacturers Include (Storefronts and curtainwalls typically have a much higher glass to frame ratio so for that reason a U – 0.13 (R-8) COG will be used as the standard. These more efficient IGU’s are generally set in good preforming frames). • Efco – Missouri • COG: Storefront U – 0.12/AI – 0.06, Fixed U – 0.13/AI – 0.10, Casement U – 0.13/AI - 0.10, Double-Hung U – 0.13/AI - 0.10 • Frames: U values range from 0.20 to 0.30 • Kawneer – Multiple factories • COG: Storefront U - 0.10/AI – n/a, Fixed U – 0.10/AI – n/a, Casement U – 0.08/AI – n/a, Double-Hung U – 0.10/AI – n/a • Frames: U values range from 0.20 to 0.25. SUPER INSULATED STOREFRONTS
WINDOW SUSTAINABILITY  Wood framed windows can contain certified forestry wood, which is a good insulator, but are rarely recycled, most are expensive (especially the efficient ones), typically not very energy efficient, have a high expansion rate, and are susceptible to moisture. Clad aluminum exteriors are preferred to vinyl clad.  Aluminum or steel framed windows are extremely durable, can contain high recycled content, are recyclable, are a poor insulator, impervious to moisture, can accept super insulated glass, are the least energy efficient, and require huge amounts of energy during production.
 Vinyl framed windows are the least expensive, can be durable, can contain a high recycled content, are recyclable, impervious to moisture, can accept super insulated glass, can have super insulated frames, but have a high expansion rate and require huge amounts of energy during production.  Fiberglass framed windows are mid-priced, extremely durable, can contain a high recycled content, are recyclable, impervious to moisture, can accept super insulated glass, have super insulated frames, have the lowest expansion rate, but due require large amounts of energy in production. WINDOW SUSTAINABILITY
WINDOW VS. THE WALL • Energy zone 5 (IECC) wall insulation requirements are: R-13 to 15 wall cavity plus R2 to 6 insulated sheeting for gas heat for a maximum R-21 (U-0.048) total. Electric heat is R-13 to 21+R-5 to 6 for a max of R-27 (U- 0.037). • Energy zone 5 (IECC) requirements for windows are only a R-3.70 (U- 0.27). It will require another 568% efficiency increase to match wall requirement (for gas heat), of course not taking into consideration solar gain. • Windows with a COG value of R-8 or higher (U-0.125 or lower) can be better than the best wall insulation because they have the ability to collect more heat than they loose in 24 hour period.
DOUBLE VS. TRIPLE • Passive House Institute and net-zero (carbon neutral) homes require U values that cannot be achieved with most double pane windows. • Triple pane windows average 20 year return-on-investment (ROI) using 2012-2013 energy prices; however, as triple pane windows become more mainstream and energy prices increase, the ROI time will significantly improve. • Triple pane windows allow a reduction in HVAC system size and the amount of ductwork, which is not included in ROI calculation. Some experts argue that these savings can cover the cost of triple pane windows. • Triple pane windows provide comfort levels that a cost cannot be attributed to. • Less condensation and mold • Expanded use of a room – able to put furniture closer to windows. • Does not feel as cold or as warm next to the window. • Suspended films, used in place of glass panes can reduce window cost, increase window efficiency thus substantially improving ROI time.
ARGON VS. KRYPTON • Argon is the third most abundant gas on earth (nitrogen, oxygen), which makes it very inexpensive. Krypton is far less prevalent, which makes it pricey. It is often mixed with argon to lower the cost, but this also lowers efficiency. • Argon is generally standard with manufacturer’s that are marketing themselves as a high efficiency window company. Others will charge a slight upcharge. Wholesale price to fill a average window is only $0.10. Argon works best in glass panes that are spaced ½” and larger, which are typically double pane units. On average, expect 17% energy savings with argon vs. air when combined with standard low-e glazing. • Krypton, due to its higher cost, is generally only available from high efficiency manufacturers. Costs per window for adding Krypton can average $100. Krypton works best in tight spaces of triple or quad pane windows. On average, expect 25% energy savings with krypton vs. air when combined with standard low-e glazing. • Gas-filled windows leak over time, <1% per year, and typically do not show a loss in performance if gas is at 80% or more.
SPEND IT NOW… …AND SAVE FOR LIFE
EFFICIENCY APPLIED TO ALL FOUR SIDES OF A BUILDING The best super insulated glass and window manufacturers produce products that can be applied to every side of a building. The least amount of heat loss (U-values of .125 or lower); multiple SHGC’s options with highest on south wall (opposite in warm climates), medium for west and east, and lowest on north; and while achieving good visible light for daylight.
Existing and New windows can benefit from various types of window of coverings and attachments • Have the potential to save up to 13% of annual energy use. • Typical 4 to 10 year payback. • In most cases very economical. • Interior or Exterior applications. • Enhanced daylighting. • Reduces drafts. • Increased thermal comforts. • Minimizes or maximizes solar gain. • Sound abatement. • Improves privacy. WINDOW ATTACHMENTS
Cellular Shade • Provide excellent additional insulation, improving energy. Adjustability adds elements that balance view, daylighting, and solar control. INTERIOR ATTACHMENTS Louvered Shutter • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements of view, privacy, and solar control. Interior Panel • Primarily reduce winter heat loss and improve air- tightness. Available in Low- e coatings. Roller Shade • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements of view, privacy, and solar control. Pleated Shade • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements that balance view, daylighting, and solar control. Window Quilt • Provide excellent additional insulation, improving energy. They also provide sound absorption.
EXTERIOR ATTACHMENTS Louvered Shutter • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements of view, privacy, and solar control. Solar Screen • Provide good solar heat gain control while reasonably maintaining view. Fixed Awning/Louvers • Provide good solar heat gain and glare control while reasonably maintaining view. Includes close and open view. Retractable Awning • Provide solar heat gain control while maintaining view. Their adjustability improves qualities such as privacy and glare control. Storm Window • Cover and protect existing windows from weather and improve energy performance, including air- tightness. Roller Shade • Cover and protect existing windows from weather and provide solar heat gain control.
STORM WINDOWS 43% of existing homes (2013) have single pane windows and millions of others have only clear double pane! Benefits • Low-cost, simple installation. • Considerably extends life of existing windows. • Low-e storm installed over a single-pane is comparable to a new low-e IGU. • Lowers window unit air infiltration. • 4 to 7 year average payback. Atlanta Case Study • 15% heating energy reduction • 17% reduction in overall air infiltration Chicago Case Study • 21% heating energy reduction • 7% reduction in overall air infiltration Philadelphia Case Study • 12% - 33% overall HVAC savings
STORM WINDOWS Low-e Manufacturers Include: • Burch– Maryland • Double and Triple Track • One Lite - Exterior • Larson – Multiple • Double and Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior and Interior • Mon-Ray – Minnesota • Double and Triple Track • One Lite - Exterior • ProVia – Ohio • Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior • Quanta Panel – Pennsylvania • Double and Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior and Interior • Weatherking – Michigan • Double and Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior
ROOF WINDOWS & SKYLIGHTS Pro’s • Significantly increases day lighting • Increases solar gain • New Glass Technology reduces heat loss and reduces solar gain (if preferred) Con’s • Can be difficult to shade • Proper installation is crucial
Premium Manufacturers: • CDI - Illinois • Uniclad Skylight U – 0.11 to 0.31, COG U – 0.08 to 0.23 • Fakro – Poland (Illinois distributor) • Roof windows and skylights Double pane U – 0.176, Triple U – 0.088, Quad U – 0.052 • Sun-Tek – Florida • Roof windows/Skylights Double pane U – 0.24 • Wasco – Maine & Nevada • Roof windows Triple pane U – 0.28, Skylight COG U – 0.05 to 0.20 ROOF WINDOWS - SKYLIGHTS
LEED CREDITS LEED BD+C: NEW CONSTRUCTION/V4 Energy and Atmosphere (EA) • Optimize Energy Performance 1-18 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) • Increase Ventilation 1 • Daylight and Views, daylight 1 • Daylight and Views, views 1 Innovation • Option 1 1 • Option 3 0.5-2
LEED CREDITS LEED BD+C: HOMES/V4 Energy and Atmosphere (EA) • Optimize Energy Performance 1-29 • Exceeding Baseline Window Ratings • U-factor ≤ 0.26 1.5 • U-factor ≤ 0.22 3 • Air Infiltration 1-2 • Building Orientation for Passive Solar 3 Materials and Resources (MR) • Environmentally preferable products 1 Innovation • Option 1 1 • Option 3 0.5-2
CRADLE TO CRADLE Empire State Building, New York City • Retrofit all 6,514 dual-pane windows (.5 U-value) with Serious super insulated glass that incorporates Southwall’s Heat Mirror - technology that improved efficiency by 400% U value = 0.125. • Reused glass and rebuilt IGU’s on site. • Saves $410,000 ($4 million complete building retrofit) in energy costs per year. • Pay back – three years So what? • 40% of commercial buildings in NYC were built before 1945. • Commercial building use 80% of building energy in NYC. • In the US, buildings use 44% of total energy and 18% is commercial. • 4.8 million US commercial buildings and only 4,000 (in 2007) meet energy star (.35 U in northern region).
PASSIVE HOUSE PHIUS 2015+ Zone 6B, Berrien County, Michigan • Wall: U – 0.022 (R – 45) • Attic: U – 0.014 (R – 70) • Slab: U – 0.05 (R – 20) • Window: U – 0.14 (R – 7.15) • Employs continuous insulation throughout its entire envelope without any thermal bridging. • The building envelope is extremely airtight, preventing infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air. • Employs high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors. • Uses some form of balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and a minimal space conditioning system. • Solar gain is managed to exploit the sun's energy for heating purposes in the heating season and to minimize overheating during the cooling season.
REGULATORS • Energy Star • Department of Energy (DOE) • American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) • National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) • International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) • National Green Building Standard (NGBS) • Housing and Urban Development (HUD) • United States Rural Development (USRD) • Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) • Attachments Energy Rating Council (AERC) • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
NEXT GENERATION IGU • Foreign companies, like Guardian, Hengda, and Grezenbach are experimenting with hybrid technology that combine VIG with standard IGU that create a 65% improvement in efficiency. These IGU/VIG units have U-values about 0.035 (that’s R-29!), which exceeds Quad IGU, but with approximately half the weight.
CREDITS Print • Allen, E. & Iano, J ((2004). Fundamentals of Building Construction, John Wiley & Sons. • Lechner, N. (2001). Heating, Cooling, and Lighting, Design Method for Architects, John Wiley & Sons. • McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to Cradle, North Point Press. • Montoya, M. (2011). Green Building Fundamentals, Prentice Hall. • Environment Building News, Building Green LLC. • Energy Design Update, Aspen Publishers. • Glass Magazine, National Glass Association. Papers Web • The Efficient Windows Collaborative, www.efficientwindows.org • Efficient Window Coverings, www.efficientwindowcoverings.org • Building Green, www.buildinggreen.com • All listed manufacturers web sites.

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Glass and window presentation and study

  • 1. SUPER INSULATED GLASS Energy efficient insulated glass for: • Windows • Curtain walls • Storefronts • Doors • Skylights • Roof Windows • Atriums
  • 2. • The first glass dates to Mesopotamia – 3000 BCE. • Early Roman Empire window glass, largest being 3 feet by 4 feet, was discovered Pompeii . • By the 10th century, Murano, Italy becomes the glass center of the world crown and cylinder window glass. • Plate glass was introduced in France in the late 17th century. • In 1959 Pilkington Brothers LTD started production of float glass, since licensed to other glass manufacturers, and becomes the worldwide standard. HISTORY OF GLASS
  • 3. GLASS/GLAZING • The major ingredient of glass is silicon dioxide (sand). It is mixed with sodium carbonate, limestone, and other elements that supply color, then heat treated to form glass. Modern window glazing is made from float glass and most float glass is soda-lime glass • Sheet glass types include: standard float, tempered, laminated, fire-rated, patterned, fritted, spandrel, tinted, reflective, property changing, and self-cleaning. • Cardinal, Guardian, Pilkington, Viracon and Vitro are the primary North American sheet glass manufacturers, which also make insulated glass units (IGU).
  • 4. INSULATED GLASS • Invented in 1865 by Thomas Stetson (USA) and the first commercial double-pane (Thermopane) glass is introduced in the 1930’s. • The first insulated glass had a fused glass edge. • Later replaced with a metal spacer. • Modern warm-edge technology adds high quality sealants that virtually eliminate thermal bridging, condensation, while increasing inside glass temperature and lowering U-values. • Triple- and Quad-pane continue to increase glass efficiency.
  • 5. LOW-E INSULATED GLASS • Low-Emissivity (Low-E) hits the market in 1983, improving and improved versions have become the current standard. • Microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window glazing surface. • Sealed air-filled space is typically replaced with inexpensive argon or more costly krypton gases. • Low-e coatings can virtually eliminate the suns harmful UV rays. SUMMER WINTER
  • 6. SUPER INSULATED GLASS • Super insulated glass can be customized for almost any application, applicable for all sides of a building. • It combines the latest technology incorporating multiple Low-e coatings, argon or krypton gas, multiple glass or film layers, and warm edge separators. • Can produce U-values comparable to a standard wall while still utilizing passive solar gain. • North American Manufactures include: Cardinal, Eco, Guardian, and Vitro.
  • 7. SUSPENDED FILMS • Lower U-Value than a glass pane. • Lowers overall weight of IGU. • Higher inside glass temperature. • 95.5 % UV blockage. • Better condensation control. • Eastman is the industries leading manufacturer.
  • 8. VACUUM INSULATED GLASS (VIG) • Vacuum Insulated Glass was invented in Sydney, Australia in 1990. • A thin vacuum layer separates low-e coated glass typically only 6 mm thick. • Characterized by thin beads in between glass layers and metal vacuum seal. • Thin and lightweight compared to other insulated glass units (IGU). • Manufactured by Pilkington and several overseas companies.
  • 9. DYNAMIC GLASS Dynamic glazing delivers these benefits: • Stops solar heat • Increase day lighting • Uninterrupted view • Dramatically reduces fading • Blocks glare Gives you the power to change your environment by doing what ordinary glass can’t do; It switches from clear to darkly tinted at the push of a button.
  • 11. 1983 INSULATED GLASS HAS IMPROVED OVER 220% SINCE 1930! (CLEAR DOUBLE PANE TO STANDARD LOW-E COATED IGU) Today with U values of super insulated glass achieving 0.05, an additional 500% improvement U=0.05 U=0.55 U=0.25
  • 12. • U-Value is the rate of heat loss − 0.27 or less meets Energy Star, IECC and DOE. A U-Value 0.20 or less meets EnergyStar’s Most Efficient Recognition Criteria. • Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the amount of solar heat gained. • Visible light (VT) is the amount of light emitted through the glass. • Ultraviolet rays (UV) is the amount of harmful rays emitted through the glass. • Air infiltration (AI) is the amount of air that leaks through window seals. • DP grade is the rating of a window in terms of water and wind resistance. IMPORTANT SPECIFICATIONS (NORTHERN REGIONS)
  • 13. SUPER INSULATED GLASS Premium Manufacturers Offer: • Minimum U-value of .125 (R-8). • Appropriate SHGC’s for all cardinal coordinates. • Optimize VT for daylighting. • Multiple manufacturing facilities. • Cardinal Glass (meets 4 of 4) • U-0.11 triple-pane argon • Eco Insulating Glass (meets 3 of 4, lacks multiple manufacturing sites) • U-0.12 Double-pane argon, U-.07 triple-pane argon, .05 quad-pane krypton • Guardian Industries (meets 4 of 4) • U-0.07 triple-pane krypton, U-0.09 argon •Vitro Glass (meets 4 of 4) • U-0.12 triple-pane argon
  • 14. SUPER INSULATED VIG (VACUUM INSULATED GLASS) Manufacturers: • Guardian Industries (Germany) • Single VIG U-0.10, Double .055 • Hengda (China) • Single VIG U-0.10, Double 0.08 • Icesun (Canada – made in China) • Single VIG U-0.04 • NSG (Japan) • Single VIG U-0.09 • Pikington (US) • Single VIG U-0.09
  • 15. GLASS SUSTAINABILITY • Glass is extremely durable, low-cost, recyclable, down- cyclable, provides daylight, provides views, provides passive solar energy, and most brands offer self-cleaning glass. • Higher embodied energy rates, 6750 to 7500 BTU/lb are being reduced up to 65% with technology. • Carbon neutral buildings are almost impossible to economically design without super efficient glass that maximizes passive solar technology.
  • 16. WINDOWS UNITS • The Romans first use glass in windows in about 100 CE. • Andersen Lumber Company introduced the first mass produced window in 1915. • Windows are available in several types including: double-hung, casement, fixed, awning, tilt-n-turn, and glider. • Frame types include: aluminum, steel, vinyl, fiberglass, wood, clad wood, and composite. • Aluminum framed windows are the least energy efficient and fiberglass framed are the most efficient.
  • 17. SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS Premium Manufacturers Offer: • Minimum U-value of .165 (R-6) with a minimum center-of-glass (COG) U-value of .125 (R-8). • Appropriate SHGC’s for all cardinal coordinates. • Optimize VT for daylighting. • Air Infiltration (AI) ratings far below industry standard (≤0.3). • Wood windows have aluminum exterior cladding. • Fiberglass window frames have core insulation. • Vinyl window frames have core insulation.
  • 18. SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS Wood Framed Aluminum Clad Manufacturers • EWG – Illinois • Picture Unit Triple U - 0.11/Quad U – 0.09, Tilt-N-Turn U – 0.13, Double Hung U – 0.12, Patio Door U – 0.17 (Air Infiltration TBD) • HH – Washington • Tilt-N-Turn U – 0.15 (Air Infiltration TBD) • Loewen – Canada • Picture Unit U - 0.14/AI - <0.05, Casement U – 0.16/AI - <0.11 • Zola – Germany (US distributer – Colorado) • Tilt-N-Turn, several models U - 0.09 to U – 0.16/AI - 0.001
  • 19. SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS Fiberglass Frame Manufacturers • Alpen Windows – Colorado • Several Types U – 0.10 to 0.16/AI - <0.01 to 0.02, Patio Door U – 0.15/AI – 0.07 • Enerlux – Nebraska • Picture Unit U - 0.13/AI - 0.01, Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.01 • Gilkey – Ohio • Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.02
  • 20. Vinyl Frame Manufacturers (listed are new construction window manufacturer only, there are also several manufacturers that specialize in just replacement windows). • AWS – Texas • Picture Unit U - 0.13/AI – 0.01, Casement U – 0.15/AI - 0.01, Single Hung U – 0.15/AI - 0.08 • Great Lakes – Ohio • Picture Unit U - 0.12/AI – 0.01, Casement U – 0.15/AI - 0.01, Double Hung U – 0.14/AI - 0.05, Patio Door U – 0.16/AI – n/a • Intus – Virginia • Picture Unit and Tilt-n-Turn U - 0.16/AI – 0.03 • Onka – Pennsylvania • Double Hung U - 0.16/AI – 0.01, Casement U – 0.15/AI - 0.01 • Pella – Multiple Locations • Picture Unit U - 0.15/AI – 0.05, Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.05 SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS
  • 21. Vinyl Frame Manufacturers (listed are new construction window manufacturer only, there are also several manufacturers that specialize in just replacement windows). • Sunrise – Michigan • Casement U – 0.16/AI - 0.01 • Vytex – Maryland • Picture Unit U - 0.13/AI – 0.05, Double Hung U – 0.16/AI - 0.05 • Wasco – Minnesota • Picture Unit and Tilt-n-Turn U - 0.13/AI – TBD SUPER INSULATED WINDOWS
  • 22. Manufacturers Include (Commercial buildings do not have the same energy requirement as residential products and for that reason U – 0.20 (R-5) will be used as the standard). • Accurate-Dorwin (Fiberglass) – Winnipeg Canada • Fixed U – 0.16/AI – 0.002, Casement U – 0.18/AI - 0.002, Single-Hung U – 0.20/AI - 0.002 • Alpen (Fiberglass) – Colorado • Multiple series with multiple types ranging from U – 0.13 to 0.19/AI – 0.001 • Gilkey (Fiberglass) – Ohio • Casement U – 0.16/AI – 0.002, Double Hung U – 0.19/AI - 0.11 • HH (Aluminum) – Washington • Tilt-N-Turn U – 0.17/TBD SUPER INSULATED COMMERCIAL WINDOWS
  • 23. Manufacturers Include (Storefronts and curtainwalls typically have a much higher glass to frame ratio so for that reason a U – 0.13 (R-8) COG will be used as the standard. These more efficient IGU’s are generally set in good preforming frames). • Efco – Missouri • COG: Storefront U – 0.12/AI – 0.06, Fixed U – 0.13/AI – 0.10, Casement U – 0.13/AI - 0.10, Double-Hung U – 0.13/AI - 0.10 • Frames: U values range from 0.20 to 0.30 • Kawneer – Multiple factories • COG: Storefront U - 0.10/AI – n/a, Fixed U – 0.10/AI – n/a, Casement U – 0.08/AI – n/a, Double-Hung U – 0.10/AI – n/a • Frames: U values range from 0.20 to 0.25. SUPER INSULATED STOREFRONTS
  • 24. WINDOW SUSTAINABILITY  Wood framed windows can contain certified forestry wood, which is a good insulator, but are rarely recycled, most are expensive (especially the efficient ones), typically not very energy efficient, have a high expansion rate, and are susceptible to moisture. Clad aluminum exteriors are preferred to vinyl clad.  Aluminum or steel framed windows are extremely durable, can contain high recycled content, are recyclable, are a poor insulator, impervious to moisture, can accept super insulated glass, are the least energy efficient, and require huge amounts of energy during production.
  • 25.  Vinyl framed windows are the least expensive, can be durable, can contain a high recycled content, are recyclable, impervious to moisture, can accept super insulated glass, can have super insulated frames, but have a high expansion rate and require huge amounts of energy during production.  Fiberglass framed windows are mid-priced, extremely durable, can contain a high recycled content, are recyclable, impervious to moisture, can accept super insulated glass, have super insulated frames, have the lowest expansion rate, but due require large amounts of energy in production. WINDOW SUSTAINABILITY
  • 26. WINDOW VS. THE WALL • Energy zone 5 (IECC) wall insulation requirements are: R-13 to 15 wall cavity plus R2 to 6 insulated sheeting for gas heat for a maximum R-21 (U-0.048) total. Electric heat is R-13 to 21+R-5 to 6 for a max of R-27 (U- 0.037). • Energy zone 5 (IECC) requirements for windows are only a R-3.70 (U- 0.27). It will require another 568% efficiency increase to match wall requirement (for gas heat), of course not taking into consideration solar gain. • Windows with a COG value of R-8 or higher (U-0.125 or lower) can be better than the best wall insulation because they have the ability to collect more heat than they loose in 24 hour period.
  • 27. DOUBLE VS. TRIPLE • Passive House Institute and net-zero (carbon neutral) homes require U values that cannot be achieved with most double pane windows. • Triple pane windows average 20 year return-on-investment (ROI) using 2012-2013 energy prices; however, as triple pane windows become more mainstream and energy prices increase, the ROI time will significantly improve. • Triple pane windows allow a reduction in HVAC system size and the amount of ductwork, which is not included in ROI calculation. Some experts argue that these savings can cover the cost of triple pane windows. • Triple pane windows provide comfort levels that a cost cannot be attributed to. • Less condensation and mold • Expanded use of a room – able to put furniture closer to windows. • Does not feel as cold or as warm next to the window. • Suspended films, used in place of glass panes can reduce window cost, increase window efficiency thus substantially improving ROI time.
  • 28. ARGON VS. KRYPTON • Argon is the third most abundant gas on earth (nitrogen, oxygen), which makes it very inexpensive. Krypton is far less prevalent, which makes it pricey. It is often mixed with argon to lower the cost, but this also lowers efficiency. • Argon is generally standard with manufacturer’s that are marketing themselves as a high efficiency window company. Others will charge a slight upcharge. Wholesale price to fill a average window is only $0.10. Argon works best in glass panes that are spaced ½” and larger, which are typically double pane units. On average, expect 17% energy savings with argon vs. air when combined with standard low-e glazing. • Krypton, due to its higher cost, is generally only available from high efficiency manufacturers. Costs per window for adding Krypton can average $100. Krypton works best in tight spaces of triple or quad pane windows. On average, expect 25% energy savings with krypton vs. air when combined with standard low-e glazing. • Gas-filled windows leak over time, <1% per year, and typically do not show a loss in performance if gas is at 80% or more.
  • 29. SPEND IT NOW… …AND SAVE FOR LIFE
  • 30. EFFICIENCY APPLIED TO ALL FOUR SIDES OF A BUILDING The best super insulated glass and window manufacturers produce products that can be applied to every side of a building. The least amount of heat loss (U-values of .125 or lower); multiple SHGC’s options with highest on south wall (opposite in warm climates), medium for west and east, and lowest on north; and while achieving good visible light for daylight.
  • 31. Existing and New windows can benefit from various types of window of coverings and attachments • Have the potential to save up to 13% of annual energy use. • Typical 4 to 10 year payback. • In most cases very economical. • Interior or Exterior applications. • Enhanced daylighting. • Reduces drafts. • Increased thermal comforts. • Minimizes or maximizes solar gain. • Sound abatement. • Improves privacy. WINDOW ATTACHMENTS
  • 32. Cellular Shade • Provide excellent additional insulation, improving energy. Adjustability adds elements that balance view, daylighting, and solar control. INTERIOR ATTACHMENTS Louvered Shutter • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements of view, privacy, and solar control. Interior Panel • Primarily reduce winter heat loss and improve air- tightness. Available in Low- e coatings. Roller Shade • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements of view, privacy, and solar control. Pleated Shade • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements that balance view, daylighting, and solar control. Window Quilt • Provide excellent additional insulation, improving energy. They also provide sound absorption.
  • 33. EXTERIOR ATTACHMENTS Louvered Shutter • Provide solar heat gain control. Adjustability adds elements of view, privacy, and solar control. Solar Screen • Provide good solar heat gain control while reasonably maintaining view. Fixed Awning/Louvers • Provide good solar heat gain and glare control while reasonably maintaining view. Includes close and open view. Retractable Awning • Provide solar heat gain control while maintaining view. Their adjustability improves qualities such as privacy and glare control. Storm Window • Cover and protect existing windows from weather and improve energy performance, including air- tightness. Roller Shade • Cover and protect existing windows from weather and provide solar heat gain control.
  • 34. STORM WINDOWS 43% of existing homes (2013) have single pane windows and millions of others have only clear double pane! Benefits • Low-cost, simple installation. • Considerably extends life of existing windows. • Low-e storm installed over a single-pane is comparable to a new low-e IGU. • Lowers window unit air infiltration. • 4 to 7 year average payback. Atlanta Case Study • 15% heating energy reduction • 17% reduction in overall air infiltration Chicago Case Study • 21% heating energy reduction • 7% reduction in overall air infiltration Philadelphia Case Study • 12% - 33% overall HVAC savings
  • 35. STORM WINDOWS Low-e Manufacturers Include: • Burch– Maryland • Double and Triple Track • One Lite - Exterior • Larson – Multiple • Double and Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior and Interior • Mon-Ray – Minnesota • Double and Triple Track • One Lite - Exterior • ProVia – Ohio • Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior • Quanta Panel – Pennsylvania • Double and Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior and Interior • Weatherking – Michigan • Double and Triple Track • One Lite – Exterior
  • 36. ROOF WINDOWS & SKYLIGHTS Pro’s • Significantly increases day lighting • Increases solar gain • New Glass Technology reduces heat loss and reduces solar gain (if preferred) Con’s • Can be difficult to shade • Proper installation is crucial
  • 37. Premium Manufacturers: • CDI - Illinois • Uniclad Skylight U – 0.11 to 0.31, COG U – 0.08 to 0.23 • Fakro – Poland (Illinois distributor) • Roof windows and skylights Double pane U – 0.176, Triple U – 0.088, Quad U – 0.052 • Sun-Tek – Florida • Roof windows/Skylights Double pane U – 0.24 • Wasco – Maine & Nevada • Roof windows Triple pane U – 0.28, Skylight COG U – 0.05 to 0.20 ROOF WINDOWS - SKYLIGHTS
  • 38. LEED CREDITS LEED BD+C: NEW CONSTRUCTION/V4 Energy and Atmosphere (EA) • Optimize Energy Performance 1-18 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) • Increase Ventilation 1 • Daylight and Views, daylight 1 • Daylight and Views, views 1 Innovation • Option 1 1 • Option 3 0.5-2
  • 39. LEED CREDITS LEED BD+C: HOMES/V4 Energy and Atmosphere (EA) • Optimize Energy Performance 1-29 • Exceeding Baseline Window Ratings • U-factor ≤ 0.26 1.5 • U-factor ≤ 0.22 3 • Air Infiltration 1-2 • Building Orientation for Passive Solar 3 Materials and Resources (MR) • Environmentally preferable products 1 Innovation • Option 1 1 • Option 3 0.5-2
  • 40. CRADLE TO CRADLE Empire State Building, New York City • Retrofit all 6,514 dual-pane windows (.5 U-value) with Serious super insulated glass that incorporates Southwall’s Heat Mirror - technology that improved efficiency by 400% U value = 0.125. • Reused glass and rebuilt IGU’s on site. • Saves $410,000 ($4 million complete building retrofit) in energy costs per year. • Pay back – three years So what? • 40% of commercial buildings in NYC were built before 1945. • Commercial building use 80% of building energy in NYC. • In the US, buildings use 44% of total energy and 18% is commercial. • 4.8 million US commercial buildings and only 4,000 (in 2007) meet energy star (.35 U in northern region).
  • 41. PASSIVE HOUSE PHIUS 2015+ Zone 6B, Berrien County, Michigan • Wall: U – 0.022 (R – 45) • Attic: U – 0.014 (R – 70) • Slab: U – 0.05 (R – 20) • Window: U – 0.14 (R – 7.15) • Employs continuous insulation throughout its entire envelope without any thermal bridging. • The building envelope is extremely airtight, preventing infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air. • Employs high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors. • Uses some form of balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and a minimal space conditioning system. • Solar gain is managed to exploit the sun's energy for heating purposes in the heating season and to minimize overheating during the cooling season.
  • 42. REGULATORS • Energy Star • Department of Energy (DOE) • American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) • National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) • International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) • National Green Building Standard (NGBS) • Housing and Urban Development (HUD) • United States Rural Development (USRD) • Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) • Attachments Energy Rating Council (AERC) • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
  • 43. NEXT GENERATION IGU • Foreign companies, like Guardian, Hengda, and Grezenbach are experimenting with hybrid technology that combine VIG with standard IGU that create a 65% improvement in efficiency. These IGU/VIG units have U-values about 0.035 (that’s R-29!), which exceeds Quad IGU, but with approximately half the weight.
  • 44. CREDITS Print • Allen, E. & Iano, J ((2004). Fundamentals of Building Construction, John Wiley & Sons. • Lechner, N. (2001). Heating, Cooling, and Lighting, Design Method for Architects, John Wiley & Sons. • McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to Cradle, North Point Press. • Montoya, M. (2011). Green Building Fundamentals, Prentice Hall. • Environment Building News, Building Green LLC. • Energy Design Update, Aspen Publishers. • Glass Magazine, National Glass Association. Papers Web • The Efficient Windows Collaborative, www.efficientwindows.org • Efficient Window Coverings, www.efficientwindowcoverings.org • Building Green, www.buildinggreen.com • All listed manufacturers web sites.